식품(과일 및 한약재) 폐기물에 의한 물 중 Cd^2+, P^b2+ 제거효과

김주영,오경철,백승화 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.6

과일 및 한약재 폐기물을 이용하여 중금속 제거력을 조사하기 위하여 Cd. Pb용액에서 사과껍질. 모과, 밤내피(밤 친 껍질). 인삼, 키위껍질. 대추. 원두커피 가루의 입자별, 농도별, 온도별 흡착 정도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 입자의 크기가 작아질수록 사과껍질을 제외한 모든 폐기물에 있어서 중금속 흡착력은 증가되었고, 중금속별 제거량은 Cd는 인삼폐기물이 3.506∼4.659㎎/g, Pb은 밤 친 껍질이 9.189∼9.582㎎/g으로 다른 과일 및 한약재 폐기물보다 높았다. 농도별 중금속 흡착량은 중금속의 농도가 높을수록 증가하였는데 Cd은 인삼 폐기물이 1.929∼3.800㎎/g. Pb은 밤 친 껍질이 0.930∼9.3685㎎/g으로 다른 과일 및 한약재 폐기물보다 높았다. 온도별 중금속 흡착량은 온도가 높아질수록 증가하여 Cd은 인삼폐기물이 3.800∼5.091㎎/g Pb는 밤 친 껍질이 9.368∼9.613㎎/g으로 다른 과일 및 한약재 폐기물보다 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 물에 함유된 중금속을 제거하는데 과일 및 한약재 폐기물을 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. To investigate Cd and Pb removability by the waste materials of fruit and oriental herb's (apple peel. fruit of Chinese quince, chestnut-endoderm, ginseng, kiwi peel. Jujube after boiling, powder after brew coffee) in the heavy metal solution, Cd and Pb removability of seven kinds of fruit and oriental herb's waste was investigated in the various conditions particle size of fruit and oriental herb's waste(20, 40, 70 mesh), concentration of heavy metal(25, 50, 100 ppm) and reaction temperature(20, 30, 50℃). The removabilities by the fruit and oriental herb's waste solids were increased as the particle size decreased in except of apple peel powder, concentration of heavy metal increased, and reaction temperature increased, The Cd removal content at the condition of particle size, conentration and temperature by ginseng waste was highest that the range were 3.506 to 4.659㎎/g, 1,929 to 3.800㎎/g, 3,800 to 5.091㎎/g, respectively. The Pb removal content at the condition of particle size, conentration and temperature by chestnut-endoderm waste was highest that the range were 9.189 to 9,582㎎/g, 0.930 to 9.3685㎎/g, 9,368 to 9.613㎎/g, respectively. Of the seven kinds of fruit and oriental herb's waste materials, Cd and Pb removability by ginseng waste after boiling, chestnut-endoderm waste was highest, respectively.

압출성형 조건에 따른 밤과육의 물리화학적 특성

안상희 ( Sang Hee An ),이주연 ( Ju Yeon Lee ),김송원 ( Song Won Kim ),류기형 ( Gi Hyung Ryu ) 한국산업식품공학회 2014 산업 식품공학 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 수분함량 22, 25, 28%, 스크루 회전속도 200, 250 rpm, 용융물 온도 110, 120, 130℃의 조건범위로 조절하고 원료 사입량 100 g/min으로 고정하여 압출 성형한 밤 과육의 물리적 특성(직경 팽화율, 비길이, 체적밀도), 수분 용해지수 및 수분흡착지수, 환원당 함량과 항산화 활성에 대해 분석하였다. 밤 압출성형물은 직경 팽화율이 증가할 수록 비길이와 체적밀도는 감소하였고, 수분용해지수와 수분흡착지수는 수분함량이 낮아질수록 증가하였다. 압출성형을 통하여 환원당 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 총 페놀함량 및 플라보노이드 함량은 감소하였으며, 탄닌함량은 압출성형을 통해 2.94±0.10-4.23±0.12 mg/g 범위로 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 압출성형 후 수분용해 지수의 증가는 밤 음료의 용해도 개선의 효과를 나타낼 수 있으며, 또한 압출성형공정은 소비자 기호성에 영향을 미치는 탄닌의 쓴맛을 감소시키는 가능성을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 다양한 식품의 중간소재로써 압출성형 밤이 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다. 밤의 식품중간소재 기초자료로서 응용될 것으로 생각되지만, 압출성형 최적조건을 보다 효과적으로 도출하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. The effects of extrusion conditions on the physicochemical properties of extruded chestnut fruit were determined by analyzing expansion index, specific length, bulk density, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), reducing sugar, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, total phenolic compound, flavonoid content and tannin content. The extrusion conditions contained moisture contents of 22, 25 and 28%, screw speeds of 200 and 250 rpm, melt temperatures of 110, 120 and 130℃. The expansion index decreased as the moisture content increased from 22% to 25%. In contrast, the specific length and bulk density increased along with increasing moisture content. WSI and WAI were found to increase through the extrusion process. The reducing sugar, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total phenolic compound and flavonoid content all decreased. The tannin content of the extruded chestnut fruit was 2.94 to 4.23 mg/g lower than the non-extruded chestnut. Based on these results, extrusion- cooking may be useful for tannin reduction and applied in value-added chestnut related products such as snacks, noodles and beverages etc.

저농도 액비처리에 따른 밤나무 생장 및 결실특성과 과실품질

이욱 ( Uk Lee ),황석인 ( Suk In Hwang ),김만조 ( Mahn Jo Kim ),김지혜 ( Ji Hye Kim ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.3

밤나무의 수고와 근원경은 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 가장 많은 생장량을 나타냈으며 수관폭 생장량은 동-서방향과 남-북방향에서 각각 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 우수하였다. 결과지의 총 길이와 착구부~정단부의 길이생장은 액비처리구에서 가장 우수하였으며 기부~착구부의 길이는 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 동일하게 가장 길게 생장하였다. 결과지의 기부직경과 착구부의 상하부직경은 모두 액비처리구에서 가장 두껍게 생장하였다. 본 연구의 5개의 생장지수(결과지발생지수, 길이생장지수, 착구부상하직경비율, 직경생장지수, 굵기지수)에서 길이생장지수만이 액비처리구에서 가장 높고 나머지 모든 지수는 화학비료처리구에서 가장 높았다. 결과모지당 가지발생수와 소약지 개수는 무처리구와 액비처리구에서 많았으며 처리간 유사한 경향을 보였다. 결과모지당 결과지수는 화학비료처리구와 유기질비료처리구에서 많았으며, 결과지당 착구수는 유기질비료처리구와 액비처리구에서 많았다. 과실의 중량과 수량을 기준으로 한 상품화 비율은 무처리구(87.5%)와 화학비료처리구(84.6%)에서 높았으나 액비처리구의 상품화 비율은 각각 84.3%와 82.7%로 평균 수준이었다. 평균입중과 총착구수는 각각 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구로 가장 우수하였다. 함과수는 처리 간 차이는 없었으며 본당수확량은 화학비료처리구(8.2 kg)와 액비처리구(8.0kg)에서 다수확성을 보였으나 처리간 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 과실의 중량과 수량을 기준으로 등급을 구분한 결과, 액비처리구에서 대립 이상의 비율이 각각 43.5%와 34.3%로 가장 높아 액비처리에서 고부가가치의 고품질 밤이 가장 많이 생산되었다. The objective of this study was to investigate growth and fruiting characteristics (e.g., nut qualities) of chestnut (Castanea cerenata) after applying various fertilizer treatments at the cultivation site in Suncheon. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follow: liquid fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and control. Both liquid and chemical fertilizer treatments provided the best growth in height and basal diameter. In addition, these two treatments were very effective for crown width of the trees between both east-west and north-south orientation. The liquid fertilizer treatment was effective on total length of the fruiting branch and length of the bearing to terminate part. Both liquid and chemical fertilizer treatments produced the longest length of basal to bearing part compared to the other two treatments. The liquid fertilizer treatment showed the most thickened basal diameter of the fruiting branch and the greatest diameter of above and below the bearing burr part. Elongation Index of the fruiting branch (EI) was the highest with liquid fertilizer treatment and the remaining four indices (Production Index of fruiting branch, PI; Ratio of Diameter between below and above bearing burr part, RD; Growth Index of fruiting branch diameter, GI; Thickness Index of fruiting branch or dormant branch, TI) were the highest with the chemical fertilizer treatment. Total number of produced branch per fruiting mother branch and number of small and weak branches per fruiting mother branch were highest on the control and liquid fertilizer treatment; however, all treatments produced similar numbers. The chemical and organic fertilizer treatments produced a high number of fruiting branches per fruiting mother branch, while organic and liquid fertilizer treatments produced a high number of burr per fruiting branch. The rate of commercializing on the basis of nut weight and quantity was higher on control (87.5%) than chemical fertilizer treatment (84.6%); however, the rate was even lower on liquid fertilizer treatment (84.3%) and organic fertilizer treatment (82.7%). The liquid fertilizer treatment showed the highest average of nut weight, while chemical fertilizer treatment showed the highest average number of fruiting burr. There was no significant difference in average number of normal nuts per burr among treatments. The yield per tree was high on chemical (8.2 kg) and liquid (8.0 kg) fertilizer treatments, but there was no significant difference among treatments. In the rate of nut grade on the basis of nut weight and quantity, the liquid fertilizer treatment, 43.5% and 34.3% more than large nut respectively, produced higher value chestnuts compared to other treatments.

밤나무혹벌의 피해가 밤나무 신소생장과 착과수에 미치는 영향

김철수 ( Chul Su Kim ),김종국 ( Jong Kuk Kim ),박지두 ( Ji Doo Park ),신상철 ( Sang Chul Shin ),박일권 ( Il Kwon Park ),최광식 ( Kwang Sik Choi ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.3

When damage by Dryocosmus kuriphilus was less than 10%, the length of fruit branches of 6, 13 and 21 years old chestnut trees were 35.9, 33.7 and 27.9cm, respectively. When damage by Dryocosms kuriphilus was more than 70%, that of fruit branches of 6, 13 and 21 years old chestnut trees were 10.4, 10.8 and 4.8cm, respectively. Diameter growth of fruit branch was also seriously inhibited when damage rate by Dryocosmus kuriphilus was high. When gall formation was less than 10% , number of fruit set per fruit branch was 2.1 to 2.5. However, that of fruit set per fruit branch decreased to 0.7 when gall formation was more than 50%. Furthermore, growth of new fruit brahcn was significantly related with growth of fruiting mother branch in the previous year. Consequently gall formation by Dryocosmus kuriphilus inhibited the growth and fruition of Castanea crenata seriously.

Efficacy Confirm Test of Water Chestnut Extracts on the 45%Kcal High Fat Diet Supplied Mice

( Kang Hyun-gu ) 대구한의대학교 제한동의학술원 2021 제한동의학술원논문집 Vol.19 No.1

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Since control of postprandial hyperglycemia and inhibition of oxidative stress are suggested to be important in the treatment of diabetes, many efforts had been made to search for effective and safe α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants from natural materials to develop a physiological functional food or lead compounds for curing diabetes. On these facts, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potential mediated anti-diabetic activities and related complications including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obese refinement effects of WC - Water Chestnut (Fruit of Trapa japonica Flerov.) extracts have been suggested, and therefore, we hypothesized that WC can be selectable as candidate for further develop as ingredient for alternative medicinal drug or medicinal food to control metabolic syndrome including obese, in future. In the present study, we intended to confirm the dose-dependent beneficial potentials of WC on mild diabetic obese mice “the 45%Kcal HFD Supplied Mice”, compared with those of metformin, a representative anti-obese and anti-diabetic drugs for type II diabetes, at a dose level of 250 mg/kg, as a process for developing the potent alternative anti-obese agent or functional food. MATERIALS AND METHODS : In this study, adapt animals to HFD were selected after 1 week of adapt periods among eighty-five prepared mice as 6 groups (Table 2) (Ten mice in each group, total 50 HFD supplied mice and 10 normal fat diet (NFD) supplied mice), and used in this experiment. After end of 12 weeks of continuous oral administrations of test samples - metformin 250 mg/kg, WC 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, nephroprotective and anti-obesity effects were observed. The hypoglycemic activities were observed based on the changes of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood glucose and insulin levels, histopathological-immunohistochemistrical analysis of the pancreas - insulin/glucagon cells, and pancreas weights. The hepatoprotective activities were monitored based on the liver weight, histopathology of liver, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level changes, and nephroprotective effects were considered using the changes of the kidney histopathology, weights, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. In addition, hypolipidemic activities were observed based on the changes of serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and the changes of body weight, total and abdominal body fat masses, mean food consumption, histopathology of the ovarian and abdominal wall adipocytes and periovarian fat weights were used as anti-obese efficacy criteria index, in the present study. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents based liver lipid peroxidation, and hepatic antioxidant defense systems - superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and the glutathione (GSH) contents were measured additionally with lipid metabolism-related genes expressions - AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), adipose tissue leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), PPARγ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α, adiponectin, C/EBPβ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA expressions by realtime RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) as relative to control/Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expressions, and hepatic glucoseregulating enzyme activities -glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase), glucokinase (GK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) for action mechanism. The results in WC were compared with those of metformin, a representative anti-obese and anti-diabetic drugs for type II diabetes, at a dose level of 250 mg/kg, in this experiment. Experimental groups (Six groups, 10 mice in each group) Intact control = Vehicle (distilled water) 10 ml/kg orally administered mice with NFD supply HFD (vehicle) control = Vehicle (distilled water) 10 ml/kg orally administered mice with HFD supply Metformin = 250 mg/kg of metformin oral administered mice with HFD supply WC200 = WC 200 mg/kg orally administered mice with HFD supply WC100 = WC 100 mg/kg orally administered mice with HFD supply WC50 = WC 50 mg/kg orally administered mice with HFD supply Total eighty-five female SPF/VAF CrljOri:CD1(ICR) mice were supplied by OrientBio (Seungnam, Korea). Adapt animals to HFD were selected at 1 week of adapt periods as six groups (10 mice in each groups, total 50 HFD supplied mice and 10 NFD supplied mice) based on the body weights (intact control: mean 30.65 ± 1.84 g, ranged in 28.00~32.80 g; HFD supplied group: mean 33.66 ± 1.56 g, ranged in 31.10 ~ 38.80 g), and used in this experiment. Appropriated amounts of WC were directly dissolved in distilled water as 20, 10 and 5 mg/ml concentrations, and orally administered in a volume 10 ml/kg, as equivalence 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg, once a day for 84 days using a stainless zonde attached to 1 ml syringe, from 1 week after HFD supply. In addition, metformin was also dissolved in distilled water as 25 mg/ml concentrations and also orally administered in a volume of 10 ml/kg, as equivalence to 250 mg/kg, once a day for 84 days from 1 week after initial HFD supply. In intact and HFD vehicle control mice, equal volumes of distilled water were also orally administered, instead of test substances to provide same restrain stresses from gastric gavages, respectively. RESULTS : As results of 91 days of continuous HFD supply, HFD control mice showed noticeable increases of body weights and gains, body and abdominal fat densities, periovarian and abdominal wall deposited fat pad weights, blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, GGT, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, BUN and creatinine levels with decreases in serum HDL levels. In addition, increases of periovarian and dorsal abdominal deposited fat pad thicknesses, adipocyte hypertrophy, steatohepatitis regions, hepatocyte hypertrophy, lipid droplet deposit related renal tubular vacuolation degenerative lesions were detected with marked expansion and hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, increases of insulin- and glucagon-producing cells, insulin/glucagon cell ratios in endocrine pancreas, while diminish of zymogen contents at histopathological observation, and also increases of hepatic lipid peroxidation, and deterioration of endogenous antioxidant defense system - the decreases of liver GSH contents, CAT and SOD activities were monitored in HFD control mice with decreases of glucose utilization related hepatic GK activities and increases of hepatic gluconeogenesis related G6pase and PEPCK activities, and increases of hepatic ACC1 mRNA expressions, decreases of hepatic AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 mRNA expressions, increases of periovarian adipose tissue leptin, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, FAS, SREBP1c and PPARγ mRNA expressions, decreases of adipose tissue UCP2, adiponectin and PPARα mRNA expressions, suggesting HFD supplement-induced AMPK down-regulation dependent dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism related obese insulin resistant type II diabetes, and oxidative stress related diabetic hepatopathy (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD), nephropathy and hyperlipidemia in the present study. However, all of these diabetes and related complications including NAFLD and obese were significantly inhibited by 84 days of continuous oral treatment of WC 200 and 100 mg/kg, dose-dependently, and also metformin 250 mg/kg, respectively. Especially, WC 100 mg/kg constantly showed favorable inhibitory activities against HFD-induced diabetes and related complications - obese, NAFLD, nephropathy and hyperlipidemia as comparable to metformin 250 mg/kg, but no significant anti-diabetic and related complication refinement effects were observed in WC 50 mg/kg administered mice as compared to those of HFD control mice, at least in a condition of the current experiment. CONCLUSION : By assessing the key parameters for anti-diabetic activities and related complications including NAFLD and obese refinement effects on the HFD-induced mild diabetic obese mice, the present work demonstrated that WC has favorable anti-diabetic and related complications - obese, NAFLD, nephropathy and hyperlipidemia refinement effects through the AMPK upregulation related hepatic glucose enzyme activity and lipid metabolism-related genes expression, antioxidant defense system and pancreatic lipid digestion enzyme modulatory activities, as comparable to metformin 250 mg/kg in WC 100 mg/kg, in HFD mice, at least in a condition of the present experiment. It, therefore, appropriate oral dosage of WC will be promising as a new potent herbal formulation for refinement agent or medicinal food to control type II diabetes and related various complications, in future through clinical and more detail animal studies.

Screening of Antioxidanats in Unused Plant Resource by Polarographic Method

Youn,Byeong-Jin 강릉대학교동해안지역연구소 1999 東海岸硏究 Vol.10 No.2

To screen the antioxidative components of unusable plant resources, the extracts from freeze-dried ginkgo leaf(FDGL), sun-dried ginkogo leaf(SDGL), citrus fruit peel(CFP) and chestnut shell(CS) were prepared by fractionation with various solvents as water, methanol, ehtyl ether and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity of each fraction was measured by polarographic method. The antioxidant activity of n-hexane fraction among CFP extracts showed the highest and its IC50 was 105.3 ㎍/ml. Water fractions of FDGL, CS and SDGL had the strongest antioxidant activity than their other extracts, their IC50 were 155, 53.2, and 87.5 ㎍/ml respectively. The major antioxidative components of CFP could be effectually extracted by nonpolar solvent while those of FDGL, CS and SDGL could be more soluble in polar solvent.

SCB 액비처리에 따른 밤나무 생장 및 결실특성

권용희 ( Yong Hee Kwon ),이욱 ( Uk Lee ),황석인 ( Suk In Hwang ),백을선 ( Eul Sun Baik ) 한국산림과학회 2009 한국산림과학회지 Vol.98 No.6

조선시대 숙실과(熟熟熟)의 종류 및 조리방법에 대한 문헌적 고찰 : 의궤와 고문헌을 중심으로

오순덕 ( Soon Duk Oh ) 한국식생활문화학회 2013 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

This article examines the types and cooking methods of Suksilkwa as recorded in 14 royal palace studies and 10 old literature texts of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The types of Suksilkwa during the Joseon dynasty were Joran (棗卵), Yulran (栗卵), and Gangran (薑卵). The frequency of the Suksilkwa types during the Joseon dynasty in order were: Gangran (35.4%), Joran (32.3%), and Yulran (32.3%). Prior to 185 years ago, “Junghae-Jungraeeuigwe (丁亥整禮儀軌)” (1827), Joran (棗卵), Yulran (栗卵), and Gangran (薑卵) were called Samsaegran (三色卵). Nearly 144 years ago, “Mujin- Jinchaneuigwe (戊辰進饌儀軌)” (1868) recalled sulsilgwa (熟實果). “Imjin-Jinchaneuigwe (壬辰進饌儀軌)” (1892) first recalled assorted-sulsilgwa (各色熟實果), in which sansabyeong were added in the sulsilgwa. “Sinchuk-Jinyeoneuigwe (辛 丑進宴儀軌)” (July 1901), “Imin-Jinchaneuigwe (壬寅進饌儀軌)” (April 1902), “Imin-Jinyeoneuigwe (壬寅進宴儀軌)” (November 1902) described assorted-sulsilgwa (各色熟實果) in which ohmijabyeong were added to the sulsilgwa. Further study will be conducted on recipes and ingredients recorded in these Euigwe and old books in order to develop a standardized recipe to make Suksilkwa appealing to a global palate