Effect of adjuvants on the rainfastness and performance of tribenuron-methyl on broad-leaved weeds

Pannacci, Euro,Mathiassen, Solvejg Kopp,Kudsk, Per The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2010 Weed Biology and Management Vol.10 No.2

The influence of a non-ionic surfactant (20% isodecyl alcohol ethoxylate plus 0.7% silicone surfactants), an anionic surfactant (25.5% alkylethersulfate sodium salt), and a vegetable oil (95% natural rapeseed oil with 5% compound emulsifiers) on the performance and rainfastness of a new commercial formulation of tribenuron-methyl was assessed on four broad-leaved weeds: wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). In one experiment, six doses of tribenuron-methyl alone or in a mixture with each of the three adjuvants were applied to each weed species at two different leaf stages. In another experiment, the plants of T. inodorum were sprayed and subsequently subjected to 3 mm of rain at 1, 2, and 4 h after treatment (HAT). The activity of tribenuron-methyl was significantly enhanced by all the adjuvants on all the weed species and only minor differences were observed among the tested adjuvants. The impact of the adjuvants varied among the weed species and growth stages.The highest response to the inclusion of adjuvants in the spray liquid was found at the late growth stage and on C. album, followed by P. rhoeas and T. inodorum, while S. arvensis was less responsive to the adjuvants. All the adjuvants significantly improved the rainfastness of tribenuron-methyl on T. inodorum, with differences among the adjuvants being more pronounced when rain occurred shortly after herbicide application. The effect of the vegetable oil on tribenuron-methyl's rainfastness was significantly lower than that of the surfactants with rain at 1 HAT, while no significant differences among the three adjuvants were observed when rain occurred at 2 and 4 HAT.

Vaccine adjuvants: smart components to boost the immune system

Rakesh Bastola,Gyubin Noh,금태광,Santosh Bashyal,서조은,최재웅,오연수,조영식,이상길 대한약학회 2017 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.40 No.11

Vaccination is an effective approach to preventthe consequences of infectious diseases. Vaccinesstrengthen immunity and make individuals resistant toinfections with pathogens. Although conventional vaccinesare highly immunogenic, they are associated with somesafety issues. Subunit vaccines are safe, but they requireadjuvants to stimulate the immune system because of theirweaker immunogenicity. Adjuvants are entities incorporatedinto vaccines to increase the immunogenic responsesof antigens. They play a crucial role in increasing thepotency and efficacy of vaccines. Different adjuvants havedifferent modes of action; therefore, a better understandingof their immunology could provide guidance for thedevelopment of novel adjuvants. Numerous studies havebeen conducted using different types of adjuvants tocharacterize their potency and safety; however, in practice,only few are used in human or animal vaccines. Thisreview aims to introduce the different modes of action ofadjuvants and give insight into the types of adjuvants thatpossess the greatest potential for adjuvanticity.

서로 다른 보조제에 의한 acetamiprid 액제의 살충활성 증진효과

김형민(Hyeong-Min Kim),이원기(Weon-Kee Lee),김종관(Jong-Kwan Kim),이창혁(Chang-Hyuk Lee),유용만(Yong-Man Yu),황인천(In-Cheon Hwang) 한국농약과학회 2004 농약과학회지 Vol.8 No.4

The studies were undertaken to establish optimum formulation recipes of acetamiprid 4% SL(soluble concentrate) using different adjuvants and to evaluate enhanced control effects on target insect pests by adjuvants. Adjuvants for the studies used were SS(Sodium alkylcarboxylate) and PE(Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether). After the fundamental recipe for SL being established by using co-solvent for stability at low temperature, four types of SL were formulated. The physical properties and insecticidal efficacies of the tested SL formulations were investigated. Surface tension of SL1 without adjuvant was highly decreased from 44 dyne/㎝ to 34 dyne/㎝ by addition of adjuvants. SL4 using mixed adjuvant showed the lowest contact angle. Efficacies of SL1 without adjuvant against the palm thrips (Thrips palmi) and the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) on cucumber were increased by adding adjuvants. SL4 using mixed adjuvant showed higher efficacy than SL2 and SL3 using single adjuvant. These results have demonstrated that the selected adjuvants could be used to enhance insecticide efficacy and reduce spray dose of insecticide.

Physicochemical properties of particulate vaccine adjuvants: their pivotal role in modulating immune responses

Sangkil Lee,Rakesh Bastola 한국약제학회 2019 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.49 No.3

Vaccine adjuvants enhance immunogenic responses of antigens and increase potency of vaccines. Physicochemical properties of particulate vaccine adjuvants namely, particle size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape and composition play an important role to determine their activity and potency. Various studies have been done using different types of particulate vaccine adjuvants to correlate their physicochemical properties with immune responses. Generally, change in particle size does not show any trend in modulation of immunogenicity, however, it directly influences on cellular uptake of particles, leading to alteration of cytokine profile and induction of Th1 and/or Th2 responses. Usually, positively charged adjuvant particles undergo higher cellular uptake than negatively charged particles and hydrophobic particles undergo cellular uptake more efficiently than hydrophilic particles. Furthermore, shape and composition of adjuvant particles also influence on immune responses. This review gives an insight into the impact of particle size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape and composition of particulate vaccine adjuvants in modulating immune responses.

Improving vaccines by targeting antigens to dendritic cells

Ken Shortman,Mireille H. Lahoud,Irina Caminschi 생화학분자생물학회 2009 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.41 No.2

A new approach to enhancing the effectiveness of vaccines is to deliver antigens selectively to dendritic cells (DC) in situ, via monoclonal antibodies specific for particular DC surface molecules. This can markedly enhance CTL responses and, via helper T cells, also enhance antibody responses. DC activation agents or adjuvants must also be administered for effective CTL responses, but in some cases good antibody responses can be obtained without adjuvants. Here we review the role of different DC subsets and different DC target molecules in obtaining enhanced immune responses. A new approach to enhancing the effectiveness of vaccines is to deliver antigens selectively to dendritic cells (DC) in situ, via monoclonal antibodies specific for particular DC surface molecules. This can markedly enhance CTL responses and, via helper T cells, also enhance antibody responses. DC activation agents or adjuvants must also be administered for effective CTL responses, but in some cases good antibody responses can be obtained without adjuvants. Here we review the role of different DC subsets and different DC target molecules in obtaining enhanced immune responses.

친환경 유기농자재에 사용 가능한 첨가제 및 추출제 평가

이우미 ( Woo Mi Lee ),윤성지 ( Sung Ji Yoon ),안윤주 ( Youn Joo An ) 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.56 No.2

This study reviewed the adjuvants or extractants used in environment-friendly organic agro-materials used in a range of advanced countries or institutes. We observed that potassium hydroxide and fermented ethyl alcohol are generally acceptable extractants, and the inert ingredient list 4 of United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is applicable for crop production adjuvants.

Effect of Adjuvants on Antibody Titer of Synthetic Recombinant Light Chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B and its Diagnostic Potential for Botulism

( Jain Swati S. Ponmariappan ),( Om Kumar ),( Lokendra Singh ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2011 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.21 No.7

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum, which produces seven (A-G) antigenically diverse neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are the most poisonous substances known to humans, with a median lethal dose (LD50) of approximately 1 ng/kg of body weight. Owing to their extreme potency and lethality, they have the potential to be used as a bioterrorism agent. The mouse bioassay is the gold standard for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins; however, it requires at least 3-4 days for completion. Attempts have been made to develop an ELISA-based detection system, which is potentially an easier and more rapid method of botulinum neurotoxin detection. The present study was designed using a synthetic gene approach. The synthetic gene encoding the catalytic domain of BoNT serotype B from amino acids 1-450 was constructed with PCR overlapping primers (BoNT/B LC), cloned in a pQE30 UA vector, and expressed in an E. coli M15 host system. Recombinant protein production was optimized at 0.5 mM IPTG final concentration, 4 h post induction, resulting in a maximum yield of recombinant proteins. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant BoNT/B LC protein was evaluated by ELISA. Antibodies were raised in BALB/c mice using various adjuvants. A significant rise in antibody titer (p<0.05) was observed in the Alum group, followed by the Titermax Classic group, Freund`s adjuvant, and the Titermax Gold group. These developed high-titer antibodies may prove useful for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins in food and clinical samples.

무수 알코올을 새로운 보조 치료제로 이용한 거대세포종의 치료

오주한(Joo Han Oh),이상훈(Sang Hoon Lee),김한수(Han-Soo Kim),서성욱(Seong Wook Suh),조환성(Whan Seong Cho),윤필환(Pil Whan Yoon) 대한정형외과학회 2005 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.40 No.3

목적: 장관골에서 발생한 거대세포종의 치료 방법으로 철저한 소파술 후 페놀, 냉동 요법 등 여러 가지 보조적 치료를 시행하는 것이 소개되어 왔지만, 각각의 경우 여러 합병증들이 발생할 수 있다고 보고되는 바, 저자들은 새로운 보조적 치료제로서 무수 알코올을 사용한 결과에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 장관골에 발생한 거대세포종 환자 103명을 대상으로 하였으며, 평균 추시 기간은 6년(1-29.3년)이었고, 평균 연령은 33세(16-67세)였다. 69명은 소파술 후 고속 burr를 이용하여 공동 내부를 갈아낸 후 골 이식이나 시멘트 충진을 시행하였고, 이 중 38명에서는 소파술 후 무수 알코올을 보조적 치료제로 사용하였다. 결과: 보조적 치료를 사용하지 않은 31명의 환자들 중에서는 15명(48.4%)에서 재발한 반면, 무수 알코올을 사용한 환자 중에서는 4명(10.5%)에서 재발하였다(p=0.001). 거대 세포종의 누적 재발률 감소는 무수 알코올의 사용과 유의하였다 (p=0.014). 무수 알코올과 관련된 수술 후 합병증은 없었다. 결론: 무수 알코올은 장관골에서 발생한 거대세포종의 수술적 치료에서 효과적인 보조적 치료제로 사용할 수 있다고 사료된다. Purpose: As a treatment of giant cell tumors (GCT) of the long bone, anhydrous alcohol was used in our institution due to the potential complications associated with other previous adjuvants. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of anhydrous alcohol as a new adjuvant in the treatment of a GCT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and three GCT patients were treated and followed up for an average of 6 years (range, 1-29.3 years) with a mean age of 33 years (range, 16-67 years). Curettage, additional burring, and reconstruction with a bone graft or cementing were performed in 69 patients. Among them, anhydrous alcohol was used as an adjuvant in 38 patients. Results: Four (10.5%) patients given the anhydrous alcohol treatment had a local recurrence, whereas 15 recurrences (48.4%) developed in 31 patients treated without the anhydrous alcohol (p=0.001). There were no anhydrous alcohol-related complications. According to Kaplan-Meier's analysis and the log rank test, the anhydrous alcohol adjuvant showed a significant effect (p=0.014) in preventing the recurrence of GCT. Conclusion: The data suggests that anhydrous alcohol can be used as an effective adjuvant without potential risks for the treatment of a GCT of the long bone.

The effect of apolipoprotein A-I and perfluorocarbon emulsion on the production of specific antibodies in mice

Vitaly Zhalimov,Yuliya Gritsyna,Oleg Morenkov 대한백신학회 2021 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.10 No.3

Adjuvants are often required to improve the potentially low immunogenicity of vaccines. In this study, it is proposed to use an emulsion based on fluorocarbons as an adjuvant. Since this emulsion adsorbs only a small range of proteins, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI) was used as an anchor. Antigen and ApoAI were combined by creating a fusion construct. Results showed that the combined use of a perfluorocarbon emulsion and ApoAI during immunization significantly increases the specific antibody titer in mice and in its effectiveness this system is close to the incomplete Freund’s adjuvant.

Adjuvant effect of Liposome-encapsulated natural phosphodiester CpG-DNA

( Dong Bum Kim ),( Sang Hoon Kwon ),( Chi Seok Ahn ),( Young Hee Lee ),( Soo Young Choi ),( Jin Seu Park ),( Hyeok Yil Kwon ),( Hyung Joo Kwon ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2011 BMB Reports Vol.44 No.11

Immunostimulatory CpG-DNA targeting TLR9 is one of the most extensively evaluated vaccine adjuvants. Previously, we found that a particular form of natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA (PO-ODN) encapsulated in a phosphatidyl-β-oleoyl- γ-palmitoyl ethanolamine (DOPE) : cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHEMS) (1 : 1 ratio) complex (Lipoplex(O)) is a potent adjuvant. Complexes containing peptide and Lipoplex(O) are extremely useful for B cell epitope screening and antibody production without carriers. Here, we showed that IL-12 production was increased in bone marrow derived dendritic cells in a CpG sequence-dependent manner when PO-ODN was encapsulated in Lipoplex(O), DOTAP or lipofectamine. However, the effects of Lipoplex(O) surpassed those of PO-ODN encapsulated in DOTAP or lipofectamine and also other various forms of liposome-encapsulated CpG-DNA in terms of potency for protein antigen-specific IgG production and Th1- associated IgG2a production. Therefore, Lipoplex(O) may have a unique potent immunoadjuvant activity which can be useful for various applications involving protein antigens as well as peptides. [BMB reports 2011; 44(11): 758-763]