Iodine - 131 - Iodomethyluridine을 이용한 종양세포증식의 영상화에 관한 실험적 연구

김창근(Chang Guhn Kim),원종진(Jong Jin Won),김현정(Hyun Jeong Kim),임형근(Hyung Guhn Lim),민경윤(Kyung Yoon Min),노지영(Ji Young Rho),정선관(Seon Kwan Juhng),양경문(David J . Yang) 대한핵의학회 1996 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.30 No.3

N/A Purpose: Noninvasive imaging of tumor cell proliferation could be helpful in the evaluation of tumor growth potential and could provide an early assessment of treatment response. Radiolabeled thymidine, uridine and adenosine have been used to evaluate tumor cell proliferation. These nucleoside analogs are incorporated into DNA during proliferation. Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine, an analog of Iodine-131-Iododeoxyuridine, is also involved in DNA/RNA synthesis. The purpose of this study was to develop Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine and image tumor proliferation using Iodine -131-Iodomethy-luridine. Materials and Methods: Radiosynthesis of Iodine-131-5-Iodo-2'-O- methyluridine(Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine) was prepared from 10 mg of 2'-O-methyluridine (Sigma chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri)-and 2.1 mCi(SP. 10Ci/mg) of Iodine-131-labeled sodium iodide in 100 μl of water using iodogen reaction. Female Fischer 344 rats were inoculated in the thigh area with breast tumor cells (13765 NF, 105 cells/rat S.C.). After 14 days, the Iodine-131- Iodomethyluridine 10μCi was injected to three groups of rats(3/group). The percent of injected dose per gram of tissue weight was detennined at 0.5-hours, 2-hours, 4-hours, and 24-hours respectively. Tumor bearing rats after receiving Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine(50μCi/rat, IV) were euthanized at 2 hours after injection. Autoradiography was done using freeze-dried 50 μ m coronal section. After injection of Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine (100μCi/rat, IV) in three breast tumor-bearing rats, planar scintigraphy was taken at 45 minutes, 90 minutes and 24 hours. Results: Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine was conveniently synthesized using iodogen reaction. The biodistribution showed fast blood clearance and the tumor-to-tissue uptake ratios showed that optimal imaging time was at 2 hours postinjection. Autoradiogram and planar scintigram indicated that tumor could be well visualized. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Iodine-131- Iodomethyluridine, a new radio-iodinated nucleoside, has potential use for evaluation of active regions of tumor growth.

Iodine and thyroid function

정혜림 대한소아내분비학회 2014 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.19 No.1

Severe iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism that results in impaired somatic growth and motor development in children. Mild and moderate iodine deficiencies cause multifocal autonomous growth of thyroid, which results in thyrotoxicosis. On the other hand, iodine excess is associated with the development of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity. In areas of iodine deficiency, a sudden increase in iodine intake is associated with transient hyperthyroidism. Recent studies demonstrated that long-term thyroid function of subjects who experienced both iodine deficiency and iodine excess during childhood tended to be abnormal despite optimization of their current iodine intake. Iodine status in the Korean Peninsula is very unique because people in the Republic of Korea have been shown to have predominantly excessive iodine levels, whereas the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is known to be an iodine-deficient area. Further research is warranted to verify the optimal ranges of iodine intake and to clarify the effects of iodine intake on thyroid disorders in the Korean Peninsula.

Bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica for radioactive iodine capture and stable storage

Yang, Jae Hwan,Cho, Yong-Jun,Shin, Jin Myeong,Yim, Man-Sung Elsevier 2015 Journal of nuclear materials Vol.465 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Efficient capture and stable storage of the long-lived iodine-129 (<SUP>129</SUP>I), released as off-gas from nuclear fuel reprocessing, have been of significant concern in the waste management field. In this study, bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica was firstly applied for iodine capture and storage. SBA-15 was functionalized with thiol (-SH) groups, followed by bismuth adsorption with Bi–S bonding, which was thermally treated to form Bi<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> within SBA-15. The bismuth-embedded SBA-15s demonstrated high iodine loading capacities (up to 540 mg-I/g-sorbent), which benefitted from high surface area and porosity of SBA-15 as well as the formation of thermodynamically stable BiI<SUB>3</SUB> compound. Iodine physisorption was effectively suppressed due to the large pores present in SBA-15, resulting in chemisorption as a main mechanism for iodine confinement. Furthermore, a chemically durable iodine-bearing material was made with a facile post-sorption process, during which the iodine-incorporated phase was changed from BiI<SUB>3</SUB> to chemically durable Bi<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>I. Thus, our results showed that both efficient capture and stabilization of <SUP>129</SUP>I would be possible with the bismuth-embedded SBA-15, in contrast to other sorbents mainly focused on iodine capture.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bismuth-embedded SBA-15s were first used to capture iodine gas. </LI> <LI> High iodine loading up to 540 mg-I/g-sorbent was demonstrated. </LI> <LI> Chemisorption of iodine by forming BiI<SUB>3</SUB> was the main capturing mechanism. </LI> <LI> A chemically durable iodine phase (Bi<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>I) was obtained by a post-sorption process. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

가임기 여성의 요오드 섭취 수준의 안전성 평가 연구: 2013–2015 국민건강영양조사 자료 활용

이정숙(Jung-Sug Lee) 한국영양학회 2021 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.54 No.6

본 연구는 제6기 (2013–2015년) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 만 15–45세의 가임기 여성 1,559명을 대상으로 요오드 섭취 및 소변 중 요오드 함량을 기준으로 요오드 섭취의 안전성을 평가하였다. 요오드 섭취량 분석을 위해 요오드 영양성분 DB를 구축한 후 24시간 식사조사자료와 매칭하여 식이를 통한 요오드 섭취량을 분석하였고, 소변 중 요오드 함량을 적용하여 하루 단위의 요오드 섭취량을 산출하였다. 또한 요오드 섭취의 안전성 평가를 위해 WHO의 평가기준을 적용하였고, 요오드의 영양소 섭취기준 중 상한섭취량을 기준으로 하여 BE를 산출한 후 소변 중 요오드 함량을 적용하여 HQ를 계산하였다. 그 결과 소변 중 요오드 함량이 100 μg/L 미만이어서 요오드 결핍으로 진단되는 비율은 15.22%이었고, 요오드 섭취 과잉으로 진단되는 300 μg/L 이상인 대상자는 48.16%이었다. 소변 중 요오드 함량은 평균 878.71 μg/L이었고, 요오드/크레아티닌은 589.00 μg/g이었으며, 요오드/크레아티닌은 30–45세 연령군이 15–18세, 19–29세 연령군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 식이를 통한 요오드 섭취량은 273.47 μg/day, 소변 중 요오드 함량을 통해 산출된 요오드 섭취량은 1,198.10 μg/day로, 두 조사방법에 의한 차이는 924.63 μg/day로 식이를 통한 요오드 섭취량보다 소변을 통해 산출된 요오드 섭취량이 더 높았다. 요오드 섭취량에 기여도가 높은 식품은 채소류, 어패류, 해조류 및 가공식품이었고, 요오드 섭취의 위험도를 평가하는 HQ는 한국인 영양소섭취기준 적용 시 0.228이었고, 소변 중 요오드 함량이 1,000 μg/L 이상 시 평균 1.665로 1 이상의 높은 수준이었다. 혈중 TSH는 2.14 mIU/L, free T4는 1.10 ng/L이었으며, 소변 중 요오드 수준과 HQ는 혈중 TSH 농도에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 혈중 free T4 농도는 연령과 소변 중 요오드 수준이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구결과 국내 가임기 여성의 과반수는 요오드를 과잉 섭취하였고, 특히 상위 10% 정도는 HQ 1 이상으로 건강에 위험할 정도의 극단적인 섭취량을 보였다, 또한, 식이와 소변을 통해 산출된 요오드 섭취량 사이에 차이가 상당히 큰 것으로 보아 충분한 요오드 DB가 구축되지 않은 현 상황에서 식이를 통한 요오드 영양상태를 평가하기보다는 소변으로 배출된 요오드 함량을 적용하여 요오드 영양상태를 평가하는 것이 더 적절할 것으로 사료되며, 과잉의 요오드 섭취가 갑상샘질환 뿐만이 아니라 관련 질환의 유병율에 미치는 다양한 연구가 수행될 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of iodine intake based on ingestion levels and urinary iodine excretion of women of childbearing age (15–45 years old) using data from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: Iodine intake was calculated using the 24 hours dietary recall method and urinary iodine excretion. The iodine nutrition database for the analysis of dietary iodine intake was constructed using the food composition database of the Rural Development Administration (RDA), the Korean Nutrition Society (KNS), the Ministries of Food and Drug Safety, China and, Japan. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluation criteria and hazard quotient (HQ) calculated using biomonitoring equivalents (BE) were applied to evaluate the safety of the iodine intake. Results: Of the study subjects, 15.22% had a urinary iodine concentration level of less than 100 μg/L, which was diagnosed as deficient, and 48.16% had an excessive iodine concentration of over 300 μg/L. Urinary iodine concentration was 878.71 μg/L, iodine/creatinine was 589.00 μg/g, and iodine/creatinine was significantly higher at the age of 30–45 years. The dietary iodine intake was 273.47 μg/day, and the iodine intake calculated from the urinary iodine excretion was 1,198.10 μg/day. Foods with a high contribution to iodine intake were vegetables, seafood, seaweed and processed foods. The HQ was 1.665 when the urinary iodine content was > 1,000 μg/L. Conclusion: The results of this study implicate that the urinary iodine concentration, rather than the dietary iodine intake, is more appropriate to evaluate the iodine status under the current situation that a comprehensive iodine database for Koreans has not been established.

Iodine status and characteristics of Korean adolescents and their parents based on urinary iodine concentration: a nationwide cross­sectional study

Yun Chang Choi,Ji In Cheong,최희원,Jae-Ho Yoo 대한소아내분비학회 2019 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.24 No.2

Purpose: Iodine is a major component of thyroid hormones. Both deficiency and excess of iodine are major risk factors for thyroid disease, making it important to accurately assess iodine level in the human body. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is a commonly used measure of iodine status. However, there is little research on iodine status and related characteristics in Korean adolescents. Methods: Using data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI) for the years 2013–2015, we analyzed UIC and thyroid function test results in adolescents aged 10–18 years and their parents. We also investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors and family history of thyroid disease on iodine status. Results: Mean UIC in Korean adolescents was 963.5±55.7 µg/L. Among evaluated subjects, 6.6%±1.0%, 29.8%±1.7%, and 63.9%±1.9% had low (UIC<100 µg/L), adequate (UIC: 100–299.9 µg/L), and excess (UIC≥300 µg/L) iodine concentrations, respectively. Based on regional trends, the incidence of iodine deficiency exceeded 10% in several regions, even though there was a dominance of regions with excess iodine. Parental UIC, female sex, average monthly income, and expenditure were all found to affect the iodine status of Korean adolescents. Conclusion: Although regional differences exist, the iodine status in Korean adolescents is mainly affected by the eating habits of their families and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, monitoring of iodine status is necessary in this population.

한국인 상용 식품의 요오드 데이터베이스 업데이트와 이를 활용한 한국 성인의 요오드 섭취량 및 배설량 평가: 2013–2015 국민건강영양조사자료를 이용하여

최지연(Ji Yeon Choi),주달래(Dal Lae Ju),송윤주(YoonJu Song) 한국영양학회 2020 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.53 No.3

본 연구는 한국인의 상용 식품에 대한 요오드 데이터베이스를 개정하고, 버전을 달리하여 한국인의 요오드 섭취수준을 평가하였으며, 배설량을 이용하여 섭취량과의 상관성을 살펴보았다. 요오드 데이터베이스는 기존의 Han 등 [2]의 데이터베이스를 기초로 최신의 참고문헌들을 활용하여 개정하였다. 요오드 데이터베이스 구축은 상용 식품 목록에 분석값, 문헌값, 대체값, 결측값 등의 우선순위 순서로 요오드값을 적용하였고, 분석값은 총 166개 (19.4%), 문헌값 318개 (37.2%), 대체값 총 247개 (28.9%), 결측값 124개 (14.5%)이었다. 대체값은 레시피나 수분함량을 고려하여 계산하거나 유사식품들의 일반값을 생성하여 사용하였고, 일반값 생성 시 평균값과 최솟값을 선정하여 버전 1과 2로 구분하였다. 한국 성인의 요오드 섭취수준 평가는 제6기 국건영을 활용하였고, 요오드 섭취량의 중앙값은 전체의 경우 352.1 μg/일이었고 남자는 400.8 μg/일이며, 여자는 389.0 μg/일이었다. 이는 버전 2과 비교하여 조금 높았지만 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 전체 요오드 섭취량에 대한 식품군별 기여도의 경우 해조류 55.7%, 절임 채소류 16.0%, 우유 및 유제품류 6.9%이었고 버전 2에서도 순서는 동일하였다. 해조류 섭취 여부에 따라 해조류 섭취군과 미섭취군으로 나누어 평가한 결과, 해조류 섭취군의 요오드 섭취량의 중앙값은 495.7 μg으로 미섭취군의 241.2 μg보다 약 2배 이상 높았다. 해조류의 분석값 차이에 따른 요오드 섭취량의 차이를 살펴보기 위해 세부 버전을 사용하였고, 버전 1_1을 이용하였을 때의 요오드 섭취량의 중앙값은 478.1 μg으로 버전 1의 요오드 섭취량의 중앙값은 495.7 μg에 비해 낮았다. 요오드 섭취수준 평가는 해조류 미섭취군에서는 평균 필요량 (95 μg/일) 미만으로 섭취하는 비율이 남자 8.8%, 여자 8.1%로 높게 나왔고, 해조류 섭취군에서는 상한섭취량 (2,400 μg/일) 초과하여 섭취하는 비율이 남자 8.0%, 여자 6.3%로 높게 나타났다. 요오드 섭취량과 배설량 간의 상관성을 소변 요오드 배설량과 소변 속 크레아티닌의 비율을 이용하였고 섭취량과의 회귀계수는 버전 1은 0.11718, 버전 2는 0.11512이었고 모두 유의적 상관성을 나타내었다 (p < 0.0001). 이상의 결과에서 요오드 데이터베이스를 개정하고 데이터베이스 버전에 따라 한국의 요오드 섭취수준을 파악하였고, 해조류 섭취가 한국인의 주요한 급원 식품이었으며, 해조류 섭취 시 요오드 섭취의 과잉이, 해조류 미섭취 시 요오드 섭취의 부족이 나타날 수 있음을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 향후 요오드 데이터베이스의 지속적인 개정과 관리에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료되고, 해조류 섭취 유무에 따른 요오드 섭취의 교육자료나 영양 프로그램 자료에 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 요오드 섭취와 연관성이 높은 갑상선 관련 질환과의 연구에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Variations in the iodine contents of foods is critical for estimating the iodine intake. This study aimed to update the iodine database of common Korean foods and evaluated the iodine intake in Korean adults. Methods: A list of 855 Korean foods was selected for the updated iodine database. The updated database was established with Version 1 and 2 by applying an average or minimum value for the imputed values. The iodine intake was estimated in 5,927 Korean adults using the data from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: The analytical values in the updated database were 166 (19.4%), followed in order by 318 (37.2%), 247 (28.9%), and 124 (14.5%) for the adapted, imputed, and missing values, respectively. The median of dietary iodine intake was 352.1 μg/day (± 2,166.1) and 343.4 μg/day (± 2,161.9) in Version 1 and 2 among the total population. The contribution rates of each food group to the iodine intake were 55.7% for seaweeds, which showed a similar trend in Version 2. When subjects were divided by consumption of seaweeds, the median iodine intake was 495.7 μg in the consumer group, which was almost double (241.2 μg) that of the non-consumer group. The proportion of subjects who consumed below the Estimated Average Requirement of iodine was 11.0% in the non-consumer group. In contrast, 11.6% in the consumer group of seaweed consumed above the Upper Level of iodine. When the dietary iodine and urinary iodine were examined, the regression coefficient was 0.11718 in Version 1 and 0.11512 in Version 2 after adjusting for age and sex. Conclusion: This study presented the variation of iodine intake in Korean adults by applying different versions of the iodine database. As the iodine intake can vary due to the highly variable concentrations in the major food sources, an iodine database is necessary to be monitored, and caution should be taken when the database is used in research.

Low Iodine Diet for Preparation for Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea

정재훈 대한내분비학회 2013 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.28 No.3

Preparation for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy includes an increased serum thyroid stimulating hormone level and a low iodine diet (LID). Because of extremely high iodine intake, some physicians have advocated a more stringent LID for greater than 2weeks in Korean patients with thyroid cancer prior to RAI therapy; however, it is very difficult to maintain a stringent LID for a longer period of time. According to recent reports in Korea, a nonstringent, simple LID for only 1 week might be enough prior to RAI therapy, if the patients can be educated intensively by specially trained staff. The measurement of simple urinary iodine concentration (UIC; μg/L) may underestimate daily iodine excretion in patients with a urinary volume of more than 1 L/day and can also be affected by dilution status. Simple UIC had a weaker correlation than the iodine/creatinine (I/Cr) ratio. Therefore, the urinary I/Cr ratio can replace 24-hour urine iodine excretion instead of simple UIC, although it may overestimate iodine intake in patients with malnutrition or poor muscle mass. The measurement of serum iodine level might be useful as an adjunct parameter for assessing LID preparation, but its sensitivity and specificity were relatively low compared to the urinary I/Cr ratio.

Evaluation method of iodine re-evolution from an in-containment water pool after a loss of coolant accident, Part II: Evaluation of pH and iodine re-evolution

Kim, Tae Hyeon,Jeong, Ji Hwan Elsevier 2016 Annals of nuclear energy Vol.88 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Radioactive iodine that is released during a postulated loss of coolant accident is dissolved into the containment spray water and transported into the in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST). The re-evolution of iodine from the water is a safety concern. In this study, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are conducted in order to analyze the transport of chemical species including iodine in the IRWST and to calculate the amount of iodine that re-evolves from the IRWST water. The CFD analyses demonstrate that the pH of water is high where the iodine concentration is high. Considering that the creation rate of molecular iodine declines as the pH increases, it can be understood that the iodine re-evolution is not so strong in practical situations because the chemical conditions of the iodine-rich region suppress the re-evolution of the iodine. In addition, four different methods for evaluating the amount of re-evolved iodine are examined. The amount of re-evolved iodine calculated using the total-volume-average values, which are currently used for safety analyses, appear to be significantly higher than those determined using other methods. The amount of re-evolved iodine estimated using a realistic method with a conservative assumption of volatilization appears to be approximately one thousandth of that evaluated using the current method. This implies that the current method is very conservative.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> It is required to evaluate re-evolved iodine from sump water after LOCA. </LI> <LI> Transport of iodine and chemicals influencing pH were analyzed using CFD. </LI> <LI> Chemical conditions of the iodine-rich region suppress iodine re-evolution. </LI> <LI> The current evaluation method for I<SUB>2</SUB> re-evolution is excessively conservative. </LI> </UL> </P>

Dietary evaluation of a low-iodine diet in Korean thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine therapy in an iodine-rich region

Dal Lae Ju,Young Joo Park,Hee-Young Paik,Min-Ji Kim,Seonyeong Park,Kyong Yeun Jung,Tae Hyuk Kim,Hun Sung Choi,Yoon Ju Song 한국영양학회 2016 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.10 No.2

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite the importance of a low-iodine diet (LID) for thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, few studies have evaluated dietary intake during LID. This study evaluated the amount of dietary iodine intake and its major food sources during a typical diet and during LID periods for thyroid cancer patients preparing for RAI therapy, and examined how the type of nutrition education of LID affects iodine intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 92 differentiated thyroid cancer patients with total thyroidectomy were enrolled from Seoul National University Hospital. All subjects completed three days of dietary records during usual and low-iodine diets before 131I administration. RESULTS: The median iodine intake was 290 ㎍/day on the usual diet and 63.2 ㎍/day on the LID. The major food groups during the usual diet were seaweed, salted vegetables, fish, milk, and dairy products and the consumption of these foods decreased significantly during LID. The mean energy intake on the LID was 1,325 ㎉, which was 446 ㎉ lower than on the usual diet (1,771 ㎉). By avoiding iodine, the intake of most other nutrients, including sodium, was significantly reduced during LID (P < 0.005). Regarding nutritional education, intensive education was more effective than a simple education at reducing iodine intake. CONCLUSION: Iodine intake for thyroid cancer patients was significantly reduced during LID and was within the recommended amount. However, the intake of most other nutrients and calories was also reduced. Future studies are needed to develop a practical dietary protocol for a LID in Korean patients.

Modelling protection behaviour towards micronutrient deficiencies

Joseph Birundu Mogendi,Hans De Steur,Xavier Gellynck,Anselimo Makokha 한국영양학회 2016 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.10 No.1

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite successes recorded in combating iodine deficiency, more than 2 billion people are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Rural landlocked and mountainous areas of developing countries are the hardest hit, hence the need to explore and advance novel strategies such as biofortification. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We evaluated adoption, purchase, and consumption of iodine biofortified vegetable legumes (IBVL) using the theory of protection motivations (PMT) integrated with an economic valuation technique. A total of 1,200 participants from three land-locked locations in East Africa were recruited via multi-stage cluster sampling, and data were collected using two, slightly distinct, questionnaires incorporating PMT constructs. The survey also elicited preferences for iodine biofortified foods when offered at a premium or discount. Determinants of protection motivations and preferences for iodine biofortified foods were assessed using path analysis modelling and two-limit Tobit regression, respectively. RESULTS: Knowledge of iodine, iodine-health link, salt iodization, and biofortification was very low, albeit lower at the household level. Iodine and biofortification were not recognized as nutrient and novel approaches, respectively. On the other hand, severity, fear, occupation, knowledge, iodine status, household composition, and self-efficacy predicted the intention to consume biofortified foods at the household level; only vulnerability, self-efficacy, and location were the most crucial elements at the school level. In addition, results demonstrated a positive willingness-to-pay a premium or acceptance of a lesser discount for biofortification. Furthermore, preference towards iodine biofortified foods was a function of protection motivations, severity, vulnerability, fear, response efficacy, response cost, knowledge, iodine status, gender, age. and household head. CONCLUSIONS: Results lend support for prevention of iodine deficiency in unprotected populations through biofortification; however ‘threat’ appraisal and socio-economic predictors are decisive in designing nutrition interventions and stimulating uptake of biofortification. In principle, the contribution is threefold: 1) Successful application of the integrated model to guide policy formulation; 2) Offer guidance to stakeholders to identify and tap niche markets; 3) stimulation of rural economic growth around school feeding programmes.