Reflections on the Lack of Consideration of Ethnic Ancestry to Stratify Clozapine Dosing

Jose de Leon(Jose de Leon ) 대한신경정신의학회 2023 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.20 No.3

This review article argues against trusting standard clozapine references, including the US package insert, because they do not include advances in the sciences of pharmacokinetics and pharmacovigilance and ignore the effects of ethnic ancestry on therapeutic dosing. The minimum therapeutic dose leading to the minimum therapeutic concentration of 350 ng/mL in serum/plasma can be used to compare individuals/groups with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The US clozapine package insert recommends targeting doses of 300-450 mg/day and, subsequently, increments of up to 100 mg with a maximum dose of 900 mg/day. Ethnic ancestry is defined by DNA ancestry group. Asians (people with ancestry ranging from Pakistan to Japan) and Indigenous Americans are similar in clozapine dosing; their average clozapine minimum therapeutic dose ranged from 166 mg/day (female non-smokers) to 270 mg/day (male smokers). For those with European ancestry, average clozapine minimum therapeutic doses ranged from 236 mg/day (female non-smokers) to 368 mg/day (male smokers). Based on limited studies, Black (African sub-Saharan ancestry) patients may be treated with typical US doses (300-600 mg/day), assuming no poor metabolism (PM) status. Ancestry’s impact on clozapine lethality in four countries is discussed (two countries with highly homogenous populations, Denmark and Japan, and two countries with increasingly heterogenous populations due to immigration, Australia and the UK). An international guideline with 104 authors from 50 countries/regions was recently published, providing 6 personalized clozapine titration schedules for adult inpatients (3 ancestry groups and PM/non-PM schedules) and recommending c-reactive protein monitoring at baseline and weekly for 4 weeks.

A FORMACAO DO BRASIL

de Andrade, Jose Antonio 이베로아메리카연구소 부산외국어대학교 1999 이베로아메리카 Vol.1 No.-

Solubilization of Proteins from Human Lymph Node Tissue and Two-Dimensional Gel Storage

De Marqui, Alessandra Bernadete Trovo,Vidotto, Alessandra,Polachini, Giovana Mussi,De Mattos Bellato, Claudia,Cabral, Hamilton,Leopoldino, Andreia Machado,De Gois Filho, Jose Francisco,Fukuyama, Erica Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2006 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.39 No.2

In the present study, we compared six different solubilization buffers and optimized two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) conditions for human lymph node proteins. In addition, we developed a simple protocol for 2-D gel storage. Efficient solubilization was obtained with lysis buffers containing (a) 8M urea, 4% CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate), 40 mM Tris base, 65 mM DTT(dithiothreitol) and 0.2% carrier ampholytes; (b) 5M urea, 2M thiourea, 2% CHAPS, 2% SB 3-10 (N-decyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate), 40mM Tris base, 65 mM DTT and 0.2% carrier ampholytes or (c) 7M urea, 2M thiourea, 4% CHAPS, 65 mM DTT and 0.2% carrier ampholytes. The optimal protocol for isoelectric focusing (IEF) was accumulated voltage of 16,500 Vh and 0.6% DTT in the rehydration solution. In the experiments conducted for the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), best results were obtained with a doubled concentration (50 mM Tris, 384 mM glycine, 0.2% SDS) of the SDS electrophoresis buffer in the cathodic reservoir as compared to the concentration in the anodic reservoir (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 0.1% SDS). Among the five protocols tested for gel storing, success was attained when the gels were stored in plastic bags with 50% glycerol. This is the first report describing the successful solubilization and 2D-electrophoresis of proteins from human lymph node tissue and a 2-D gel storage protocol for easy gel handling before mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.

Effects of solvent volatilization time on the bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive to dentin using conventional or deproteinization bonding techniques

de Sousa, Jose Aginaldo Junior,Carregosa Santana, Marcia Luciana,de Figueiredo, Fabricio Eneas Diniz,Faria-e-Silva, Andre Luis The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2015 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: This study determined the effect of the air-stream application time and the bonding technique on the dentin bond strength of adhesives with different solvents. Furthermore, the content and volatilization rate of the solvents contained in the adhesives were also evaluated. Materials and Methods:Three adhesive systems with different solvents (Stae, SDI, acetone; XP Bond, Dentsply De Trey, butanol; Ambar, FGM, ethanol) were evaluated. The concentrations and evaporation rates of each adhesive were measured using an analytical balance. After acid-etching and rinsing, medium occlusal dentin surfaces of human molars were kept moist (conventional) or were treated with 10% sodium hypochlorite for deproteinization. After applying adhesives over the dentin, slight air-stream was applied for 10, 30 or 60 sec. Composite cylinders were built up and submitted to shear testing. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Stae showed the highest solvent content and Ambar the lowest. Acetone presented the highest evaporation rate, followed by butanol. Shear bond strengths were significantly affected only by the factors of 'adhesive' and 'bonding technique' (p < 0.05), while the factor 'duration of air-stream' was not significant. Deproteinization of dentin increased the bond strength (p < 0.05). Stae showed the lowest bond strength values (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed between XP Bond and Ambar. Conclusions: Despite the differences in content and evaporation rate of the solvents, the duration of air-stream application did not affect the bond strength to dentin irrespective of the bonding technique.

Numerical study of a new constructive sequence for movable scaffolding system (MSS) application

Teran, Jose Ramon Diaz de,Haach, Vladimir Guilherme,Turmo, Jose,Jorquera, Juan Jose Techno-Press 2016 Advances in concrete construction Vol.4 No.3

This paper consists in a study of a new contructive sequence of road viaducts with Movable Scaffolding System (MSS) using numerical tools based on finite element method (FEM). Traditional and new sequences are being used in Spain to build viaducts with MSS. The new sequence permits an easier construction of one span per week but implies some other issues related to the need of two prestressing stages per span. In order to improve the efficiency of the new sequence by reducing the number of prestressing stages per span, two solutions are suggested in this study. Results show that the best solution is to introduce the 100% of the prestressing force at the self-supporting core in order to improve the road viaduct construction with movable scaffolding system by reducing execution time without increasing economic costs.

Antidiabetic Effect of the Chrysobalanus icaco L. Aqueous Extract in Rats

Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa,Gabriela de Oliveira Silveira,Igor Alexandre Cortes de Menezes,Jose´ Melquiades Rezende Neto,Jose´ Leal C. Bitencurt,Charles dos Santos Estavam,Amanda do Carmo Bion de Li 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.6

Chrysobalanus icaco L. is a medicinal plant popularly known in Brazil as ‘‘Grageru’’ or ‘‘Abageru.’’ It is used in African and American continents as medicinal food in the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes. This study used phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitor activities of the aqueous extract (AECI) of C. icaco, and evaluated its antidiabetic potential in rodents. Phytochemical screening was performed using colorimetric tests with specific reagents. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picril-hydrazyl. The lethality test and behavioral screening was performed using an oral administration of 5 g/kg of AECI. The antidiabetic potential of AECI was evaluated through the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and chronic hypoglycemic test at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (orally). Metformin was used as a reference drug in all tests. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg; intravenously). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of various compounds, including tannins, flavones, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids. The in vitro antioxidant test demonstrated that AECI presented potent antioxidant activity. The lethality test and behavioral screening did not show lethality signs. In the OGTT test, AECI administration was not able to inhibit the elevation of glycemia. However, chronically administrated, it was able to cause a significant (P < .05) reduction of glycemia from 335 ± 27 up to 197 ± 15 mg/dL. These results demonstrate that the AECI presents a potential beneficial effect for diabetes.

Sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage for dairy cows in smallholder livestock system

Gleidiana Amelia Pontes de Almeida,Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira,Janaina de Lima Silva,Juana Catarina Cariri Chagas,Antonia Sherlanea Chaves Veras,Leonardo Jose Assis de Barros,Gledson Luiz Pontes de Al 아세아·태평양축산학회 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.3

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as roughage in lactating cow on feed intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and microbial protein synthesis. Methods: Ten Girolando cows at initial body weight of 450±25.6 kg and at 143.7±30.7 days in milk were assigned in two 5×5 Latin square designs. Five 21-day experimental periods were adopted (1° to 14-day: diets adaptation period; 15° to 21-day: data collection and sampling period). The diets consisted of four different levels of sugarcane bagasse (45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and a control diet, commonly adopted in the region, based on spineless cactus (25% sugarcane bagasse), formulated to meet 12 kg/d milk yield. Results: The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients intakes and DM and OM digestibilities observed for 45% and 50% bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet, while that 55% and 60% bagasse inclusion were lower. Cows fed control diet, and bagasse diets of 45%, and 50% levels had the nutritional requirements attended, that guaranteed 12 kg/d of milk yield. The crude protein intake and digestibility of cows fed 45%, 50%, and 55% of bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility differ for all bagasse diets related to control diet, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake and digestibility for cows fed 45% of bagasse were similar for control diet. The intakes and digestibilities of nutrients decreased linearly in function of bagasse inclusion; NDF and indigestible NDF intakes did not vary. The ruminating time, feeding and rumination efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and milk yield decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse inclusion. Conclusion: Sugarcane bagasse decreases milk production; however, its inclusion level in between 45% to 50% associated to concentrate could replace diets based on spineless cactus for crossbred dairy cow's producing 12 kg/d of milk.

Classical and Thermodynamically Consistent Non-local Formulations for Ductile Damage

Jose M.A. Cesar de Sa,Filipe X.C. Andrade,Francisco M. Andrade Pires 한국소성가공학회 2010 기타자료 Vol.2010 No.6

Non-local theories have been commonly used as suitable localisation limiters for plasticity and damage in finite element analysis. Within the non-local framework, two competitive formulations have emerged: the first one is the classical approach, where a previous local model is directly enhanced with a non-local variable; the other one is fully supported on thermodynamical requirements. In this paper, we present two distinct classical non-formulations for elasto-plasticity coupled with damage where we chose damage and the energy release rate as non-local variables. Within the thermodynamically motivated framework, a simultaneous averaging of both damage and its conjugated thermodynamic force is implied from the Clausius-Duhem inequality. The three resulting models are assessed through numerical simulation with finite elements. The results show that the classical non-local model with averaging of the energy release rate may not regularise the solution under certain circumstances. On the other hand, the other two formulations are able to effectively eliminate the pathological mesh dependency.

Caracterización léxica del español de América

Jose G. Moreno De Alba 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2004 이베로아메리카 Vol.6 No.-

Synthesis of Polypropylene and Curauá Fiber Composites: Towards High Performance and Low Price Materials

Jose Jonathan Rubio Arias,Juliana Lunz,Bruno De Paula Amantes,Maria De Fátima Vieira Marques 한국섬유공학회 2020 Fibers and polymers Vol.21 No.6

The surface of Curauá (Ananas Erectifolius) fibers was successfully modified, characterized and applied asreinforcement on polypropylene composites through two different techniques: in situ polymerization and melt mixture. Thebest results in terms of mechanical performance were obtained for composites prepared through melt mixture technique withfibers submitted to moderate hydrolysis conditions (H2SO4 10 %, 1 h, 40 ºC, Ultrasound 30 min) and further acetylation withthe incorporation of compatibilizing agent PPMA as well as for the fiber with further silanization without PPMA. Thosefibers caused more than 100 % of elastic module improvement with respect to pristine polymer. Glass transition temperaturealso was increased with the incorporation of A. Erectifolius fibers as well as degradation temperature. Scanning electronmicroscopy permitted to verify that most of the mechanical properties is lost because of high ratio of empty spaces (mainly inthe case of in situ composites).