한국여성의 정치참여와 여성복지정책 변화 -남녀고용평등법의 제,개정을 중심으로-

김영란 ( Kim Yeong Lan ) 한국사회보장학회 2004 사회보장연구 Vol.20 No.1

After `80 korean women movement, with the democratization movement, was qualitatively changed into the progressive women movement, which has a different character from the traditional women organizations and is based on the feminism that traces sex-discrimination to its fundamental origin and solution. The women movement reveals various women`s problems as social problem and demands politically to solve the problems. It, moreover, tries to shape policy and legislate by issuing political debate from the problems. In the process women and their problems came to be brought before politics increasingly, the policy agenda included the political discussion issued by feminist thought and activity, and the systemic device which executes the women-related policy was made. The policy, however, is sure to be shaped and decided through a series of process, such as demand and issue of specific needs, and political agenda anti decision.The women`s welfare problems are no other than the weak people`s in politics and economy, so that they meet with resistance of the patriarchal forces, they are difficult to be legislated, and although they are legislated, they have many limits. In Korea in the late half of `80, the women movement forces with the democratization movement could intervene in the process of shaping and deciding policy to a certain extent. And each political party commits to the women-related policy because of increasing women`s participation into politics as an electorate. There are a few Congresswoman as a policy-decision member, but they exert an influence upon the process of deciding the women-related policy. It is sure that the roles of women electorate and assembly-women, women organizations, and their relationship are an important effect upon the direction of women`s welfare policy. The study aims to analyze how women`s participation into politics exerts and influence upon shape and decision of women`s welfare policy. It examines women`s welfare policy processing on the basis of demands from the bottom not fro the upside. It surveys women`s welfare policies, especially the gender equality employment law which was legislated in 1987 and amended four times by 2001. It, also, relates centering on the Equal Opportunity Law to women`s participation into politics and opposition of patriarchal forces, the domestic and foreign circumstances and change of law character etc.

「ジェンダーㆍバックラッシュ」問題の 視点からみる女性政策 ―1980年代の日本の女性政策を中心に―

石楿 한국일본근대학회 2011 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.31

There is a lack of scholarship on the issue of “gender-backlash” among studies of women’s policy in postwar Japan, especially from the perspective of gender equality. This study is an exploration of the issue of the “gender-backlash” based on an analysis of the women’s policies that have had an influence over the development of women’s rights, empowerment, and employment from the postwar era until today, with a particular focus on the 1980s. This dissertation builds on previous research on the gender "gender-backlash" to assert that while on the surface institutions enact measures designed to ensure gender equality, there is inaction and lack of serious effort to bring change. This work examines this issues looking at questions such as why there was no substantial changes despite the institutional measures taken and what was the cause of the defeat of feminism. These issues help identify the “limit” of Japanese postwar women’s policy and the Japanese feminist movement.

젠더 차원에서 본 경제적 세계화의 두 얼굴

유해미(Yoo Hae-mi) 한국사회학회 2006 韓國社會學 Vol.40 No.5

일반적으로 젠더 차원에서 경제적 세계화는 여성들의 복지를 축소시키는 부정적인 요인으로 인식된다. 그러나 실제로 경제적 세계화가 복지정책에 미치는 영향은 개별국가의 특정 프로그램에 따라 차별적일 수 있으므로 그들 관계를 과도하게 일반화하는 것은 위험하다. 이 연구는 바로 이 점에 주목하여 경제적 세계화에 따른 노동시장의 변화와 복지국가의 제도적 대응들이 이탈리아와 스웨덴의 보육정책을 어떻게 전환시키는지를 살펴보고, 그를 통해 경제적 세계화의 젠더적 함의를 모색하고자 하였다. 우선 유럽국가들 중 가장 오랫동안 남성부양자 정책모델을 유지해온 이탈리아에서 경제적 세계화는 전통적인 젠더관계를 변화시키는 중요한 계기였다. 1980년대 이후 급증한 실업은 강력한 정규직 남성노조의 세력을 약화시켜 노동시장의 유연화를 증대시켰으며, 이는 여성들이 파트타임 노동에 진입할 수 있는 기회를 열어주었다. 그 결과 1990년대 이후 이탈리아의 보육정책은 이전 시기의 아동발달 이외에도 가정과 일터의 병행 지원이라는 목표를 추가하게 된다. 한편 대표적인 2인 부양자 정책모델의 스웨덴에서 경제적 세계화는 보편적인 공보육의 지지 기반인 중앙단체협상 및 연대임금정책을 약화시켜 영리 민간보육에 대한 지원을 강화시키는 결과를 낳았다. 이들 사례를 종합하면, 젠더 차원에서 경제적 세계화는 정책 모델과 상관없이 양육지원을 보육정책의 주된 목표로서 보편화함으로써 여성들이 가정과 일터의 병행이 보다 수월하게 한 반면, 다른 한편으로 보육서비스의 민영화 및 탈중앙화에 따른 계급 및 지역간 격차를 심화시켜 여성들의 보편적인 노동권을 위협할 수도 있다. 이러한 사실은 젠더 차원에서 공보육의 고유한 목표가 여성노동 지원임을 상기시킨다. In gender dimension, economic globalization is tending to caused the poverty to women that is considered as a negative factor. However it maybe very dangerous to generalize their relationship excessively due to the economic globalization in reality affecting to social welfare policy could be very different in terms of charicteristics of those certain social programs in each country. This article has searched the meaning of gender relationship throughout the transition of daycare system in Italy and Sweden by new labour market situation and the institution. First, in the case of Italy which has carried out ‘male breadwinner family model’ the longest on Europe, the economic globalization has brought the new fundamental to the country to change the traditional gender relationship. Since 1980’s the increasement of the unemployment rate has enfeebed the strength of the union of strong male regular workers, which has expanded the flexibility, and it meant the expansion of the opportunity to opportunity to participate to female part-time labour. Throughout increasing female work force in the labour market the daycare policies that was conventionally focused on upbringing became to play an important role of caring. On the contrary in the case of Sweden, which has underpinned the right for female workforce throughout public daycare system has been criticized by decentralisation of union cooperation as well as weakening of solidary wage policy. Hence in order to comply with diverse requirements in the terms of daycare method, it is tried the reform to support commercial daycare centers. Thus economic globalization in gender dimension has provided a possibility to receive the compatibility in works and family for women, nevertheless it is bringing not only the privatization of daycare services but also its decentralisation and which are threaning universal women’s right regardless of their status nor regions. This fact is showing the way that we are forwarded to expand the public daycare system in the era of economic globalization.

Childcare policies and services in Hong Kong after the handover: Beyond a feminist critique

Lily L. L. Xia,Joyce L. C. Ma 한국사회복지학회 2019 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.13 No.3

This article reviews the development of childcare policies and services in Hong Kong after the handover, gauging it with two standards: promoting the equal development of children and gender equality in our society. Statistics derived from data taken from multiple sources show that the government has been sticking to a “positive non-in-tervention approach” to welfare development and that the male breadwinner/female carer model prevalent in this region was shaped and strengthened by current child-care policies and services. The current provision of childcare services is insufficient to guarantee the equal use of childcare among children of different socioeconomic backgrounds, or to ease the tension between the needs of childcare and job require-ments in a family, or to emancipate married women from the domestic sphere. A “generative welfare approach” that collects fiscal resources and redistributes them strategically with a systemic mind-set has been suggested for social policy and ser-vice planning, including spending the money in the right place, launching smart and practical policies that can achieve both pragmatic effects and ideological improve-ment in the area of gender equality, providing financial support or subsidies to a company for the provision of parental leave, and increasing the provision of quality childcare services.

지역사회복지에서 여성주의 접근의 필요성에 대한 이론적 고찰

한정원(Jeong-Won Han) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2007 아시아여성연구 Vol.46 No.2

최근 지역복지에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 지역사회의 여성복지에 대한 연구도 활발해지고 있다. 이에 지역사회복지에서 여성주의 접근의 필요성 또한 주목받고 있는 시점이다. 여성주의 관점은 복지국가에서의 여성의 위치뿐 아니라 복지국가 자체를 젠더 분석하어 새롭게 이해하는 데 기여했다고 평가받고 있다. 여성을 중심으로 복지정책을 분석하고 개선해 나가려는 노력은 복지정책 연구를 발전시켜 왔으며, 우리가 복지국가라고 부르는 제도를 이해하는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 지역사회복지의 개념과 의의를 알아보고 여성주의 복지에 대한 이론적 고찰 및 여성주의 방법론 활용 가능성을 타진하여 지역여성복지에서 여성주의 접근이 갖는 의의와 전망에 대하여 논의해 보고자 한다. As researches on local welfare are increasing, recently, social interests in local welfare for women are also emerging. It is noted that feminist approach on welfare states, social policies and welfare services play an important role in analyzing entire welfare system Feminist approach focuses on gender structure of welfare system which is very crucial to understanding the characteristics of welfare and women's position in it. In terms of local welfare, feminist approach emphasizes local women as the positive subject that can map the specific local welfare needs. Feminist methodology also can be used in surveying women's needs, collecting the practical information, and analysing the collected data in local area. Towards gender equal social policies practised in the specific area, feminist approach can be used and expanded in the potential welfare sectors. Concerning the importance of feminist approach on welfare, this paper examined the concept of local welfare, feminist approach on welfare, and use of feminist methodology in local welfare area.

Families and Family Policies in Finland: A Future Scenario

Kimmo Jokinen 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2014 Gender Studies and Policy Review Vol.7 No.-

Promoting the welfare of citizens has become an important topic of discussion in modern Western societies. The goal of this paper is to concentrate on the well-being of families, changes in family life and family forms, and the challenges of future family policy in Finland. Thus, the paper represents a scenario effort. Although the focus is on Finnish families and family policies, the Finnish example could have wider applications as well. First, I introduce contemporary European family policies and the challenges these policies are facing. Second, I treat the Nordic welfare model and specifically the Finnish family policy as an example of such. Third, I examine certain major trends and challenges in Finnish family policy, such as emerging care needs, changes in gender equality, and a generational contract. Finally, I discuss what types of family policies are needed in order to ensure the well-being of Finnish families.

스웨덴은 어떻게 아버지친화적인 복지국가가 되었는가? 스웨덴의 남성 부모휴가정책 발전과정과 한국에의 함의

김연진,김진욱 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2022 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.73 No.-

본 연구는 스웨덴 현지 자료를 포함한 광범위한 문헌연구를 통해 스웨덴 남성 부모휴가의 발전과정을 체계적으로 고찰하고, 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 현재의 아버지 친화적 복지국가로 자리매김할 수 있었는지 분석함으로써, 한국 복지국가 발전 방향에의 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 다른 유럽국가들과 마찬가지로 강한 남성생계부양자 모델을 유지했던 스웨덴은 1930년대 이후 사민당의 장기집권 및 사회공학적 낙관주의를 바탕으로 세계에서 가장 이상적인 복지국가이자 성평등 국가를 건설해 왔다. 스웨덴의 남성 부모휴가제도는 1970년대 모성보험을 부모보험으로 전환한 것에서 시작되었고, 1995년 ‘아버지의 달’로 알려진 할당제가 도입되었다. 할당기간은 2002년 60일로, 다시 2014년 90일로 연장되었다. 스웨덴은 여성의 일-가정 양립을 보장하는 소극적인 가족정책에 그치지 않고, 보편적인 부모휴가와 할당제의 강화를 통해 남성의 가족권, 즉 직접 자녀를 양육할 수 있는 권리를 실질적으로 보장하는 아버지 친화적 복지국가를 이룩해 왔다. 이것은 가정과 직장에 깊게 뿌리 내렸던 전통적 성역할을 변화시키기 위해 노력했던 사민당과 스웨덴 정부의 장기적인 노력의 결과이자, 페미니즘을 통한 성평등의 가치가 정치영역에 안착하여 맺혀진 열매였다. 이러한연구결과가 우리에게 주는 함의로 남성 육아휴직의 목표에 대한 성찰, 여성고용률 제고의 필요성, 보편적 부모보험으로의 전환, 남성 참여확대를 위한 다각적 접근, 사회투자국가로의 패러다임 전환 등을 제시하였다.

연구논문 : 중앙행정기구 조직개편의 정치: 보육,가족정책 담당기구를 중심으로

원시연 ( Si Yeon Won ),황인자 ( In Ja Hwang ) 서울대학교 한국정치연구소 2010 韓國 政治 硏究 Vol.19 No.2