The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men: Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards Project

( Saejong Park ),( Soo-hyun Park ),( Mihyun Lee ),( Seunghee Lee ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Frailty in older adults is closely related to adverse health outcomes such as falls, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization and mortality. Frailty is defined as the geriatric syndrome resulting from cumulative declines of multiple physiologic functions. Physical function is considered to be a major modifiable factor to prevent or delay transition to frailty and disability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop age-adjusted criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older adults in Korea. Method: The study participants were community-dwelling older men (n=588; 71±4.75years) from the Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards (KISS-FitS, 2014-2015) Project. The functional fitness was assessed using fitness measurement items of the National Fitness Awards for the elderly (handgrip strength, chair stand test, sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, walking around two corns in a figure-8, 2-minute step test and 6-minute walk test). Frailty status was classified by the Japanese LTCI system. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to determine functional fitness standards using function fitness z-scores as the test and frailty as the criterion. Result: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were good (63.0% to 76.4%) except sit-and-reach for classifying frailty status with functional fitness. The resulting z values for the fitness standards were then converted back to each functional fitness measurement item. The values of handgrip strength ranged from 33.8 kg to 28.2 kg. The values of chair stand test and 2-minute walk test ranged from 17 reps/30sec to 13 reps/sec, and 110 reps to 98 reps, respectively. The values of timed up-and-go and walking around two corns in a figure-8 were 5.2 sec to 5.9 sec, and 23.2 sec to 29 sec, respectively. Conclusion: Functional fitness can be used with moderate accuracy to differentiate between older men with and without frailty. The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men might be used to identify risk groups using fitness training for frailty prevention.

Characteristics of elite rhythmic gymnasts with scoliosis in Korea

( Saejong Park ),( Donggyu Cho ),( Lina Kim ) 한국스포츠정책과학원 2021 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.33 No.2

The study aimed to investigate the demographic and physical characteristics of South Korean female elite rhythmic gymnasts with scoliosis. Twenty-eight female elite rhythmic gymnasts aged 16.1 ±3.0 years were enrolled and divided by Cobb angle into a scoliosis group and a non-scoliosis group. In addition to the baseline characteristics of each group, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for lumbago and results of the 36-item health survey version 2 (SF-36v2) questionnaires were collected. The pelvic tilt degree, leg length, hip range of motion and back-muscle strength were also measured and analyzed together. Radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine were taken for each subject. The scoliosis group (n=17) had significantly higher age, height, weight, and body fat compared to the non-scoliosis group. Further, six of the scoliosis group gymnasts had lumbar compression fractures or spondylolysis. Spinal flexors and extensors of all the subjects were balanced in strength but the lateral flexors showed noticeable imbalance. Elite rhythmic gymnasts were found to be increasingly susceptible to scoliosis and other spinal disorders with age and years of training. Spinal lateral-flexor muscle imbalance was more severe with scoliosis.

Bruce Protocol을 이용한 최대산소섭취량 예측식의 타당도 검증

박세정(Saejong Park),박수현(Soohyun Park),이미현(Mihyun Lee),안한주(Hanju Ahn) 한국체육측정평가학회 2014 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.16 No.3

최대산소섭취량(VO_2max)으로 평가할 수 있는 심폐체력은 조기사망률의 모든 원인과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 건강과 임상적 상황의 운동처방에 사용되는 가장 중요한 지표 중 하나이다. 이 연구의 목적은 Bruce protocol을 사용하여 최대산소섭취량을 추정하는 세 가지 추정식(Burce, Forster, ACSM)의 정확도를 비교하고 이 공식들의 타당도를 검증하는 것이다. 연구 참여자는 남자 100명과 여자 97명(19~69세, 여자 49%)으로 구성되었다. 모든 참여자는 Bruce protocol을 사용하여 최대운동검사를 수행하였으며, 호흡가스분석을 사용하여 최대 노력으로 수행한 운동부하 검사의 최대산소섭취량이 준거로 사용되었다. 이 연구에서 사용한 최대산소섭취량의 세 가지 추정식은 Bruce, Foster와 ACSM 공식이었다. 정확도는 오차율과 일원분산분석을 사용하였고, 타당도는 급내상관계수와 Bland & Altman plot으로 검증하였다. 세 가지 추정식의 오차율은 Bruce공식 -1.5%, Foster공식 -6.5%, 그리고 ACSM공식 16.5%이었다. Bruce공식으로 예측한 값은 준거와 유사한 반면 Forster와 ACSM공식들은 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 각 추정식의 타당도를 검증한 결과, Bruce공식(R=.913)과 Foster공식(R=.918)이 ACSM공식(R=.838)에 비해 타당하였으며, Bruce공식이 추정 오차의 신뢰구간에서 가장 낮은 편차를 보였다. 이상과 같은 결과는 Bruce공식이 건강한 성인들의 최대산소섭취량의 추정에서 가장 유용한 공식임을 증명한다. Cardiorespiratory fitness, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), is well known to be associated with all cause mortality as well as physical and mental health. Thus, the VO_2max is one of the most important factor used in the health and clinical settings for exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of three prediction equations (Burce, Forster, ACSM) for predicting VO_2max using Bruce protocol and to evaluate the validation of these equations. The participants of this study were consisted of 100 men and 97 women (19 to 68 yrs, 49% women). All the participants went through maximal grade exercise testing using the Bruce protocol. VO_2max, measured using the metabolic gas analysis at the maximal effort of the testing, was used as the criterion. Three prediction equations for VO_2max used in this study were Bruce, Foster and the ACSM. The accuracy was examined by the error rate and the validation was by the intraclass correlation coefficient and the Bland & Altman plot. The percent error rate of three equations were -1.5% for Bruce, -6.5% for Foster, and 16.5% for the ACSM. The values by the Bruce predicting equation was similar to the criterion. While the Forster and the ACSM equations showed significant difference. From the validation of the predicting equations, Bruce and Foster equations showed confidence interval with less deviation than Foster and ACSM equation. These results demonstrate that Bruce equation is the most useful equation for prediction of VO_2max in healthy adults.

한국 성인여성의 체지방률 수준에 따른 체력수준 연구

박세정(Saejong Park),소위영(Wi-Young So) 한국생활환경학회 2013 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.20 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the study between %body fat and physical fitness in Korean women. The subjects were 5,868 women aged between 20 and 66 who participated in the National Fitness Award program in Korea between May 2012 and November 2012. They were divided into 4 groups: those with <25% body fat (reference group), 25-<30% body fat, 30-<35% body fat, and over 35% body fat. The battery of physical fitness tests included the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER), shuttle run, sit-ups, grip strength, sitand-reach, and the standing broad jump. Differences between the physical fitness levels among groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey’s post-hoc test. The results showed that the <25% body fat group had a higher physical fitness level than the other 3 groups, as judged by the results in PACER, shuttle run, sit-ups, sit-and-reach, and standing broad jump tests; however, this trend was not seen in the grip strength test. We concluded that women with a higher percentage of body fat had a lower physical fitness level.

성인의 심폐체력 수준: 2014-2015 Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards (KISS FitS) Project 자료를 중심으로

박세정 ( Saejong Park ),고병구 ( Byoung-goo Ko ),송주호 ( Joo-ho Song ),송홍선 ( Hong-sun Song ),정진욱 ( Jin-wook Chung ),박수현 ( Soo Hyun Park ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2016 체육과학연구 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구는 성인 남, 녀의 Bruce 트레드밀 운동시간과 예측된 최고산소섭취량의 분포를 제시하고 심폐체력과 대사증후군, 좌업생활습관 및 교육수준과의 관련성을 조사하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 2014-2015년도에 `국민체력100 한국인 건강체력 기준개발(Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards: KISS FitS) 프로젝트에 참여한 자 중 최대운동부하검사를 실시한 2,006명(19-64세)을 대상으로 분석하였다. 성인남자의 평균 운동시간은 19-29세 11분 26초, 30-39세 11분 18초, 40-49세 11분 06초, 50-59세 10분03세, 그리고 60-64세 8분 51초였으며, 성인여자는 각각 9분 49초, 9분 09초, 8분 42초, 8분 01초, 그리고 7분 33초로 나타났다. 성인남자의 예측된 최고산소섭취량은 19-29세 42.3, 30-39세 41.8, 40-49세41.2, 50-59세 37.6, 그리고 60-64세 33.6 ml/kg/minute였으며, 성인여자는 각각 34.0, 31.8, 30.3,28.0 그리고 26.4ml/kg/minute로 나타났다. 심폐체력수준과 교육수준은 남녀 모두에서 양의 관련성이 나타났으며, 좌업생활자는 규칙적인 운동 혹은 신체활동을 하는 사람보다 유의하게 심폐체력이 낮았다. 마지막으로 대사증후군의 유병률의 승산비는 연령, 흡연유무, 음주유무 그리고 좌업생활습관을 통제하고도 낮은 체력수준을 가지고 있는 사람에 비해, 남자의 경우 중간 체력수준일 때 약 50%와 높은 체력수준일 때 약 87%로, 여자의 경우 중간 체력수준일 때 약 48%와 높은 체력수준일 때 약 50%로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 결과는 향후 한국인의 체력 평가를 추적하는 데 이용할 수 있을 것이며, 또한 교육수준, 좌업생활습관 및 대사증후군에 의한 체력의 차이는 맞춤 보건 및 체육정책, 프로그램 및 서비스를 개발하는 데 기초자료로 이용할 수 있을 것이다. To provide the distribution of cardiorespiratory fitness including Bruce treadmill exercise time and estimated peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) and investigate association with cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome, sedentary lifestyle, or education level among Korean adults. Analysis of data on 2,006 adults (19-64 yr) who had completed a maximal grade treadmill exercise test, from the Sports Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards (KISS FitS) project 2014-2015. The mean maximal exercise time was 11`26``, 11`18``, 11`06``, 10`03`` and 8`51`` (minutes and seconds) for men 19-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-64 years of age, respectively, for women, it was 9`49``, 9`09``, 8`42``, 8`01`` and 7`33`` for the corresponding age groups. The mean peak oxygen uptake was estimated as 42.3, 41.8, 41.2, 37.6 and 33.6 ml/kg/minute for men 19-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-64 years of age, respectively, For women, it was 34.0, 31.8, 30.3, 28.0 and 26.4 ml/kg/minute for the corresponding age groups. A positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness level and education level was observed for both men and women. Furthermore, participants with sedentary lifestyle had a significantly lower cardiorespiratory fitness than participants with activity lifestyle. Finally, Men with moderate and high fitness level had 50% and 87% lower odds for the metabolic syndrome, and women had 48% and 50% lower odds for the metabolic syndrome, respectively, than the ones with low fitness level after adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol intake, and sedentary lifestyle. These results can be used to track future Korean assessments and to evaluated interventions. The differences in fitness status by education level, sedentary lifestyle or metabolic syndrome can also be used to develop health policies, program and educational services.

성인여성의 심폐체력 수준과 우울증상(Depressive Symptom)과의 관련성

박세정 ( Saejong Park ),고병구 ( Byung Goo Ko ),정진욱 ( Jin Wook Jung ),권준수 ( Jun Soo Kwon ),김성년 ( Sung Nyun Kim ),허지원 ( Ji Won Hur ),신예슬 ( Ye Seul Shin ),박수현 ( Soo Hyun Park ) 한국운동생리학회 2015 운동과학 Vol.24 No.4

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and depressive symptom in Korean women. METHODS: The participants of the study was women aged 20-64 yr (n=639) who participated in the 2014 Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness (KISS Fit) study. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured using a maximal graded exercise testing. Depressive symptom was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The participants were classified as low, intermediate and high fitness levels. Logistic regression models were used to test the association between fitness and depressive symptom. RESULTS: The prevalence of the depressive symptom defined by BDI score in this study was 13.4%. Fitness levels were significantly reduced in the participants with the depressive symptom (p=.002) compared to the ones without the depressive symptom. After controlling for age, body mass index, and house income, participants with low fitness level showed higher level of depressive symptom than the ones with medium and high fitness level (p<.001). Women with intermediate and high fitness level had 60% and 62% lower odds for depressive symptom, respectively, than the ones with low fitness level after adjustment for age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, percent body fat, physical activity level and income. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that fitness is independently associated with the depressive symptom in women. Cardiorespiratory fitness might be utilized as an important component to prevent depressive symptom in women.

The effect of oral glucose tolerance testing on changes in arterial stiffness and blood pressure in elderly women with hypertension and relationships between the stage of diabetes and physical fitness levels

( Jaesong Lee ),( Wonil Park ),( Eunsook Sung ),( Bokbeom Kim ),( Nahyun Kim ),( Saejong Park ),( Chulho Shin ),( Jonghoon Park ) 한국운동영양학회 2020 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.24 No.4

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess changes in blood glucose level, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in elderly women aged over 65 years with hypertension and either normal glycemic control, impaired fasting glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus. We also wished to investigate the relationship between stages of diabetes and physical fitness. [Methods] A total of 24 elderly women with hypertension were assigned to a control group (CON; n=7), impaired fasting glucose group (IFG; n=9), and diabetes mellitus group (DM; n=8). In each group, blood glucose level, brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV), and blood pressure were measured at baseline as well as 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. Physical fitness factors such as hand grip strength, balance test, 4 m gait speed test, chair stand test, short physical performance battery, and 6-minute walking test were subsequently assessed. [Results] In all three groups, blood glucose levels were significantly increased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. In the DM group, blood glucose levels were significantly higher before and after a 75 g OGTT than in the CON group. In the CON group, PWV was significantly increased at 60 minutes after a 75 g OGTT; however, there were no changes in other groups after glucose ingestion. In the CON group, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT compared to baseline. However, there was no change in blood pressure after ingestion in the DM group. The IFG group had greater grip strength than the CON group; however, there were no differences in other variables between the groups. [Conclusion] After a 75 g OGTT, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes maintain higher blood glucose levels compared to those with hypertension alone. Unlike elderly women with hypertension alone, those with hypertension and diabetes did not show changes in arterial stiffness and blood pressure after a 75 g OGTT. Therefore, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes may not be able to control their blood vessels following a 75 g OGTT due to impaired vascular endothelial function. Moreover, there was no association between diabetes stage and physical fitness in elderly women with hypertension.

우리나라 노인기 체력측정 방법 및 평가기준 개발

박재현(Jae Hyeon Park),이계산(Gye San Lee),최규정(Kyoo Jeong Choi),고병구(Byung Gu Go),송홍선(Hong Sun Song),김광준(Kwang Jun Kim),박세정(Saejong Park),조정환(Jung Hwan Cho),이경옥(Kyung Ock Yi),신승윤(Seung Yun Shin) 한국체육측정평가학회 2014 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.16 No.3

본 연구는 노인기 체력이 성공적인 노후생활 및 삶의 질에 중요하다는 인식과「국민체력100 사업」속에 노인기의 프로그램이 추가됨에 따라 노인 체력수준을 측정할 수 있는 검사 방법을 개발하고, 측정을 통해 얻어진 자료를 토대로 성별ㆍ연령별 체력평가 기준을 개발하고자 수행되었다. 우리나라 노인기 체력검사 배터리는 신체상태에 대한 사전 질문지와 혈압 측정, 신장, 체중, 신체질량지수(BMI)의 체격 측정, 악력, 의자에앉았다일어서기, 의자에앉아3m표적돌아오기, 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기, 8자보행, 6분걷기(또는 2분제자리걷기)의 체력측정으로 구성되었다. 서울, 경기지역 남녀노인 600명을 대상으로 1주일 간격으로 2회 반복 측정하여 검사항목의 신뢰성을 확인하였다. 본 검사에서는 전국의 남녀 노인 4,000명의 동의를 얻어 측정하였으며, 각 항목의 평균, 표준편차 및 Cajori 5단계 평가기준을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to develop the test battery on physical fitness of Korean elderly person, and the criteria of evaluation of it according to sex and age group. The test battery is consisted with 3 parts. The first part includes PAR-Q(Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) and blood pressure. The second part includes 3 physique items-height, weight and BMI(Body Mass Index). And the last part includes 6 physical fitness items - grip test, 30 seconds sit-stand test, 3m sit-walk, and return test, sit and reach test, 2 minutes stationary march(or 6 minutes walk), figure 8 walks. The battery is convinced to be suitable for testing Korean elderly person by preliminary measuring the 600 elderly individuals and analyzing the reliability of the data which are obtained separately with one week interval. After main test and statistical analysis for 4,000 elderly person, mean, S.D and criteria for each item are obtained as the results of battery.

중년 여성의 체력과 동맥경직도의 관련성

정은지(Eunji Jung),박세정(Saejong Park),노호성(Hosung Nho) 한국생활환경학회 2013 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between arterial stiffness and physical fitness in middle-aged women and the independent influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or muscle fitness (MF) on arterial stiffness. The participants performed a physical fitness test including grip strength, sit-ups, 20 m shuttle run, sit and reach, 10 m × 4 rep shuttle run and long jump. The indexes of MF (sum of the z scores for relative grip strength and sit ups) and TF (sum of the z-scores for all fitness factors) was calculated. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba PWV) was measured to assess the arterial stiffness. The results were following: significant differences were found in total cholesterol (P < 0.05), HDLC (P < 0.05), LDLC (P < 0.01), triglyceride (P < 0.05), Framingham Risk Score (P < 0.001) and coronary heart disease risk (P < 0.001) among the levels of arterial stiffness but not in body mass index or percent body fat. There were significant negative correlations between health-related or skill-related physical fitness and CHD risk, and there were significant differences in CRF (P < 0.001), MF (P < 0.001) or TF (P < 0.001) among the levels of the CHD risk. The arterial stiffness has significant negative correlations with muscular strength (P < 0.05), muscular endurance (P < 0.001), cardiorespiratory (P < 0.001), agility (P < 0.05), or power (P < 0.05), and also with MF(P < 0.001) or TF(P < 0.001). The lowest levels of arterial stiffness presented higher CRF(P < 0.001), MF(P < 0.001) or TF(P < 0.001) and both CRF and MF were all independent factors for the arterial stiffness. These findings suggest that a comprehensive exercise program including not only cardiorespiratory endurance but also muscular strength, muscular endurance, agility and power may be needed for improving the arterial stiffness.

The prevalence and impact of frailty in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis

Kim, Ho-Joong,Park, Saejong,Park, Soo-Hyun,Lee, Jeong Hyun,Chang, Bong-Soon,Lee, Choon-Ki,Yeom, Jin S. Springer-Verlag 2019 European spine journal Vol.28 No.1