발화와 문장 분석 기준을 적용한 노년층의 구문산출능력

김영만,윤지혜,신준수,김효정 한국노년학회 2023 한국노년학 Vol.43 No.5

The important thing to consider when analyzing the performance of syntactic production is to set the basic criteria for analysis. Generally, ‘utterance’ that include incomplete clauses and ‘sentence’ that necessarily include complete clauses can be used as a basic criterion for analysis. Since utterances and sentences have different structural requirements, the results may differ depending on the basic criteria of analysis. The aim of the study is to confirm the differences in various analysis indicators according to the uttrance and sentence analysis criteria. To investigate syntactic characteristics according to age, 54 young people (27.31 ± 4.72), 48 middle-aged people (49.93 ± 5.80), and 40 old people (69.02 ± 5.44) participated. In the utterance analysis criteria, OA had fewer syllables, postpositional particles, endings, and grammatical morphemes than the YA. OA produced fewer mean length of utterance-word and the number of object case markers than the YA and MA. In the sentence analysis criteria, there was no difference in the number of syllables, postpositional particles, endings, and grammatical morphemes among the groups. These results suggest the applicability and basis of the sentence analysis criteria for investigating grammatical knowledge during syntax analysis.

Predicting the Item Difficulty of a Simulated CSAT English Test Based on Corpus Analysis

엄혜랑 한국영어평가학회 2021 영어평가 Vol.16 No.1

This study investigates the relationship between linguistic features and item difficulty of a simulated College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) English test, based on a corpus analysis. The test used for the present study was a simulated CSAT English test administered in June 2020. Item difficulty data was collected from 101,386 students who took the test. For the corpus analysis, lexical and syntactic variables were measured by the Lexical Complexity Analyzer (LCA) and the L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer (L2SCA), the computational tool and were correlated with item difficulty (dependent variable) for 41 test items. According to the correlation analysis, one lexical variable and all syntactic variables were found to be significantly correlated with item difficulty. Also, the results of the multiple regression indicate that lexical sophistication and particular structures are related to item difficulty, explaining for approximately 55.1% of the variance in item difficulty. The results showed that the variables identified in the current study were explanatory in terms of predicting item difficulty of the CSAT English test. Therefore, the findings of this study have pedagogical implications for test developers and education policy makers in Korea, with regard to text characteristics and test difficulty. This study investigates the relationship between linguistic features and item difficulty of a simulated CSAT English test, based on a corpus analysis. The test used for the present study was a simulated College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) English test administered in June 2020. Item difficulty data was collected from 101,386 students who took the test. For the corpus analysis, lexical and syntactic variables were measured by the Lexical Complexity Analyzer (LCA) and the L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer (L2SCA). The computational tool and were correlated with item difficulty (dependent variable) for 41 test items. According to the correlation analysis, one lexical variable and all syntactic variables were found to be significantly correlated with item difficulty. Also, the results of the multiple regression indicate that lexical sophistication and particular structures are related to item difficulty, explaining for approximately 55.1% of the variance in item difficulty. The results showed that the variables identified in the current study were explanatory in terms of predicting item difficulty of the CSAT English test. Therefore, the findings of this study have pedagogical implications for test developers and education policy makers in Korea, with regard to text characteristics and test difficulty.

The Causal Link Analysis of Resultatives

( Young Han Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2010 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.49

To account for the syntactic and argument structures of resultatives, many analyses have been presented, including the binary SC (Small Clause) analysis, the ternary analysis, and the constructional approach. In the present study, the “causal link (CL) analysis” is proposed, which suggests that the cause part and the result part of a resultative are linked by the null causative verb CHANGE, which takes a resultative SC as its complement. CHANGE denotes either a change of state (CHANGES) or a change of location (CHANGEL). This new approach will reveal the different underlying syntactic and argument structures of various resultative constructions which appear to have the same structures.

구문분석의 중의성 해소를 위한 전처리 규칙의 확장

안광모(Kwang-Mo Ahn),서영훈(Young-Hoon Seo) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2011 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.5 No.2

구문중의성은 구문분석의 성능을 저하시키는 가장 큰 원인 중의 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 구문분석의 전처리 단계에서 전처리 규칙을 확장하여 구문중의성을 해소하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 구문분석을 하기 전에 중의성을 해소하고 분석 후보를 줄여 줄 수 있기 때문에 구문분석의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다. 확장된 전처리 규칙은 형태소 및 품사 정보를 이용하며, 단일 어절 규칙, 구묶음 규칙, 문법 관계 규칙으로 구성된다. 실험에서는 확장된 전처리 규칙을 적용한 구문분석이 기본적인 전처리만을 적용한 구문분석에 비해서 52.93%의 중의성 감소율을 보였으며, 78.95%의 f-measure를 보였다. The syntactic ambiguities are one of the most important factors that reduce performance of syntactic analysis. This paper proposes disambiguation methods using extended preprocessing rules which reduce syntactic ambiguities and so reduce parse candidates before syntactic analysis phase. These extended preprocessing rules are defined using morphology as well as part-of-speech information, and are composed of single word rules, chunking, and grammatical relation rules, In our experiment, our approach decreases 52.93% of ambiguities and shows 78.95% f-measure as compared with approach using fundamental preprocessing rules only.

내포문의 단문 분할을 이용한 한국어 구문 분석

이현영(Hyeonyeong Lee),이용석(YongSeok Lee) 한국정보과학회 2008 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.35 No.1

한국어 문장은 대부분 주절과 내포문을 가지는 복문으로 구성되어 있다. 따라서 복문에 나타나는 하나 이상의 용언으로 인해 구문 분석 과정에서 다양한 구문 애매성이 발생한다. 이들 중 대부분은 내포문의 수식 범위로부터 발생되는 구 부착의 문제 때문이다. 이런 구문 애매성은 내포문의 범위를 정해서 하나의 구문 범주의 기능을 가지도록 하면 해결할 수가 있다. 본 논문에서는 내포문의 범위를 정하기 위해서 문형과 한국어의 구문 특성을 이용한다. 먼저, 내포문에 있는 용언의 문형 정보가 가질 수 있는 필수격을 최대로 부착하여 내포문의 범위를 정하고 이를 이용해서 복문을 내포문과 주절로 분할한다. 그리고 한국어의 구문 특성을 이용해서 분할된 내포문의 기능을 하나의 구문 범주인 체언구나 부사구로 변환한다. 이렇게 함으로써 복합문의 구성 형태가 단문 구조로 변환되기 때문에 내포문의 범위에 의한 구 부착의 문제가 쉽게 해결된다. 이것을 본 논문에서는 내포문의 단문 분할이라고 한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법으로 1000 문장을 실험한 결과 문형과 단문 분할을 이용하지 않은 방법보다 구문 애매성이 88.32% 감소되었다. Most of Korean sentences are complex sentences which consisted of main clause and embedded clause. These complex sentences have more than one predicate and this causes various syntactic ambiguities in syntactic analysis. These ambiguities are caused by phrase attachment problems which are occurred by the modifying scope of embedded clause. To resolve it, we decide the scope of embedded clause in the sentence and consider this clause as a unit of syntactic category. In this paper, we use sentence patterns information(SPI) and syntactic properties of Korean to decide a scope of embedded clause. First, we split the complex sentence into embedded clause and main clause by the method that embedded clause must have maximal arguments. This work is done by the SPI of the predicate in the embedded clause. And then, the role of this embedded clause is converted into a noun phrases or adverbial phrases in the main clause by the properties of Korean syntax. By this method, the structure of complex sentence is exchanged into a clause. And some phrases attachment problem, which is mainly caused by the modifying scope, is resolved easily. In this paper, we call this method clausal segmentation for embedded clause. By empirical results of parsing 1000 sentences, we found that our method decreases 88.32% of syntactic ambiguities compared to the method that doesn't use SPI and split the sentence with basic clauses.

Stylistic Analysis of Agyeya’s Poem ‘sã:s ka: putala:’

Gargesh Ravinder 한국인도학회 2010 印度硏究 Vol.15 No.2

It is a fact that all literature is manifested in and through language. It is therefore necessary to emphasize on a language-based perspective and not depend solely on philosophical, psychological or biographical perspectives of analysis. The linguistics based stylistic perspective is both analytical and systematic, and this allows us to functionally view the various factors in a text. This language based perspective, however, should not be restricted to the recognition and computing of linguistic elements but should be sensitive to the creative and aesthetic aspects of language use. This can only be done if linguistics is viewed in a global perspective and not in a narrow one. ‘Stylistics’ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that can explicate literary texts by first analyzing the linguistic stylistic features of a text and then studying their functions in the created contexts of the text. Linguistic stylistics needs to be viewed as part of a larger semiotic or semiolinguistic exercise that allows the creation of ‘fictive’ contexts and generates significations in the created contexts. Further, the use of language in poetry is markedly different from the one essentially used in narrative and drama texts. Poetry tends to be more subjective and manifests greater variations in the use of language forms. Keeping the semiotics of poetry in mind, a threefold hierarchical structure has been used for the analysis of poetic texts in such a manner that the second level evolves out of the first level and the third level evolves out of the second. The first level consists of the linguistically identified stylistic features at different levels of language organization, i.e. at the phonological, lexical, syntactic and semantic/pragmatic levels, and this level is termed as the level of the ‘sentence symbol’. The second level views the identified significant features in terms of semiotic entities and this level is called the level of the ‘symbols in art’. The third level consists of a higher level where all the significations get synthesized, giving us, finally, the significations of the text itself, and this level has been termed as the level of the ‘art symbol’. A systematic though interlinked analyses at the different levels of analysis helps us in arriving at the significations of the poem. The present paper will provide a detailed analysis of S. H. V. Agyeya’s poem ‘sa:s ka: putala:’ (An effigy filled with breath) on the above-mentioned lines and will also show how the poem iconizes the state of helplessness and passivity of the poem I, with love providing the only hope for revitalization.

서술형 문항 채점을 위한 복합문 구문의미분석 시스템에 대한 연구

강원석 ( Wonseog Kang ) 한국컴퓨터교육학회 2018 컴퓨터교육학회 논문지 Vol.21 No.6

서술형 문항은 수준 높은 사고능력 평가에 적합하나 채점이 쉽지 않다. 동일한 채점기준을 적용하더라도 채점자마다 서로 다른 채점을 할 수 있으므로 객관적인 채점 시스템이 필요하다. 그렇지만 채점 시스템을 구축하기 위해서는 표현 언어인 한국어 분석이 전제되어야 한다. 특히 서술형 문항의 답변은 단문형태가 아닌 복문이 내포된 복합 문장으로 표현되기 때문에 복합문의 한국어 분석이 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 서술형 문항의 자동 채점을 위해 한국어의 복합문을 구문의미 분석하는 시스템을 개발하고 시스템의 성능을 분석하였다. 이 시스템은 의미속성 사전을 활용하여 대상 구문의 의미적 제한 조건을 검사하고 적합한 피수식 대상을 선별하여 구문의미분석을 실행한다. 실험 데이터에 대해 93%의 정확률을 얻어 제안한 시스템이 효과있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 시스템은 서술형 문항 채점에 활용할 수 있고 한국어 처리의 응용영역에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The descriptive-type question is appropriate for deep thinking ability evaluation, but it is not easy to grade. Since, even though same grading criterion, the graders produce different scores, we need the objective evaluation system. However, the system needs the Korean analysis. As the descriptive-type answering is described with the compound sentence, the system has to analyze the compound sentence. This paper develops the Korean syntactic-semantic analysis system for compound sentence and evaluates performance of the system. This system selects the modifiee of the word phrase using syntactic-semantic constraint and semantic dictionary. The 93% accurate rate shows that the system is effective. This system will be utilized in descriptive-type grading and Korean processing.

의존문법 기반의 구간 분할법을 활용한 한국어 구문 분석기

박용욱,Park, Yong-Uk 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.8

최근 대부분의 한국어 구문분석기는 의존문법(Dependency Grammar)을 사용하고 있는데, 그 이유는 한국어의 특성인 어순이 비교적 자유롭고 생략이 잦은 문장에 대한 처리가 용이하기 때문이다. 하지만 의존문법을 이용한 한국어 구문분석은 많은 중의성을 도출하는 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 중의성을 보다 효과적으로 해결하기 위하여 200개가 넘는 의존문법 규칙과 문장의 구성성분을 이용한 구간분할방법, 관형형어미가 붙은 용언에 대한 처리 및 같은 용언에 중복된 구성성분 결합제한 방법을 사용한 구문분석기를 제안한다. 실험 결과 중의성 제거에 많은 효과가 있음을 보여준다. Recently, most Korean syntactic analysis systems use Dependency Grammar, because it is quite good to analysis of Korean language structures. But Dependency Grammar makes many ambiguities during syntax analysis of Korean. We implement a system which decreases many ambiguities in syntax analysis. To decrease ambiguities we suggest several methods. First, we use about 200 dependency rules, second, we suggest a new segmentation method and third, one predicate can not have more than one subject or object. Using these methods, we can reduce many ambiguities in Korean syntactic analysis.

문단간 연결관계와 세그먼트 정보를 이용한 주관식 문항 채점 시스템에 대한 연구

강원석 한국멀티미디어학회 2023 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.26 No.1

High quality evaluation needs the subjective-type grading. However it is not easy as natural language processing. Recently, the morphological and syntactic method has used in this research area, but, can not get the good grading because of absence of good semantic analysis and paragraphic connection analysis. To solve the problem we have to do high quality syntactic-semantic analysis and paragraphic connection relation analysis. This paper suggests the subjective-type question grading system using the paragraphic connection relation and segment information. This system is the hybrid system of word based, syntactic-semantic tree based, and paragraphic connection based grading system. The experiment result of the system shows it has the better result than the word based system and syntactic-semantic tree based system. Thus it shows the paragraphic connection information is a necessity for subjective-type grading. This system will be utilized in Korean subjective question grading and document classification.

베드로전서 1:3-12 연구

송영목(Young mog Song) 한국복음주의신약학회 2015 신약연구 Vol.14 No.1

The aim of this paper is to propose a sample for teaching Greek reading focused on 1 Peter 1:3-12, which is composed long and composite sentences so that it easily causes a confusion in its translation and syntactical analysis. Teaching Greek reading as categorized by grammatical interpretation should not be confined to memorizing grammar, parsing, and translating words. Instead, for a balanced exegesis an integrated grammatical interpretation should include such elements as (1) textual criticism, (2) translation, (3) textual context, (4) syntactical analysis, (5) structural analysis through discourse analysis, and (6) semantical analysis in terms of intratextuality. This integrated interpretation is not the standard sample for the grammatical exegesis. If necessary, some proper interpretive methods can be added.