Identification of floral aromatic volatile compounds in 29 cultivars from four groups of Osmanthus fragrans by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Jianxin Fu,Dan Hou,Yiguang Wang,Chao Zhang,Zhiyi Bao,Hongbo Zhao,Shaoqing Hu 한국원예학회 2019 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.60 No.4

Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a popular aromatic ornamental plant and its fl owers are used to enhance the color and fragrance of food. In this study, we analyzed the volatiles of 29 cultivars from all four groups of O. fragrans using a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We identifi ed 41 volatile organic components that were distributed over fi ve diff erent compound classes, with the majority of the volatile components being dominated by alcohols, ketones, and terpenes, which accounted for 56.6–95.06% of the total volatiles in all tested materials except ‘Zao Yingui’. In ‘Zao Yingui’, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes accounted for only 48.19% of the total volatiles. The diversity of the volatile compounds and their relative contents varied among the four groups and cultivars within each group. The major volatile compounds were α-ionone, β-ionone, 2H-β-ionone, linalool, trans -linalool oxide, cis -linalool oxide, epoxy linalool, geraniol ( Z )-ocimene, and γ-decalactone in all tested cultivars, while nerol and ( Z )-3-hexenyl butanoic acid ester were abundant in several cultivars. The 29 cultivars were classifi ed into fi ve clusters in a hierarchical cluster analysis based on their fl oral volatile compounds. The cultivars of diff erent sexes (male vs. hermaphrodite) had no signifi cant diff erences in the relative contents of the major volatile compounds. This study provides valuable information for understanding the chemical composition of the volatile compounds of O. fragrans fl owers as well as a theoretical basis for the origin, development, and application of modern cultivars of O. fragrans.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes between the curly and normal leaves of Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum

Jianxin Fu,Huijuan Ning,Chao Zhang,Yirong Fan 한국유전학회 2016 Genes & Genomics Vol.38 No.10

Normal and the spontaneous spirally rolled leaves of Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum were used for RNA sequencing analyses using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technique to figure out the differently- expressed genes in two samples. About 5.65 and 4.82 Gb sequencing data of raw reads were obtained from 2 cDNA libraries of normal and the spirally rolled leaves respectively. After data filtering, quality checks and de novo assembly, a total of 48,935 unigenes with an average sequence length of 820 nt were generated. In addition, the transcriptome change in normal and the spirally rolled leaves was investigated. With non-redundant annotation, 219 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are identified, with 147 up-regulated genes and 72 down-regulated genes. Out of these DEGs, 21 DEGs (9.59 %) were involved in cell wall modeling enzymes, such as expansin, xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase, pectate lyase, cell wall-associated hydrolase. Besides, other DEGs were predominantly classified as genes involved in transcription factor and signal sense and transduction signaling. This study presents the first comprehensive characterization of the leave transcriptomes of Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum. This study not only gave us valuable sequence resources of this species, but also provided theoretical foundation for cultivar breeding of leaf mutation in C. goeringii var. longibracteatum.

Study of stability and evolution indexes of gobs under unloading effect in the deep mines

Fu, Jianxin,Song, Wei-Dong,Tan, Yu-Ye Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.14 No.5

The stress path characteristics of surrounding rock in the formation of gob were analysed and the unloading was solved. Taking Chengchao Iron Mine as the engineering background, the model for analysing the instability of deep gob was established based on the mechanism of stress relief in deep mining. The energy evolution law was investigated by introducing the local energy release rate index (LERR), and the energy criterion of instability of surrounding rock was established based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The results showed that the evolution equation of the local energy release energy of the surrounding rock was quartic function with one unknown and the release rate increased gradually during the mining. The calculation results showed that the gob was stable. The LERR per unit volume of the bottom structure was relatively smaller, which mean the stability was better. The LERR distribution showed that there was main energy release in the horizontal direction and energy concentration in the vertical direction which meet the characteristics of deep mining. In summary, this model could effectively calculate the stability of surrounding rock in the formation of gob. The LERR could reflect the dynamic process of energy release, transfer and dissipation which provided an important reference for the study of the stability of deep mined out area.

Effect of digestion product of royal jelly protein on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell

Fu Li,Wang Tianshi,Song Jianxin 한국응용곤충학회 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.27 No.1

Royal jelly used for larvae and queens has many health-promoting properties such as spatial memory improvement, antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity. However, the anticancer ability of the royal jelly is not unknown. In this study, effect of the royal jelly protein on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell was investigated, and the key factors including the cell morphological, the colony formation, the proliferation, the cycle, and the expression of p53 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) proteins were analyzed. Result showed royal jelly protein was excellent in inhibiting the growth of SGC-7901gastric cancer cell. After treating with the digestion product of royal jelly protein (0.05 mg/mL~0.20 mg/mL), the morphological of gastric cancer cell significantly shrink, and both of density and quantity (1000~491) of gastric cancer cell significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The proliferation of gastric cancer was strongest inhibited by 62.84 % of 0.20 mg/mL royal jelly protein. The expression of p53 and PARP-1 protein of gastric cancer cell was respectively enhanced (0.29~0.46) and reduced (0.51~0.42). Moreover, the higher content of royal jelly protein (0.05 mg/mL~ 0.2 mg/mL), the stronger inhibit ability of 45 SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell. In conclusion, royal jelly protein can be used as a potential food in adjunctive therapy for gastric cancer.

Effect of digestion product of royal jelly protein on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell

Fu Li,Wang Tianshi,Song Jianxin 한국응용곤충학회 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.27 No.1

Royal jelly used for larvae and queens has many health-promoting properties such as spatial memory improvement, antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity. However, the anticancer ability of the royal jelly is not unknown. In this study, effect of the royal jelly protein on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell was investigated, and the key factors including the cell morphological, the colony formation, the proliferation, the cycle, and the expression of p53 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) proteins were analyzed. Result showed royal jelly protein was excellent in inhibiting the growth of SGC-7901gastric cancer cell. After treating with the digestion product of royal jelly protein (0.05 mg/mL~0.20 mg/mL), the morphological of gastric cancer cell significantly shrink, and both of density and quantity (1000~491) of gastric cancer cell significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The proliferation of gastric cancer was strongest inhibited by 62.84 % of 0.20 mg/mL royal jelly protein. The expression of p53 and PARP-1 protein of gastric cancer cell was respectively enhanced (0.29~0.46) and reduced (0.51~0.42). Moreover, the higher content of royal jelly protein (0.05 mg/mL~ 0.2 mg/mL), the stronger inhibit ability of 45 SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell. In conclusion, royal jelly protein can be used as a potential food in adjunctive therapy for gastric cancer.

Stronger plasticity of leaf characteristics is associated with better shade adaptation in Calycanthaceae

Chao Zhang,Jianxin Fu,Bin Dong,Lihua Zhou,Hongbo Zhao 한국원예학회 2020 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.61 No.6

To understand how Calycanthaceae species adapt to diff erent light levels, we examined the responses of leaf structure, chlorophyll(Chl) content, and Chl fl uorescence of fi ve Calycanthaceae species to diff erent light conditions. With the reductionof light irradiance, total leaf thickness of Sinocalycanthus chinensis signifi cantly decreased, and that of Chimonanthus nitenswas generally the same. The other three species, Ch. praecox , Ch. salicifolius , and Calycanthus fl oridus var. glaucus , showedmoderate plasticity of leaf structure. With shade treatments, the Chl a content in the leaves of Ch. nitens increased, whilethat in Ch. salicifolius decreased. However, the Chl a content in Ch. praecox , Ca. fl oridus var. glaucus , and S. chinensis wasnot changed with decreased light levels. Leaves of four species (except Ch. salicifolius ) showed higher Chl b content andtotal Chl content, and leaves of all fi ve species showed a lower Chl a / b ratio in shade. The maximal quantum effi ciency ofphotosystem II (PSII) (F v /F m ) and the eff ective quantum yield of PSII (Φ PSII ) in S. chinensis were the same regardless of thelight regime, but those of the other four species were signifi cantly lower in full sunlight. Another Chl fl uorescence parameter,non-photochemical Chl fl uorescence quenching, was signifi cantly higher in full sunlight. Our results revealed that among thefi ve Calycanthaceae species, S. chinensis exhibited the highest plasticity of leaf structure in response to diff erent irradiancesand Ch. nitens was considered to have the highest shade tolerance.

Experimental study on unloading failure characteristics and damage evolution rules of deep diorite based on triaxial acoustic emission tests

Yang Li,Jianxin Fu,Nai Hao,Weidong Song,Ling Yu 한국지질과학협의회 2023 Geosciences Journal Vol.27 No.5

With the increasing depletion of shallow-earth mineral resources, deep mining will become the primary route of future mineral resources development. However, deep mining technology is a long way from being mature, and there are still a great number of issues that severely limit the growth of resources. In this paper, the acoustic emission (AE) tests of triaxially loaded and unloaded deep diorite are conducted. The results show that when confining pressure is at a low level, the failure mode of rock sample is mainly tension fracture; however as confining pressure increases, the failure mode gradually changes to shear failure. Under different stress paths, AE counting characteristics can be separated into four stages, including initial low-energy zone, pre-peak quiet zone, peak sudden burst zone and post-peak failure intensive zone (post-peak fast attenuation zone or post-peak high density zone). The damage variable is defined as the ratio of the AE count rate of a certain stage to the cumulative AE count rate of the failure process, and it accounts for the largest proportion at the stage of unloading confining pressure. In addition, when confining pressure increases, thedamage variable changes from a flat growth to a rapid growth, with the abrupt transition occurring around the peak stress.

Expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes during flower senescence and in response to ethephon and silver nitrate treatments in Osmanthus fragrans

Qiu Hui,Chen Yiwen,Fu Jianxin,Zhang Chao 한국유전학회 2024 Genes & Genomics Vol.46 No.4

Background Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is an ornamental evergreen tree species in China, whose flowers are sensitive to ethylene. The synthesis of ethylene is controlled by key enzymes and restriction enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), which are encoded by multigene families. However, the key synthase responsible for ethylene regulation in O. fragrans is still unknown. Objective This study aims to screen the key ethylene synthase genes of sweet osmanthus flowers in response to ethylene regulation. Methods In this study, we used the ACO and ACS sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana to search for homologous genes in the O. fragrans petal transcriptome database. These genes were also analyzed bioinformatically. Finally, the expression levels of O. fragrans were compared before and after senescence, as well as after ethephon and silver nitrate treatments. Results The results showed that there are five ACO genes and one ACS gene in O. fragrans transcriptome database, and the phylogenetic tree revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes had high homology to the ACS and ACO proteins in plants. Sequence alignment shows that the OfACO1-5 proteins have the 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase domain, while OfACS1 contains seven conserved domains, as well as conserved amino acids in transaminases and glutamate residues related to substrate specificity. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of OfACS1 and OfACO1-5 were significantly higher at the early senescence stage compared to the full flowering stage. The transcripts of the OfACS1, OfACO2, and OfACO5 genes were upregulated by treatment with ethephon. However, out of these three genes, only OfACO2 was significantly downregulated by treatment with AgNO3. Conclusion Our study found that OfACO2 is an important synthase gene in response to ethylene regulation in sweet osmanthus, which would provide valuable data for further investigation into the mechanisms of ethylene-induced senescence in sweet osmanthus flowers. Background Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is an ornamental evergreen tree species in China, whose flowers are sensitive to ethylene. The synthesis of ethylene is controlled by key enzymes and restriction enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), which are encoded by multigene families. However, the key synthase responsible for ethylene regulation in O. fragrans is still unknown. Objective This study aims to screen the key ethylene synthase genes of sweet osmanthus flowers in response to ethylene regulation. Methods In this study, we used the ACO and ACS sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana to search for homologous genes in the O. fragrans petal transcriptome database. These genes were also analyzed bioinformatically. Finally, the expression levels of O. fragrans were compared before and after senescence, as well as after ethephon and silver nitrate treatments. Results The results showed that there are five ACO genes and one ACS gene in O. fragrans transcriptome database, and the phylogenetic tree revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes had high homology to the ACS and ACO proteins in plants. Sequence alignment shows that the OfACO1-5 proteins have the 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase domain, while OfACS1 contains seven conserved domains, as well as conserved amino acids in transaminases and glutamate residues related to substrate specificity. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of OfACS1 and OfACO1-5 were significantly higher at the early senescence stage compared to the full flowering stage. The transcripts of the OfACS1, OfACO2, and OfACO5 genes were upregulated by treatment with ethephon. However, out of these three genes, only OfACO2 was significantly downregulated by treatment with AgNO3. Conclusion Our study found that OfACO2 is an important synthase gene in response to ethylene regulation in sweet osmanthus, which would provide valuable data for further investigation into the mechanisms of ethylene-induced senescence in sweet osmanthus flowers.

Exogenous Sugars Involvement in Senescence and Ethylene Production of Tree Peony ‘Luoyang Hong’ Cut Flowers

Chao Zhang,Miao Liu,Jianxin Fu,Yanjie Wang,Li Dong 한국원예학회 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.6

Sugars play important roles in petal senescence of cut flowers. In the Expt. 1 of this study, the effects of different concentrations of glucose (60, 90, and 120 g·L<SUP>-1</SUP>) and sucrose (30, 60, and 90 g·L<SUP>-1</SUP>) application on the vase life, rate of flower diameter increase, rate of flower weight increase and ethylene production of cut tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Luoyang Hong’) were evaluated. At the earlier stage, treatments of different concentrations of glucose and sucrose all retarded the process of flower opening and inhibited the increase of flower diameter and weight, while senescence of flowers fed with different concentrations of glucose was delayed at later stage. Flowers treated with 90 g·L<SUP>-1</SUP> glucose displayed the longest vase life, which showed significant difference (P < 0.05) from those of flowers with the control and sucrose treatments. All treatments with glucose or sucrose not only retarded the decrease of flower diameter and weight, but also suppressed the ethylene production at the earlier stage and delayed the peak of ethylene evolution. In order to study the effect of exogenous sugar on the postharvest response of cut tree peony to ethylene, Expt. 2 was conducted. Cut flowers were treated with 90 g·L<SUP>-1</SUP> glucose for 4 hours before (GE) or after (EG) exposed to 10 μL·L<SUP>-1</SUP> ethylene for 4 hours. Generally, the opening process of flowers with GE and EG treatments was similar to that of the control, however GE treatment delayed flower senescence. Both GE and EG treatments improved flower diameter and weight, and GE treatment delayed the time of flower weight decrease. Besides, GE delayed climacteric ethylene evolution for 8 hours. All above suggest that exogenous sugars delay tree peony ‘Luoyang Hong’ cut flower senescence and extend flower vase life through their roles in the decrease of water loss and the suppression of sensitivity to ethylene and ethylene production.

Correlation analysis between the karyotypes and phenotypic traits of Chinese cymbidium cultivars

Huijuan Ning,Suyan Ao,Yirong Fan,Jianxin Fu,Chuanmei Xu 한국원예학회 2018 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.59 No.1

Chinese cymbidium are a group of valuable ornamental plants that is formed by genetically distinct species. Currently, arobust Chinese cymbidium classification system, such as that based on cytotaxonomy, is lacking. To investigate the geneticvariation within Chinese cymbidium, we selected 28 individual Chinese cymbidium cultivars as experimental materialto perform karyotype analysis. The results showed that chromosome number among these 28 cultivars was constant anddiploid (i.e., 2n = 40). In addition, no satellite chromosomes were observed. The karyotypes were more symmetrical andconsisted mainly of 1B and 2B types with a small number of 2A and 2C types. Based on principal component analysis, thefive karyotype parameters with the highest classification values were screened, which revealed that the mean of long to shortarm ratio, the mean relative length of long arms, and the asymmetry coefficient of karyotypes (As.K.) were reliable parametersfor use in Chinese cymbidium cytotaxonomy. Cluster analysis of karyotype parameters successfully identified cultivarsof the bamboo petal, narcissus petal, and plum petal types, thus confirming the accuracy of the cytological classificationsystem. Furthermore, flower traits of Chinese cymbidium were strongly correlated with karyotype parameters. Overall, weconclude that karyotype parameters can provide valuable information for studies on the classification, identification, andgenetic diversity of Chinese cymbidium.