요통 환자의 기립위 및 좌,우 외측굴곡시 방사선 사진을 통한 요추 회전변위 분석

허동석 ( Dong Seok Heo ),박석우 ( Seok Woo-park ),박영회 ( Young Hoi Park ),금동호 ( Dong Ho Keum ) 한방재활의학과학회 2003 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Objectives : Rotation on vertebra body is common reason causing low back pain and leg radiating pain patients. The present study investigated analysis of the radiological findings on lumbar vertebra rotation between erect position and erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views in low back pain patients. Method : The study population consisted of 70 patients(outpatients and inpatients clinic of the Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, Dong-Guk Oriental Medical Hospital in Bundang) who were evaluated with X-ray findings of erect position and erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views. First, patients were measured erect position lumbar AP views by Nash-Moe`s degree. Second, patients were measured erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views by intervertebral disc space at convexity region and rotation on lumbar vertebral body. They divided into four groups by type of Grice and Cassidy`s classification. Results : 1. The distribution of sex in the low back pain with leg radiating pain was male 30(42.86%) cases, female 40(57.14%) cases. According to age, 30-40s 23(32.9%) cases, 40-50s 15(21.4%) cases, 20-30s 13(18.6%) cases, 50-60s 9(12.9%) cases, 60-70s 5(7.1%) cases, 70-80s 3(4.3%) cases, each 10-20s and 80-90s one case (1.4%). 2. According to Nash-Moe`s degree by erect position lumbar AP view, the grade 0 was male 8(11.4%) cases, female 10(14.3%) cases, the grade Ⅰ was male 17(24.3%) cases, female 22(31.4%) cases, the grade Ⅱ was male 5(7.1%) cases, female 8(11.4%) cases. 3. According to symptoms, first, patients with low back pain were male 22(31.4%) cases, female 20(28.6%) cases. second, patients with leg radiating pain were male 8(11.4%) cases, female 20(28.6%) cases. 4. According to type of Grice and Cassidy`s classification by erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views, the type Ⅰ was normal group 7(10.0%) cases, the type Ⅲ and Ⅳ were abnormal group each 15(21.4%) cases, 48(68.6%) cases. 5. According to abnormal group in Nash-Moe`s degree by erect position lumbar AP view, the grade Ⅰ was 39(55.7%) cases and then abnormal type Ⅲ, Ⅳ of Grice and Cassidy`s classification were 5(7.1%) cases, 33(47.1%) cases, the grade Ⅱ was 13(18.6%) cases and then abnormal type Ⅲ, Ⅳ of Grice and Cassidy`s classification were 1(1.4%) case, 12(7.1%) cases. So the relationship between rotation of vertebra by erect position lumbar AP view and type of Grice and Cassidy`s classification by erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views had significant correction(p<0.05). 3 6. According to analysis of symptoms and X-ray findings by erect both lateral bending position at convexity region, patients with leg radiating pain were 28 cases. In the total of 28 cases, 25 cases had shown rotation of vertebra and intervertebra disc space narrowed at convexity region, while 3 cases didn`t have shown. 7. According to abnormal rotation of vertebral body on erect position, the number of group L4 was 48(32.7%) cases the most, group L3 was 43(29.3%) cases, the next group L2 was 30(20.4%) cases. Group L4, L3, L2 had significantly connection with fixation group on erect both lateral bending position(p<0.05). Conclusions : We concluded that the abnormal rotation of lumbar vertebral body had connection with the low back pain and leg radiating pain patients. So we must regard functional X-ray such as erect both lateral bending position lumbar AP views to early find cause.

위증에 關한 文獻的 考察 : 病因病機, 治法 및 治方 中心으로

金性洙,琴東昊 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1999 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.7 No.2

위증과 이완성 마비는 각각 한의학과 서양의학에서 쓰여지는 증상의 개념이지만 두개의 개념간에는 많은 유사점이 있다. 즉, 용어가 조금 다를 뿐이지 肢體가 委弱하여 잘 쓰지 못하여 수의적인 운동이 잘 되지 않는 것을 가리키는 개념임을 알 수가 있다. 이 위증 이완성 마비는 兩側性, 上行性이라는 특징을 가지고 있어서 片側性 및 上下肢 동시에 증상이 종종 발현하는 중풍의 후유증과 서로 다름에도 불구하고, 실제 임상에는 같은 것으로 誤認되는 경우가 많아 이에 대한 감별이 필요하다. 이 에서는 역대의 중요 문헌을 통하여 위증의 病因病 및 治法治方과 治方의 頻度를 각 시대별 대표적인 醫家의 順으로 정리함으로써 위증의 이해를 넓히는데 도움이 되도록 하였다. 따라서 위증에 대한 정확한 인식과 임상용의 기초자료를 얻고자 考察하여 보고하는 바이다. Among oriental medicine,s literatures, through Hwang-Je-Nae-Kyung(黃帝內徑) to Chung(淸), I extracted contents related to atrophy syndrome(??證). And studied it,s pathophysiology, therapy and treatment. Then, I concluded that result same below 1. The pathophysiologies of atrophy syndrome(??證) are lung heat(肺熱) & decreasing of it,5 circulation, making liver and stomach weaken & difficulty it's circulation, injurious to liver and kindney & atrophy of bonemarrow and muscle. 2. The most important point of atrophy syndrome(??證) therapy is Yang-Myung(陽明). The Priority of therapy is stomach & liver,s balance. And then we must protect acquired human function & clean humidity & temperature of Yang-Myung(陽明). under the principle of decreasing south organ,s function & protecting north organ,s function, we should Ja-Yeurn-Chung-Yeul(滋陰淸熱). so remove temperature of lung & protect liver and kidney & make strong stomach. 3. Among the therapy of atrophy syndrome in literatures Yi-Jin-Tang(二陳湯), Sa-Gun-Ja-Tang(四君子湯), Sa-Mul-Tang-Je(四物湯劑), Ho-Jam-Hwan(虎蠶丸), Dong-Won-Geun-Bo-Hwan(東垣健步丸) and Chung-Jo-Tang(淸燥湯) were many. These make strong spleen & dry humidity organ using Sa-Gun-Ja-Tang(四君子湯) and Yi-Jin-Tang(二陳湯) by Dog-Cheu-Yang-Myung(獨取陽明) method. Sa-Mul-Tang(四物湯), Phellodendri cortex(黃柏), Radix sophorae flavescentis(苦蔘), Carapax Testudinis(龜板) bitter taste make strong Yeum(陰) & decrease Yang(陽) so important human muscle powerful. Ho-Jam-Hwan(虎蠶丸), Dong-Won-Geun-Bo-Hwan(東垣健步丸), Chung-Jo-Tang(淸燥湯) make Chung-Yeul-Jo-Seup(淸熱燥濕), protect liver and kidney & strong muscle and bone. Besides Gum-Gang-Hwan(金剛丸), Yi-Myo-Hwan(二妙丸), Nok-Gak-Geu-Hwan(鹿角膠丸) & Ga-Mi-Sa-Geun-Hwan(加味四斤丸) were used in treatment of atrophy syndrome.

자궁경부 상피종양에서 human papillomavirus 감염과 survivin 발현

윤재호,정동준,이정은,박동명,배동한,선우재근,백무준,김창진 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been considered a causative agent of uterine cervical carcinoma. HPV is a DNA oncogenic virus, which is well known as a causative virus in uterine cervical carcinoma. The virus is classified into two groups genotypically, low risk and high risk, according to the carcinogenic potentiality, and the determination of the viral genotype is important in clinical practice. Recently, numerous genotypes can be determined by high throughput method using DNA chip. Survivin is a recently characterized inhibitor of anti-apoptosis (IAP) protein, which is abundantly expressed in most solid and hematological malignancies, but undetectable in normal adult tissues. In this study, HPV genotypes are determined by DNA chip and the expression of survivin was examined by immunohistochemistry in 80 cases of uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinoma to see the roles of HPV and survivin in the carciogenesis of uterine cervical epithelial neoplasia. The results were as follows: 1. HPV positive rate was 72.5%, while negative rate was 27.5% in 80 cases of CIN and invasive carcinoma. The CIN and invasive carcinoma showed higher HPV positive rate (p <0.05). 2. HPV positive rate according to the histologic grade were 60%, 65%, 77% and 90% in CINI, CINII, CINII and invasive carcinoma, respectively. HPV positive rate showed increasing tendency according to the histologic grade, though there was no statistical significance. 3. The most frequent genotype was type 16 and the next were 58, 52, 18 and 33 in order of frequency. 4. Survivin was expressed in 96.3% of CIN and invasive carcinoma. The expression rate of survivin showed no significant difference between the histologic grade of CIN and invasive carcinoma, but showed tendency of increased expression rate in invasive carcinoma. 5. Survivin was expressed in HPV positive and in HPV negative each as in 95.5% and 96.6% respectively. There was no significant difference of survivin expression between HPV positive and negative cases. The above results suggest that HPV has no effect on the regulation of survivin expresson level in the uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinomas.

地域媒體로서의 CATV의 展望과 課題에 관한 小考

琴東昊 대구보건대학 1994 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Teh prospect of a certain area should be considered not efficiency but equity All the discussion concerning about CATV should take into consideration the district gap between city and rural area. CATV as a information medium provide education opportunity, leisure time, medical help, cultural activity. The development of CATV in free competition can be expected that the city with a large population and high income will have diverse systems of CATV. The public concept is a important factor discussing CATV. The broadcasting media in use such as television, radio will be repositioned and rearranged their roles. It is more desirable that diverse New Media such as DBS(Direct Broadcasting Satellite), HDTV(High Definition Television), Teletext, Videotex should be arranged together with CATV in long term plan.

使用者의 懲戒行爲와 不當勞動行爲

琴東信 단국대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

Even in the modern industrial society with high technologies, the laborintensed means of production still carry the importance level. Hence, the hiring of a work force and the right to take charge of and to supervise the work force by the employers are plainly stipulated in the "Labor Standard Law". According to the regulations, the laborers are obliged not only to respect the legal rights of the employers, but also to adhere the rules and organizational structures of the company for the sakes of harmonizing the work forces into the management orders and of upgrading the productivities. The Korean Labor Standard Law prohibits the impositions of unilateral dismissal and of disciplinary dismissal, which are devoid of any legitimate reason at all. Particularly, in the case of immediate dismissal without any pre-announcement or any notice in advance, the logical and legal explanation on the dismissal action should be reported to and approved by the Labor Relations Board. The present study attempts to examine the legal theories in order to probe the related problems stemming from the disciplinary action of employer against laborers. In doing so, the research focuses upon the principles, which are commonly applied to the disciplinary measures, and those principles must be abided by for preventing any unjust violation of the laborers' rights. Then, the present study collects the data on various patterns of the disciplinary mcasures by the lines of workshops and companies with the purpose of modelling the the behaviors and activities resulted in the disciplinary actions and the criteria for such disciplinary measures. In the modern society, the employment relationship is by no means a social status relationship, but a social contract relationship. Thus, the practices of disciplinary measure need to be aimed at allevating the production efficiency and of realizing the organizational cooperations and orders in the company. In any occasion, the imposition of punishment against laborers should imply neither any retaliatory action, any damage to human dignity, nor any means to compensate the company's loss. The misuse and abuse of disciplinary measures are clearly prohib ited in the regulations of labor laws. In conclusion, for the improvement of laborer-users relations and the non-conflictual policy orientations in the mutual respects of legal rights between the two parties, the disciplinary measure against laborer appears to provide with a rational effectiveness, when the participations of laborers' representatives-the labor representatives in case of the labor union are guaranteed in the process of disciplinary decision. An unilateral imposition of punishment on laborer is by no means an effective practice in the laborer-used relations.

勞動爭議行爲의 形態와 合法性에 관한 硏究

琴東信 단국대학교 1976 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

This article aims at exploring and defining types and legality of the labor dispute. First of all, the labor dispute may be defined as actions which are taken by workers in order to secure their claims realized and also measures which are adopted by employers to counter the workers' moves. It is observed that law and order of the civil rights in the comtemporary capitalism have their main brunt derivable from the principle of private property, of liberty of contracts, and of liability with fault. In addition, the constitution provides clauses of special exceptions in order to ensure the promotion of living conditions and the enhancement of social statuses of the workers. The legislation also guarantees workers their rights of organization, collective bargaining and at the same time provides provisions for the protection of the workers from the unfair labor practices. Of these, the rights of organization and of collective bargaining do not impose any grave concerns since they are non-violent in nature. However, the labor dispute actions, since they are usually concomitant with positive and combative posture, imposes difficult problems in the light of the principle of benefit under the equal rights for the both parties concerned. Since the methods of the resistence and labor struggles are so varied that is an ample ground for their discussion in terms of theories and case studies so as to determine the legality of them in a more concrete terms. Labor activities, whose main objectives are to protect the rights of the workers, can be manifested as work stoppage by the workers to the effect that they may interrupt the normal business activities, often accompanying a loss to the employer. For this reason, it is important thar the labor dispute should be taken up seriously for studies so as to be judged whether it is legal or not. In fact, this aspect is well illustrated in this paper. This article gas also dwelt on the limitation of the labor dispute actions on the basis of the principle of benefit under the equal rights and explained how this limitation and the right of collective bargaining are specified by the law. This paper have classified four objectives which trigger the labor dispute: (1) the sabbotage in political strikes, (2) the sympathetic strike, (3) the protest strike and (4) the security strike. The means of accomplishing these objectives can also be categorized into four types: (1) the strike, (2) the sabbotage, (3) the boycott and (4) the interference with management. Discussing these at some length, this paper has analyzed in detail the auxiliary means of the labor dispute such as the propagation of literature, the use wall posters, donning of ribbons and armbands, the interruption or stopping of shipment of products or their concealment, the sitdown-strike, picketing, and presented justifications for these. This paper has also dwelt on the problem of responsibilities in the illegal labor dispute activity since clashes may take place when the employer resorts to the means of lock-out. In sum, this paper has enumerated that the labor dispute is mainly for the promotion of the workers' social and economic statuses and that the labor dispute should be preceded by negotiations and the coordination between the opposing parties. Though workers may choose either means of attaining their goals, it is assumed that to leave the violent means in the labor dispute to be handled solely by the respective business concern itself is an act of irresponsibility when national objectives are centered on the economic development and realization of a welfare state. Rather it should be taken up by sound social policies, by objective coordination of extraordinary administrative functions and also by high quality management of the labor problems in such a way thar workers may get real benefit of protection of their rights.

太陽熱을 利用한 穀物乾燥에 관한 硏究

琴東赫 成均館大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.30 No.-

In designing a low temperature solar drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, temperature rise of drying air, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting solar drying system are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat added to drying air, fan operation method and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors and determine design parameters such as airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, optimum temperature rise of drying air, and fan operation method. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Required drying time decrease ranged from 40 to 50 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 3.9 to 4.3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in averge temperature rise of drying air regardless of the fan operation methods, Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on required drying time. 2. Required drying time increase ranged from 18 to 30 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content regardless of the fan operation methods, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 3. The intermittent fan operation showed about 36 to 42 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation. 4. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 34 to 46 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 2 to 3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air, regardless of the operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on drymatter loss. 5. Drymatter loss increase ranged from 50 to 78 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 6. The intermittent fan operation showed about 40 to 50 percent increase in drymatter loss as compared with the continuous fan operation and the increasing rate was higher at high level of initial moisture and average temperature rise. 7. The equations for estimating time required to dry top layer to 16 and 15% wet basis and drymatter loss were derived as functions of the performance factors by the least square method. 8. Minimum airflow rate based on 0.5 percent drymatter loss were estimated. Minimum airflow rates for the intermittent fan operation were approximately 1.5 to 1.8 times as much as compared with the continuous fan operation, but a few differences among year-to-year. 9. The continuous fan operation may be more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering overdrying, fan horsepower requirements, and energy use.

벼의 常溫通風 乾燥特性

琴東赫 成均館大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

Low-temperature drying systems have been extensively used for drying cereal grains such as shelled corn and wheat. However, little reseach on rough rice drying has been done in this area, especially very little in Korea. In designing a low temperature drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting low temperature drying systems are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat to drying air, fan operation methods and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors on drying charactaristics of rough rice, Three hourly observations based on the 9-year weather data in Chuncheon area were used to simulate rough rice drying. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The moisture differential, top to bed layer of grain, was a minimum when airflow rate was high and the air temperature was low, and was larger for the intermittent fan operation ad compared with continuous fan operation. 2. Equilibrium moisture content was found to be greatly depentent upon the variability of weather, the amount of heat added to drying air, and the fan operation methods, but indepenent upon airflow rate. Time requred to dry bed layer to equilibrium moisture content was constan, approximately 14 to 15 days, regardless of the amount of heat added. fan operation methods, and initial moisture content. 3. Equilbririum moisture content was 13.7 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation and 12.4 percent we basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively with no heat add, therfore it may be considered that the drying potential of natural air for October was high and the weather conditions was satisfactory for natural air drying of rough rice. 4. Average moisture content when top layer was dried to 15 percent wet basis ranged from 14.1 to 14.4 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation and from 13.2 to 13.5 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively with no heat add. 5. Drymatter loss was the highest in the top layer of grain which dried last. Drymatter loss increased greatly during drying to 16 percent wet basis and then very slowly and was approximately constant after drying to 15 percent wet basis. That means grain deterioration may not occurred below 15 or 16 percent moisture. Therefore, in natural air and low temperature drying stsyem, one of the most important factors was the grain deterioration during drying top layer to 15 or 16 percent wet basis. 6. Doubled airflow rate reduced required drying time by about 33 to 50 percent, heat added (1.1 to 2.8℃)reduced by about 20 to 60 percent, and 2 percent increase in initial moisture content in the range of 18 to 24 moisture increased by about 17 to 30 percent, regardless of the fan operation methods. 7. The intermittent fan operation showed 30 to 40 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation. 8. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 38 to 45 percent approximately each time the airflow rate was doubled, from 15 to 25 percent approximately for the heat added to drying air ranging from 1 to 2.8 degrees, and increase from 50 to 60 percent approximately for each two percent increase in initial moisture content in the range of 18 to 24 percent wet basis. 9. Drying time and drymatter loss may have a two-fold change as a result of weather conditions in different year. These facts was not caused by the air temperature differences, but the relative humidity differences.

勤勞者의 士氣沮害要因의 分析과 그 昻揚方案에 관한 硏究

琴東信 단국대학교 1979 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

The economy of Korea has now reached the point where it is ready to take off from the level of a developing nation to that of a developed one. The high growth of Korean economy since 1962 has brought about a quantitative in crease of workers, the main body of economic activities. With rapid growth of industrial corporations and the expansion of productivity, it has come to be recognized in the viewpoint that their success depends on the morale, an mental factor, of workers that the morale of workers, a mental factor of theirs, has an essential relation to the industrial productivity. With a verifiable analysis of the whereabouts of workers's consciousness and of the problematic points in the working field in connection not only with the industrial labor management but also with the aspect of labor administration, and with an analysis of workers's consciousness changing according to the rapid social changes accompanying the high growth of economy and that of the factors of impediment in workers' morale, we should promptly eradicate the factors of impediment so that the workers can play the role as the main body not only of economic activities but also of social structure. In this connection, this study aims at analyzing verifiably through field researches the factors of impediment in field workers' morale and seeking after specific schemes of labor administration by concretely studying on the side of labor administration devices to enhance workers' morale. The object of the research was the blue-color workers protected under labor stand ardization law, and the research was carried out with 700 workers working in randomly selected 5 factories located in the Bupyong industrial area within the Seoul-Inchon district. The utilizable responses from 439 workers out of all the 537 workers who had responded to the research questionnaire were selected for the analysis. The approach was made through three different ways; interviews, questionnaires and data researches. The questionnaire were selected for the analysis. The approach was made through three different ways; interviews, questionnaires and data researches. The research was carried out in November, 1978. This study first of all specified the general determinative factors of workers' morale, and then analyzed the constituent elements of the workers used as the object of the research. The contents of a questronnaire were as diversified as foillows. (1) The general view of life held by a worker. (2) His view of labor. (3) His objective of life. (4) His motive to have entered the company. (5) His mental state after entering the company. (6) His feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his job. (7) The causes for workers to leave the company. (8) The degree of satisfaction with his rank in the company. (9) The working hours. (10) The rest hours. (11) The hours of night-shift work. (12) The overwork. (13) The degree of his recognition of the importance of his work. (14) The degree of his being evaluated by the company. (15) His job and ability. (16) The degree of adequacy of the amount of his work. (17) How to make use of his leisure time. (18) Paid vacations. (19) The degree of fairness of his pay. (20) The factors to decide workers' pay by. (21) The reason for asking for the raise of workers' pay. (22) His savings. (23) The degree of trust in his seniors in the factory. (24) The communication with his seniors in the factory. (25) The degree of fairness of personal management. (26) His attitude and response toward irrational directions. (27) The degree of his knowledge of the regulations regarding his job. (28) The degree of workers' general knowledge of the job regulations. (29) The state of implementation of the job regulations. (30) His feeling of aptitude or inaptitude to his work. (31) The degree of his feeling of alienation in the factory. (32) The prime mover to suppress the feeling of alienation. (33) How to control the feeling of alienation. (34) The contents of daily chats in the factory. (35) The factors of complaint in the factory. (36) The persons with whom he consults about his problems. (37) The factors to enhance his willingness to work. (38) The integrity and loyalty as a worker belonging to a factory. (39) The punitive cases. The result showed that the workers' discontents impeding their morale can be classified into three: “one that the workers can put up with,” “one that they should put up with,” and “one that they cannot put up with.“It was found that the workers' morale is affected when these discontents are collectively accumulated. “The discontent they cannot put up with” can be different depending on the age and education of a worker. But it is presumed that meeting their desires regarding the kind of work, wages, or work conditions cannot be the sole answer to enhance their morale. When a worker is sure that he can realize his dream that he can reach his future aim, he will grasp the charm of his labor and be able to make efforts without complaint. Through this his discontent will be cleared up and his morale will be enhanced. A specific device can probably be thought out to dissolve the Korean workers' discontents arising out of the present reality. It is needless to say, however, that the essential principle of the device should be in protecting human dignity of workers. The specific device may include the following items. (1) To secure a substantial balance of interests of labor and capital through the guidance of labor administration. (2) To solve pending problems rather through conferences between and mutual efforts of labor and capital than through seeking after respective interest by means of oppositional strifes. (3) To organize or arrange an authoritative committee or procedure that can virtually slove workers' problems. (4) To improve human relations in the factory and to make better workers' welfare and working conditions with a view to dissolving the feelings of alienation on the part of workers.

벼의 常溫通風乾燥시스템의 適正作業條件에 관한 硏究

琴東赫,李揆昇 成均館大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

To determine the design parameters for natural air drying system, that is, minimum airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, and fan operation method the drying characteristics for rough rice were analyzed by simulation method based on 9-year weather data for Chuncheon area. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. Equations for estimating drying time and drymatter loss were derived in the form of exponetial function, which are expressed in terms of airflow rate, initia moisture content and temperature rise due to supplemental heat. 2. Minimum airflow rates for safe drying were determined for different fan operation, initial moisture content and temperature rise. 3. Maximum depths for various size of grain bins and initial moisture content were determined for the fan power(0.5-1.5KW) available on farms. 4. Continuous fan operation appeared to be more effective than intermittent operation considering fan power and energy requirements. Additional heating resulted in an increase of energy requirement. 5. It appeared to be more effective to operate fan continuously until the top layer was dried to 16 percent wet basis, thereafter intermittently considering overdrying, quality loss, fan power and energy requirements.