향기농업: 휘발성 물질을 이용한 식물병 진단과 방제

류명주,손진수,오상근,류충민 한국식물병리학회 2022 식물병연구 Vol.28 No.1

Volatiles exist ubiquitously in nature. Volatile compounds produced by plants and microorganisms confer inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom communications. Autoinducer signaling molecules from contact-based chemical communication, such as bacterial quorum sensing, are relayed through short distances. By contrast, biogenic volatiles derived from plant-microbe interactions generate long-distance (>20 cm) alarm signals for sensing harmful microorganisms. In this review, we discuss prior work on volatile compound-mediated diagnosis of plant diseases, and the use of volatile packaging and dispensing approaches for the biological control of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In this regard, recent developments on technologies to analyze and detect microbial volatile compounds are introduced. Furthermore, we survey the chemical encapsulation, slow-release, and bio-nano techniques for volatile formulation and delivery that are expected to overcome limitations in the application of biogenic volatiles to modern agriculture. Collectively, technological advances in volatile compound detection, packaging, and delivery provide great potential for the implementation of ecologicallysound plant disease management strategies. We hope that this review will help farmers and young scientists understand the nature of microbial volatile compounds, and shift paradigms on disease diagnosis and management to aromatic (volatile-based) agriculture.

휘발적(volatile) 몸과 여성 해방

장문정 ( Moon Jeong Chang ) 고려대학교 철학연구소 2008 철학연구 Vol.0 No.36

몸은 모든 가치들을 존재하게 만드는 토대로서 역할한다. 토대는 그 중요성에도 불구하고 화려한 가치들의 진열 속에 가려져 보이지 않거나 부수적이고 도구적인 것으로 여겨지는 것이 보통이다. 휘발적 몸 개념은 몸이 가치들을 현전시키면서 그 자신은 평가 절하되고 비가시화되는 현상을 일컬으며 이는 이처럼 천대받는 토대역할을 했던 여성의 위치에 대한 부당성을 비판하는데 효과적으로 기여할 수 있다. 특히 현대 소비사회에서 이례적인 몸에 대한 강조는 이러한 평가 절하된 몸을 권리 회복시키는 것이 아니라 몸을 더욱 더 철저히 도구적인 것으로 휘발시키기 위해 자본주의적인 시장이데올로기에 의해서 부추겨진 것이라는 점에서 몸에 대한 평가절하 역사의 최절정을 이룬다. 이런 상황에서 몸의 토대로서의 역할을 권리 회복시키기 위해서 취할 수 있는 전략은 우선 이러한 휘발 작용 가운데서도 지워지지 않아 억압받는 몸, 즉 기존의 가치들에서 벗어나 있는 일탈이나 차이에 정당한 권리를 인정하는 것이다. ‘긍정적 의미’로서의 몸은 남성중심적인 문화에서 주변적이거나 일종의 잔여로서 존재하면서 언어로 환원불가능한 이질성의 지대를 형성해왔다. 소쉬르가 차이가 의미를 가능하게 한다고 말했듯이 이러한 몸의 휘발이 문화세계를 지탱해준다. 그런 점에서 휘발적 몸이라는 은유는 두 가지 모순되는 내포를 가지는데, 이는 동일성과 차이의 관계와 동일한다. 하나는 휘발하여 의미작용으로 사라지는 것을 의미하며 다른 하나는 그러한 휘발의 경계를 가지고 있는 차이의 불투명성을 이룬다. 소위 휘발적 몸 담론의 학자들은 첫 번째 관점에서 이제까지 지워졌던 휘발적 몸들의 작용을 드러내는데 기여를 했고 이른바 성차의 페미니스트들은 분리불가능한 양자의 관계를 통해서 여성의 몸을 재현하는데 비중을 둔다. 몸은 휘발하는 것이지만, 그럼에도 ‘성차’란 이러한 휘발 가운데서도 휘발될 수 없는 ‘차이’의 권리를 상징한다. 성차를 견지하는 것은 이질성과 특이성의 지대로서 몸을 위상 부여하는 것이며 그럼으로써 휘발하는 몸이 휘발하여 사라지지 않기를 요청하는 것이다. 휘발하는 몸은 휘발하는 몸으로 불투명하게 ‘남아서’ 다른 몸들과 관계 맺고 ‘정의로운’ 가치들을 지탱하는 화합의 윤리적 토대로서 인식되어야 한다. Body plays the role of the foundation which makes every value exist. In spite of the importance of body, since the ancient, it is common that body, cloaked in splendid display of the values, has become invisible or regarded subordinate and instrumental. The concept of the volatile body represents that as soon as the body makes the values present, it disappears as if it never had existed, and becomes devaluated so. And it gives us a good and efficient rhetoric to reveal the awful position of women in which women`s all contributions to support our society becomes invisible, and devaluated. Specially the unprecedented boom of body in the contemporary consumption society means by no means the reversion of this present attitude about body but just is encouraged by the capitalized market ideology to volatilize it as the instrumental body far thoroughly. In this sense it stands on the summit in the history of persecutions against the bodies. So the efficient strategy to evaluate the body rightfully may be to admit that the deviation out of the existing values system or difference which couldn`t erase, then destined to be suppressed now should have the legitimate right. The body in the our own positive term has been as periphery and residue and has formed the territory of the heterogeneity. According to Saussure, as this difference makes the signification possible, volatilization of the body makes the cultural world sustain. So this term has the two paradoxical connotation, and the same is true of the relation of the sameness and difference; the one is to indicate body`s erasing into the signification, the other, the body`s opacity which has the boundary of the volatilization. Some scholars of so-called the volatile-body-discourse took the great contributions in debunking up to now veiled mechanism of volatile body and some feminists who advocated `the sexual difference` tried to represent women`s body rightly in the relation of the indivisible both. The body is volatile but, though residue of the sexual difference remains and can be called the symbol of the not-volatile amid the volatiles. To persist this concept benefits by granting the body as the territory of the heterogeneity and the singularity, which many male scholars who advocated the legitimacy of the difference even have been ignore of and forgotten unwittingly, and reclaiming not to be erase and not to disappear, therefore always to remind us of the need of cooperation with the others. It should not just advocate the women`s benefits, but also be recognized as the ethic foundation of the harmony between all existences, upon which the body can remain opaque, not completely volatile and relate with other bodies again and then cam make `just` new values sustain.

Identification of floral aromatic volatile compounds in 29 cultivars from four groups of Osmanthus fragrans by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Jianxin Fu,Dan Hou,Yiguang Wang,Chao Zhang,Zhiyi Bao,Hongbo Zhao,Shaoqing Hu 한국원예학회 2019 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.60 No.4

Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a popular aromatic ornamental plant and its fl owers are used to enhance the color and fragrance of food. In this study, we analyzed the volatiles of 29 cultivars from all four groups of O. fragrans using a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We identifi ed 41 volatile organic components that were distributed over fi ve diff erent compound classes, with the majority of the volatile components being dominated by alcohols, ketones, and terpenes, which accounted for 56.6–95.06% of the total volatiles in all tested materials except ‘Zao Yingui’. In ‘Zao Yingui’, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes accounted for only 48.19% of the total volatiles. The diversity of the volatile compounds and their relative contents varied among the four groups and cultivars within each group. The major volatile compounds were α-ionone, β-ionone, 2H-β-ionone, linalool, trans -linalool oxide, cis -linalool oxide, epoxy linalool, geraniol ( Z )-ocimene, and γ-decalactone in all tested cultivars, while nerol and ( Z )-3-hexenyl butanoic acid ester were abundant in several cultivars. The 29 cultivars were classifi ed into fi ve clusters in a hierarchical cluster analysis based on their fl oral volatile compounds. The cultivars of diff erent sexes (male vs. hermaphrodite) had no signifi cant diff erences in the relative contents of the major volatile compounds. This study provides valuable information for understanding the chemical composition of the volatile compounds of O. fragrans fl owers as well as a theoretical basis for the origin, development, and application of modern cultivars of O. fragrans.

GC/MS와 Dynamic head-space법에 의한 매화 (Prunus mume)꽃의 휘발성 향기성분

( Yonjin Jun ),( Minhye Koo ),( Eunhee Cho ),( Yeonju Hong ) 한국감성과학회 2018 춘계학술대회 Vol.2018 No.-

Volatile compounds of the apricot blossom (Prunus mume) were analyzed to identify the volatiles’ profile and olfactory property. Dynamic head-space extraction methods were used to capture the volatiles from living flower, before GC-MS analysis. In addition, the odor characteristic properties of the major volatile components were obtained by Flavor-Base 2010. A total of 47 volatile compounds were identified, and the major volatile components were benzyl acetate, benzaldehyde, eugenol, estragole, nonanol, acetophenone, hexyl acetate, benzyl butyrate, α-pinene and octanal. The volatile components contributed to the scent of apricot blossom were esters (sweet fruity odor like banana, pear and melon) and benzyl acetate (white floral odor).

화피의 휘발성 향기성분 조성과 주요성분인 Benzaldehyde의 생리활성

임도연 한국피부과학연구원 2014 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.12 No.2

In the present study, we investigated the volatile-flavor compounds in barks of Prunus sargentii andphysiological activity of benzaldehyde, main compound of the volatiles. The volatile compounds analyseswas performed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector after simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE). As a results, yield of SDE extract was 0.0241%, and fourteen compounds were identified. Theprincipal compounds of the volatiles in SDE extract from barks of P. sargentii are benzaldehyde (34.592%),hexanoic acid (22.863%), hexanal (10.736%), anethole (6.958%), (-)-menthol (5.964%), 2-amylfuran(5.368%). Moreover, piperitone, coumarin, benzyl alcohol, ethylacetate, 1-pentanol, methyl hexanoic acid,2,4-decadienal and α-isomenthone were identified as small and trace compounds. In antibacterial activityby the disc diffusion assay, benzaldehyde showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Moreover, benzaldehyde showed dosedependentnitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7cell. As a result, the volatile-flavor compounds in barks of P. sargentii could be applicable to cosmetic andfragrance industry.

된장 가열조리 시 생성되는 향기성분 변화

이승주(Seung-Joo Lee),안봄이(Bomi Ahn) 한국식품과학회 2008 한국식품과학회지 Vol.40 No.3

본 연구에서는 공장산 된장과 전통 된장 제품을 이용하여 가열조건(상온, 50℃, 100℃)을 달리한 시료의 휘발성 향기성분을 HS-SPME법에 의해 추출한 후, GC-MSD를 이용하여 분석동정하였고 이들 성분의 정량분석도 실시하였다. 정성된 화합물은 총 51개의 향기성분이 확인되었고 동정된 성분을 화학적 특성에 따라 분류하면 18 esters, 3 alcohols, 6 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 1 ketones, 6 aldehydes와 4개의 기타성분이 동정되었다. 에스터 성분과 산 성분이 동정된 화합물 중 두 개 시료에서 모두 가장 높은 농도를 차지하였다. 전통된장 시료는 가열 온도가 증가함에 따라 산, 피라진류의 증가가 두드러졌고, 공장산 제품의 경우 에스터, 알데히드류 및 maltol과 acetyl pyrrole과 같은 일부 마이얄반응 부산물이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 향후, 관능검사 및 GC-Olfactometry 분석을 통한 전통 및 공장산 제품의 관능특성과 주요 휘발성 향기성분간의 상관관계분석이 필요하리라 판단되고 이를 통해 다양한 관능특성의 맞춤형 제품 개발에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있으리라 여겨진다. In this study, volatile compounds were isolated from traditional and commercial fermented soybean pastes according to different heating temperatures (room temperature, 50℃, 100℃) using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The compounds were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 51 volatile components, including 18 esters, 3 alcohols, 6 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 6 aldehydes, and 5 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters and acids such as ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, and 2/3-methyl butanoic acid were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. By applying principal component analyses to the GCMS data sets, differences were observed in the volatile components of the soybean pastes as to the different heating temperatures. A large variation was shown between the volatile components of the traditional and commercial soybean pastes by increasing the heating temperature. Commercial samples had significantly higher levels of longer chain ethyl esters, aldehydes, and thermal degradation products such as maltol and 2-acetyl pyrrole, while traditional samples showed higher concentrations of acids and pyrazines.

Enhancing algal biomass and lipid production by phycospheric bacterial volatiles and possible growth enhancing factor

Cho, Kichul,Heo, Jina,Cho, Dae-Hyun,Tran, Quynh-Giao,Yun, Jin-Ho,Lee, Sang-Moo,Lee, Yong Jae,Kim, Hee-Sik Elsevier 2019 Algal research Vol.37 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The concept of sustainable biodiesel production using microalgae has attracted a lot of attention as an emerging green energy technology. However, low algal biomass and lipid productivity hinder cost-effective biodiesel production. To overcome these problems, this study examined the effect of bacterial volatile compounds (VCs) on the growth and lipid production of microalga <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> OW-01. The VCs of phycospheric bacteria including <I>Hyphomonas</I> sp., <I>Rhizobium</I> sp., and <I>Sphingomonas</I> sp. efficiently augmented algal biomass in a newly developed VCs experimental apparatus. Moreover, an apparent increase in total lipid content along with a 2.34-fold increase in productivity was observed in <I>Hyphomonas</I> sp. VCs–exposed algal biomass. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition also demonstrated that the algal biodiesel properties were somewhat modified by exposure to bacterial VCs. A LiOH filter-inducing CO<SUB>2</SUB>-removed bacterial VCs (CRBVCs) also enhanced daily growth of microalgae, as compared to the control culture (aeration), indicating that CRBVC included growth-promoting volatiles. Of those factors, volatile indole was identified as a possible algal growth enhancing factor, and it showed a higher growth-promoting effect than dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. Based on these results, it is speculated that the use of bacterial VCs for algal cultivation is a promising future bioprocess for the algal biomass and biodiesel production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Enhanced algal biomass and lipid productivity were obtained by bacterial vo </LI> <LI> CO<SUB>2</SUB>-removed bacterial volatile compounds (VCs) promoted algal biomass production. </LI> <LI> Volatile indole was detected as a growth-enhancing factor among the bacterial VCs. </LI> </UL> </P>

Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) Analysis of Korean Fermented Soybean Pastes

Seung-Joo Lee 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.3

In this study, the volatile compounds in 9 commercial fermented soybean pastes were extracted and analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. A total of 63 volatile components, including 21 esters, 7 alcohols, 7 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 3 ketones, 6 aldehydes, and 6 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters, acids, and pyrazines were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. About 50% of the total quantified volatile material was contributed by 5 compounds in 9 soybean paste samples; ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2/3-methyl butanoic acid, and tetramethyl-pyrazine. Three samples (CJW, SIN, and HAE) made by Aspergillus oryzae inoculation showed similar volatile patterns as shown in principal component analyses to GC-MS data sets, which showed higher levels in ethyl esters and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Traditional fermented soybean pastes showed overall higher levels in pyrazines and acids contents.

Predicting the Host Range of Quarantine Pests with Olfactory Receptor Neuron Profiling

Kye Chung Park 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

Phytophagous insects detect volatile compounds produced by host and non-host plants, using species-specific sets of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). To investigate the relationship between the range of host plants and the profile of ORNs, single cell recordings were carried out to identify ORNs and corresponding active compounds in female Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), an oligophagous eucalypt feeder. Based on the response profiles to 39 plant volatile compounds, 13 classes of sensilla containing 40 classes of ORNs were identified in female U. lugens. More than 95% (163 out of 171) of these sensilla contained 16 classes of ORNs with narrow response spectra, and 62.6% (107 out of 171) 18 classes of ORNs with broad response spectra. Among the specialized ORNs, seven classes of ORNs exhibited high specificity to 1,8-cineole, (±)-citronellal, myrcene, (±)-linalool and (E)-β-caryophyllene, major volatiles produced by eucalypts, while nine other classes of ORNs showed highly specialized responses to green leaf volatiles, germacrene D, (E)-β)-farnesene and geranyl acetate that are not produced by most eucalypts. We hypothesize that female U. lugens can recognize their host plants by detecting key host volatile compounds, using a set of ORNs tuned to host volatiles, and discriminate them from non-host plants using another set of ORNs specialized for non-host volatiles. The ORNs with broad response spectra may enhance the discrimination between host and non-host plants by adding moderately selective sensitivity. Based on our finding, it is suggested that phytophagous insects use the combinational input from both host-specific and non-host specific ORNs for locating their host plants, and the electrophysiological characterization of ORN profiles can be used for predicting the range of host plants in phytophagous insects.

High temperature-induced alterations of volatile profiles in fragrant brown rice

wimonmuang kanphassorn,Cho Yoo-Hyun,이영상 한국작물학회 2023 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.26 No.1

To understand high temperature-induced alterations in flavor-determining volatile property of fragrant rice, the brown rice of ‘Cheonjihyang-1-se’ was exposed to 45 °C for periods of up to 7 days and subsequent daily changes in the relative amounts of volatiles were determined by Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Based upon their time-series patterns of quantitative changes after exposure, 66 identified volatiles were classified into the following six groups: 13 newly produced, 21 gradually increased, 5 initially increased and constantly maintained, 7 not significantly changed, 16 gradually decreased, and 4 rapidly disappeared volatiles. The amount of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), the most important fragrance-determining volatile in rice, rapidly decreased by 61% after 7 days exposure to 45 °C, compared with pre-exposure. Multivariate Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis showed that fragrant rice exposed to high temperatures for a different day could be distinguished using their volatile profiles. These results suggest that there were significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the volatiles in brown rice exposed to unfavorably high temperatures, which may result in alterations to the flavoring and overall market quality of fragrant rice.