중국인 학습자들의 한국어 억양구 경계톤 실현 양상

윤영숙(Yune Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese speakers realize Korean intonation phrase (IP) boundary tones in the reading of a Korean text. Korean IP boundary tones play various roles in speech communication. They indicate prosodic constituents' boundaries while simultaneously performing pragmatic and grammatical functions. In order to express and understand Korean utterances correctly, it is necessary to understand the Korean IP boundary tone system. To investigate the IP boundary tone produced by Chinese speakers, we have specifically examined the type of boundary tones, the degree of internal pitch modulation of boundary tones, and the pitch difference between penultimate syllables and boundary tones. The results of each analysis were compared to the IP boundary tones produced by Korean native speakers. The results show that IP boundary tones were realized higher than penultimate syllables.

전남어의 의문문 억양 경계톤에 대한 강세구초 자음의 원거리 효과

오미라 ( Oh Mira ) 대한언어학회 2020 언어학 Vol.28 No.4

This study explores the factors which affect the shapes of boundary tones in Korean interrogatives. 26 Chonnam speakers produced three types of interrogatives in Korean, (i.e., simple polar questions, wh-questions, and indefinite pronoun questions) under variation in verb-initial consonants and question endings. A phonetic analysis of their production reveals three results. First, the initial segment of the Intonation Phrase (IP)-final Accentual Phrase (AP) plays a significant role in determining the shapes of boundary tones. Second, the distribution of various boundary tones is different across the three types of interrogatives in Korean. Third, the lexical ending forms also condition the shapes of boundary tones. I propose that the AP-initial consonant effect weighs more than the constraints for different types of interrogatives, which are in turn more weighted than the effect of the ending form. I test the validity of the proposed weighted constraints by the learned grammar in the Maximum Entropy Model based on the frequency of each boundary tone. This study shows that the differently weighted factors interact to produce various boundary tones in Korean interrogatives.

한국인 학습자의 영어 접속사 발화에 나타난 가장자리성조 패턴

이주경,Lee, Joo-Kyeong 한국음성학회 2005 음성과학 Vol.12 No.4

This paper shows the tonal patterns of English conjunctive utterances produced by Korean speakers of English, presenting that Korean speakers realize either the H - phrase tone or the H% boundary tone at the phrase-final part of the conjunctive utterances. Based on Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg's (1990) claim that either H- or H% tone indicates that a phrase is related to the following one, Korean speakers seem to produce the satisfactory patterns of edge tones in conjunctive sentences. In the experiment, we made up conjunctive sentences including both coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, and so and subordinate conjunctions like if, when and though. We varied the stimuli according to the existence of a comma and the lengths of connecting words and phrases. We also divided the subjects into two levels of English proficiency based on their English written test scores to see if Korean speakers' performance ability of edge tones is related with their general competence of English. Results show that Korean speakers produced 84% of the H- phrase tone in intermediate phrases and H-L% and L-H% boundary tones in intonational phrases. Also, coordinate and subordinate conjunctions show little difference in their tonal contours, and the existence of a comma or the lengths of connecting words and phrases do not affect Korean speakers' production of the H- phrasal tone and the H% boundary tone. This may suggest that pitch accents, rather than edge tones, should be put more focus on in teaching English intonation in Korea as much work has already shown that Korean speakers have serious problem with producing pitch accents in speaking English.

The acquisition of boundary tones in spontaneous speech by Korean learners of English

Wook Kyung Choe 한국음성학회 2020 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.12 No.4

The current study was designed to investigate which type of phrase boundary tones high-intermediate Korean learners of English used in their spontaneous speech. These boundary tones were compared to those used in native speakers’ spontaneous speech to examine whether the learners successfully acquired the use of boundary tones. To achieve this purpose, 10 Korean learners of English and four native speakers of English participated in the current study. The participants were asked to summarize the stories of short videos, and the tonal and the phrasing patterns of the obtained spontaneous speech were analyzed using Tone and Break Indices (ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that both the native speakers and the Korean learners frequently marked their intonational phrase boundaries with high boundary tones. However, regarding the prosodic phrase positions within a sentence, Korean learners frequently used steep rising tones (i.e., H-H%) while native speakers used gradual rising tones (i.e., L-H%) for sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the findings suggested that high-intermediate Korean learners understood the forward-looking function of the high boundary tones and that they were able to make use of these tones to mark intonational phrases in their spontaneous speech.

동형다의 종결어미의 의미와 경계성조의 상관성에 대한 지각연구

윤영숙 한국음성학회 2022 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

The Korean polysemic ending ‘-(eu)lgeol’ can has two different meanings, ‘guess’ and ‘regret’. These are expressed by different boundary-tone types: a rising tone for guess, a falling one for regret. Therefore the sentence-final boundary-tone type is the most salient prosodic feature. However, besides tone type, the pitch difference between the final and penultimate syllables of ‘-(eu)lgeol’ can also affect semantic discrimination. To investigate this aspect, we conducted a perception test using two sentences that were morphologically and syntactically identical. These two sentences were spoken using different boundary-tone types by a Korean native speaker. From these two sentences, the experimental stimuli were generated by artificially raising or lowering the pitch of the boundary syllable by 1Qt while fixing the pitch of the penultimate syllable and boundary-tone type. Thirty Korean native speakers participated in three levels of perceptual test, in which they were asked to mark whether the experimental sentences they listened to were perceived as guess or regret. The results revealed that regardless of boundary-tone types, the larger the pitch difference between the final and penultimate syllable in the positive direction, the more likely it is perceived as guess, and the smaller the pitch difference in the negative direction, the more likely it is perceived as regret.

의문문의 억양구조: 러시아어와 이탈리아어의 유형론적 분석

변군혁 ( Koon Hyuk Byun ) 한국이탈리아어문학회(구 한국이어이문학회) 2014 이탈리아어문학 Vol.0 No.43

The purpose of this paper is to analyze intonation of interrogatives in Russian and Italian. In prosodic terms, universal characteristic of questions is a high final pitch. This corresponds to the fact that questions have rising intonation whereas declaratives have falling intonation. And Hirst & Di Cristo(1998) argued that in many languages, including Russian, the intonation of wh-questions is described as being more similar to that of statements than that of yes-no questions. In this paper, I surveyed the intonation pattern of two types of interrogatives, yes-no questions and wh-questions, in Russian and Italian. At first, the two languages have different intonation pattern in yes-no questions. Russian has a final-falling tone, in other words, low boundary tone, while Italian has a final-rising tone, high boundary tone. On the other hand, Russian and Italian have a common intonation pattern of wh-questions, final-falling tone. In Russian, the intonation of declaratives and wh-questions has low boundary tone in unmarked context. What``s more, boundary tone of yes-no questions in Russian also has low tone. As a result, in Russian intonation patterns of interrogatives and declaritives have no difference but have same final falling tone. In Italian, there is a difference between yes-no questions and wh-questions. The intonation pattern of declaratives and wh-questions is low boundary tone in unmarked context. While the intonation pattern of yes-no questions is high boundary tone.

A Child’s Display of Sequential Knowledge through Repetition of Boundary Tones: A Case Study

Yujong Park 서울대학교 언어교육원 2014 語學硏究 Vol.50 No.3

Although repetition of prosody plays a significant role in children’s language development, few studies have investigated the interactional role of children’s use of boundary tones in talk-in-interaction. This study investigates the interaction between a two year old Korean child and her caretakers to describe the child’s ability to participate in building adjacency pair sequences using boundary tone repetition. Analysis shows that the child acts as a competent interactant by building sequences, with the adult’s evaluative repeats following immediately without delay after the child’s initiation attempts. Adults are seen to ratify the child’s turn with reference to articulation rather than with regard to interactional significance. The findings support constructivist approaches to language development by showing how the child builds up an inventory of constructions derived from interaction between what she hears and what she wants to say, specifically through boundary tones. Repeats of boundary tones are identified as providing opportunities to learn different social actions performed through sentence final intonation.

A Child’s Display of Sequential Knowledge through Repetition of Boundary Tones: A Case Study

박유정 서울대학교 언어교육원 2014 語學硏究 Vol.50 No.3

Although repetition of prosody plays a significant role in children’s languagedevelopment, few studies have investigated the interactional roleof children’s use of boundary tones in talk-in-interaction. This study investigatesthe interaction between a two year old Korean child and hercaretakers to describe the child’s ability to participate in building adjacencypair sequences using boundary tone repetition. Analysis showsthat the child acts as a competent interactant by building sequences,with the adult’s evaluative repeats following immediately without delayafter the child’s initiation attempts. Adults are seen to ratify the child’sturn with reference to articulation rather than with regard to interactionalsignificance. The findings support constructivist approaches tolanguage development by showing how the child builds up an inventoryof constructions derived from interaction between what shehears and what she wants to say, specifically through boundary tones. Repeats of boundary tones are identified as providing opportunities tolearn different social actions performed through sentence finalintonation.

H and L are not Enough in Intonational Phonology

이호영 사단법인 한국언어학회 2004 언어학 Vol.0 No.39

According to Pierrehumbert (1980), two level tones ― H and L ― are enough in representing intonation. But in Korean, high fall and low fall boundary tones, both of which are supposed to be represented as HL% in intonational phonology as in Jun (1993, 1999), are distinct not only acoustically but also functionally. The same is true in the case of high level and mid level boundary tones, both of which are supposed to be represented as H% in intonational phonology. Two identification tests are conducted to provide crucial evidence that H and L are not enough in intonational phonology. The results of these tests show that categorical perception occurs between high level and mid level tones as well as between high fall and low fall tones. Based on this fact and the results of the acoustic analyses in Lee (1999, 2000), I propose to adopt one more level tone ― M ― to represent Korean boundary tones.

중국인 한국어 학습자의 중간언어에 나타나는 억양의 특성 연구-문두 강세구와 문말 억양을 중심으로-

권성미 이중언어학회 2011 이중언어학 Vol.45 No.-

This study examines the interlanguage prosody of Chinese leaners of Korean. The productions of 35 texts by intermediate and advanced Chinese learners of Korean (20 females in total) are compared to the same productions by 5 female Koreans. 875 sentences in total were analyzed. The study investigates 4 categories of prosodic system such as intonation of Accentual Phrases(APs) decided by the types of first syllable in AP and the types of boundary tones for the declarative, interrogative, suggesting, and imperative sentences, and the phenomena of prolongation in the boundary tones. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, only advanced learners seemed to have acquired the rules of AP intonation. Second, both learner groups did not show a meaningful difference from Koreans in terms of the macro-types of intonation in boundary tones. However, Rise-Fall that is quite frequently used by Koreans in declarative was not used by the either groups. Third, unlike Koreans, neither group showed the prolongation in boundary tones, and the length of boundary tones was relatively quite short.