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김준(Jhoon Kim),박상서(Sang Seo Park),조나영(Nayeong Cho),김우경(Woogyung Kim),조희구(Hi Ku Cho) 한국기상학회 2011 대기 Vol.21 No.4
The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 ㎚) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows 1.62 kJm?² and 0.63 MJm?² respectively, whereas mean value of TR is 12.4 MJm?² (143.1Wm?²). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to “low (UVI < 2)”, whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show “very high (8 < UVI < 10)”. On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% decade?¹ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% decade?¹). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ≥ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are 2.15 kJm?², 0.83 MJm?², and 17.9MJm?² for clear skies, and 1.24 kJm?², 0.46 MJm?², and 7.2 MJm?² for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.
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이준석,최원준,김덕래,김승연,송창근,홍준석,홍유덕,이숙조 한국기상학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.49 No.3
Surface erythemal UV radiation is mainly affected by total column ozone, aerosols, clouds, and solar zenith angle. The effect of ozone on the surface UV radiation has been explored many times in the previous studies due to the decrease of ozone layer. In this study,we calculated the effect of aerosols on the surface UV radiation as well as that of ozone using data acquired from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). First, ozone, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and surface erythemal UVB radiation measured from satellite are compared with those from ground measurements. The results showed that the comparison for ozone was good with r 2 of 0.92. For aerosol,there was difference between satellite measurements and surface measurements due to the insufficient information on aerosol in the retrieval algorithm. The r 2 for surface erythemal UV radiation was high (~0.94) but satellite measurements showed about 30% larger values than surface measurements on average by not considering the effect of absorbing aerosols in the retrieval process from satellite measurements. Radiative amplification factor (RAF) is used to access the effect of ozone and aerosol quantitatively. RAF for ozone was 0.97~1.49 with solar zenith angle. To evaluate the effect of aerosol on the surface UV radiation, only clear-sky pixel data were used and solar zenith angle and total column amount of ozone were fixed. Also, RAF for aerosol was assessed according to the single scattering albedo (SSA) of aerosols. The results showed that RAF for aerosol with smaller SSA (< 0.90) was larger than that for with larger SSA (> 0.90). The RAF for aerosol was 0.09~0.22 for the given conditions which was relatively small compared to that for ozone. However,considering the fact that aerosol optical depth can change largely in time and space while the total column amount of ozone does not change very much, it needs to include the effect of aerosol to predict the variations of surface UV radiation more correctly.
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자외선 조사 피험자의 MED 측정 값의 특성에 관한 연구
석장미 ( Jang Mi Suk ),박신영 ( Shin Young Park ),최미라 ( Mi Ra Choi ),안송이 ( Song Yi An ),김인수 ( In Soo Kim ),김범준 ( Beom Joon Kim ),박진오 ( O Jin Park ),정상욱 ( Sang Wook Jung ) 대한화장품학회 2013 대한화장품학회지 Vol.39 No.3
본 연구는 자외선 차단지수(Sun protection Factor, SPF) 측정 시험에서 피험자의 안전을 확보하고 정확한 시험결과를 통해 향후 자외선 조사시험의 기초 데이터 확보 및 연구자료 마련을 목적으로 하였다. 피부유형 기준표에 따라 피험자의 피부유형 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 형에 해당되는 피험자 395명을 대상으로 하였다. 색차계를 이용하여 피부색을 측정한 뒤 ITA (Individual Typology Angle) 값을 계산하고 그 값이 28 이상인 사람을 대상으로 편안한 자세를 취하도록 하여 자외선을 60 s 간 조사한 후 24 h 뒤 피험자의 홍반 상태를 판정하였다. 전면에 홍반이 나타난 부위에 조사한 UVB의 광량 중 최소량을 최소홍반량(Minimal Erythema Dose, MED)으로 하였다. 통계학적 분석은 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 프로그램을 사용하였다. 피부 유형이 높아질수록 MED 값이 증가하여 피부색이 어두워질수록 MED가 증가한다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 여성이 남성보다 높은 MED로 여성이 남성보다 어두운 피부유형을 가진 것으로 나타났고, 연령별 MED는 피부타입별 모든 연령대에서 연관성이 없었으나 이 같은 결과를 단정 짓기에는 성별, 연령대별 피험자 수가 적어 통계적 유의성을 뒷받침하는데 한계가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 피부유형별 MED 측정값은 자외선 차단제를 사용하기 전 MED 값을 예상하여 자외선차단제의 효능 평가 시 비교, 판독을 할 수 있는 기준이 되므로 임상에 안전하게 적용할 수 있는 기초자료로써 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것이다. In this study, ultraviolet protection factor (Sun Protection Factor, SPF) was investigated to provide basic data for subject safety and research of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation test in the future. Trial subjects (395 people) of skin type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were evaluated according to skin type standard table. After measuring the skin color using a colorimeter, ITA (Individual Typology Angle) value was calculated. Subjects with 28 and above ITA value were positioned comfortably to be UV irradiated for 60 s and erythema was evaluated 24 hours after application. MED (Minimal Erythema Dose) was investigated where the minimal amount of erythema existed among UVB irradiated area. Statistical analysis was investigated using Statistical Package the Social Sciences program. As a result, the darker skin color results in the higher MED value since the higher skin type number results increased MED value and female has higher MED value than male since female has darker skin type than male. There was no relation between MED difference by ages in all different ages. However, it is hard to draw a conclusion as above since the number of subjects were not sufficient to support statistical significance for MED values by different ages. However, MED values by skin types obtained through this study can be used as a standard when MED value is expected to evaluate efficacy of sunscreen product and as basic data for further safety of clinical researches.
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Gi Man Hong,Jeong Gyoo Park 한국대기환경학회 2008 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.24 No.E2
We have examined seasonal and annual means of clear-sky solar noon and daily erythemal ultraviolet-B irradiances measured in Anmyeon. The intensity of the EUV-B irradiance is mainly dependent on solar zenith angle (SZA) and total ozone amounts on clear day conditions. The daily maximum occurs near solar noon time and the highest monthly accumulated EUV-B is seen in July in Anmyeon. The maximum daily variation occurs in June and July due to precipitation and clouds. The 7-year trend of EUV-B irradiance shows that it is slightly increasing. Additionally, we could confirm that aerosol effects such as Asian Dust decreases the EUV-B irradiance reaching the ground surface by 35% to 60%. For more than 45% of the summer days, EUV-B irradiacne was high enough that the UV index registered higher than category Extremely High. This information will be very important for evaluation of the UV index for prevention of both skin cancer and ecosystem damages as well as to understand UV climatology over the Korean Peninsula.
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전천일사를 이용한 남한 지역 홍반자외선 추정 경험 모델 구성 및 평가
김재민(Kim Jaemin),이윤곤(Lee Yun Gon),김현구(Kim Hyun-Goo) 한국태양에너지학회 2020 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.40 No.6
Ultraviolet (UV; 100~400 nm) radiation, which is a short-wavelength part of the solar spectrum, has harmful effects on the human body, such as skin aging, sunburn, and skin cancer. Because overexposure to UV causes erythema in human skin, the UV erythemal irradiance (UVER) is provided to people as an index of the risks of UV irradiation. In this study, statistical empirical models for estimating surface UVER were developed and evaluated at Gangneung, Pohang, Mokpo, and Gosan sites in South Korea, where UVER and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) observation data have been collected for a long period. For the establishment of an empirical model, the clearness index of the GHI (KT), total column ozone, and solar zenith angle were used as independent variables. The underestimations of the empirical models were improved by grouping the dataset with KT. The improved models exhibited an average R<SUP>2</SUP> of 90% at the four sites during the validation period. The atmospheric transmittance of the UVER was reconstructed using the empirical model at the GHI observation network during past 5 year data in South Korea, and the monthly variation showed seasonality with high values in May–August and low values in December–January.
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