유기농 재배에서 잡초방제기술의 동향 및 전망

옥환석(Hwan Suck Ock),변종영(Jong Yeong Pyon) 韓國雜草學會 2011 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.31 No.1

유기농 재배에서 이용되고 있는 잡초방제 기술 및 연구 동향을 검토하고 앞으로 방향을 제시하기 위하여 화학적 방제를 배제하고 기계적 방제, 경종적 방제, 생물적 방제를 포함한 종합방제 기술에 대한 문헌을 정리하고 분석하여 유기농업에서의 새로운 잡초 관리방안을 전망하고자 하였다. 물리적 방법은 기계적 방법, 열, 광선, 전기충격, 압축공기, 로봇잡초방제 기술, 그리고 경종적 방법은 멀칭, 경운, 윤작, 피복식물, 경합을 이용한 방법이 포함된다. 생물적 방제는 미생물제초제, 대량증식 생물제제, 광역 생물제제, 상호대립억제물질 등이 개발되거나 또는 이용되고 있다. 유기농재배에서 성공적인 잡초방제를 위하여 물리적 방법과 경종적 방법은 제초제 사용이 제한된 조건에서 가장 중요한 잡초방제 수단이므로 기계적, 경종적 방법을 근간으로 하고 생물적 방법이 조화롭게 보완되는 종합잡초관리방법이 요구된다. 그리고 유기농 재배에서 수익을 창출하고 적합한 장기적 잡초관리 방안을 도출하기 위하여 잡초관리 결정에 도움이 되는 모델의 개발도 필요하다. Weeds are one of the major constraints to crop production in organic farming systems. This paper reviews major results and techniques achieved with physical, cultural, and biological weed control and their perspectives in organic agriculture. Physical methods includes mechanical, thermal, lighting, electrocution, pneumatic, autonomous robot weeding control techniques. Cultural weed control methods includes mulching, tillage, crop rotation, cover crops and crop competition. Physical and cultural weed control techniques are especially important in organic farming crops where other weed control options are limited or not available without use of herbicides. Biological weed control includes mycoherbicides, innundative biological control, broad-spectrum biological control and allelopathy. Successful weed management in organic farming requires well managed integrated systems of mechanical control using newly developed machines, cultural control and biological control methods. Weed management decision-aid models may also needed to develop to provide greater assurance of achieving profitability and appropriate long-term weed management in organic farming in the future.

Biological Control Using Plant Pathogens in Weed Management

Aung Bo Bo,Botir Khaitov,Mirjalol Umurzokov,Kwang Min Cho,Kee Woong Park,Jung Sup Choi 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2020 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.9 No.1

Intensive use of synthetic herbicides increased public concern regarding negative effects on the environment and the emergence of new herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. In recent years, researchers have been actively working on alternative biological weed control methods such as bioherbicides. Bioherbicide as a part of biological weed control in crop production offers many advantages, for instance, it is a selective, host-specific agent to target weeds, no harmful effect on the environment and non-target plants. Several plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria have potential herbicidal activity as a biological agent to control weeds. In order to create a successful bioherbicide, several complex and specific interactions have to be properly conducted between the biological agent and target weed. A few bioherbicides were successful under field conditions for controlling weeds while the effectiveness of other bioherbicidal agents has been limited by restricted host-range, the requirements of complicated formulation, and lack of persistence in the field. This review discusses about biological control methods of weeds in cropping systems through the implementation of an integrated weed management system. The current studies on weed control with phytopathogens, host-pathogen ranges, formulations for practical use, and techniques for enhancement of weed-suppressive activity in conventional and sustainable agricultural systems revealed the importance of bioherbicides as a part of integrated weed management.

The Effects of Legumes as Living Mulches on Weed Control and Plant Traits of Corn (Zea mays L.)

G. R. MOHAMMADI 韓國雜草學會 2009 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.29 No.3

In order to investigate the effects of interseeding leguminous species as living mulches on weed control and plant traits of corn, a field study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The treatments consisted of six leguminous species (Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum L.; white clover, T. repens L.; berseem clover, T. alexandrinum L.;hairy vetch, Vicia villosa L.; alfalfa Medicago sativa L. and black alfalfa, M. lupulina L.) and two controls (weeded and un-weeded for all of the growing season). The results indicated that the interseeded living mulches significantly improved the corn plant traits and reduced the weed dry weight produced as compared with full season weedy condition. All of the corn plant traits were substantially lower for full season weedy condition compared to the other treatments. This condition reduced corn yield 48.2% compared to weed free control. Among the interseeded treatments, the highest corn plant traits and the lowest weed dry weight were obtained from the plots interseeded with hairy vetch. Corn yield was increased 79% and weed dry weight was reduced 80.5% when the plots interseeded with hairy vetch as compared with full season weedy condition. Overall, this study confirmed the beneficial effect of the leguminous species as living mulches to efficient weed control and consequently the improvement of corn plant traits. This method would potentially reduce herbicide application and benefit a sustainable weed management program.

제초제 저항성 및 난방제 잡초 방제를 위한 제초제 선발

박태선,이인용,성기영,조현숙,김미향,양운호,서명철,강항원 한국잔디학회 2013 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.2 No.3

This study was conducted to select alternative herbicides to control herbicide-resistant and - troublesome weeds in rice fields, Korea. The resistant Echinochloa oryzicola to ACCase inhibitor was tested by herbicides registered to control Echinochloa oryzicola. And the resistant and troublesome weeds to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, ALS inhibitors, were tested by widely using herbicides to control the resistant weeds in Korea. The oxadiazon, pyrazolate, pretilachlor and benzobicyclone+thiobencarb effectively controlled resistant Echinochloa oryzicola to ACCase and ALS inhibitors at 0.5 leaf stage of the, Herbicides containing mefenacet or fentrazamide controlled effectively by the 2 leaf stage. In controlling other SU resistant weeds including Sagittaria trifolia and Ludwigia prostrate, benzobicyclon and mesotrione performed well all tested weeds, and carfentrazone and pytazolate were effective to broadleaf weeds. Sagittaria trifolia and Ludwigia prostrate, which were suspected to be resistance to SU herbicides, were well controlled by carfentrazone and pytazolate. 본 실험은 국내 논에서 우점하고 있는 주요 제초제 저항성 잡초들과 저항성잡초 가능성이 매우 높은 잡초들의 초종별 방제가능 제초제들을 설정하기 위하여 실시하였다.ACCase 및 ALS 저해제들에 대한 저항성 강피 방제에는 이앙전 처리제인 oxadiazon, pyrazolate, pretilachlor, benzobicyclone+thiobencarb들은 강피 0.5엽기에서 효과적이었으며,benzobicyclon+fentrazamide+bensulfuron, benzobicyclon +mefenacet+bensulfuron와 benzobicyclone+cafenstrole+pyrazosulfuron-ethyl은 강피 2엽기까지 효과적으로 방제되었다. 국내 논에서 발생하고 있는 주요 SU계 제초제 8 초종들에 대한 대체약제들의 반응은 benzobicyclon과mesotrione은 방동사니과 및 광엽잡초, bromobutide는 매자기를 제외한 방동사니과, carfentrazone과 pyrazolate는 광엽잡초들에 각각 효과적이었다. SU계 제초들에 대하여 저항성 가능성이 높은 다년생 벗풀에는 carfentrazone과pyraclonil, 그리고 일년생 여뀌바늘에는 carfentrazone,pyraclonil과 mesotrione이 효과적이었다.

옥수수밭 예방적 잡초방제를 위한 가묘상 처리 시기

이병모,조정래,안난희,옥정훈,김석철 한국잔디학회 2014 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.3 No.4

Effects of false seedbed procedures in organic corn field were evaluated as affected by preparation date andmethod. False seedbed was prepared at May 7, 14, 21, 28 and June 5 with shallow tillage or flame weeding. Weed suppression rateof each treatment was evaluated 3 weeks after sowing. Optimal false seedbed preparation time was between end of May and earlyin June. Weed suppression rate of early false seedbed preparation was quiet low. Flaming weed treatment was better than shallowtillage. Weed suppression rate by the second treatment was increased approximately 30-60% compared to 1st treatment. Weed suppressionrate at 3 weeks after sowing was 70-90% by the second false seedbed preparation. The results showed that the false seedbedtechnique between end of May and early in June preparation has some potential weed control to reduce weed population duringcrop growth. Therefore late planting time crop such as corn, sorghum and soybean would be possible to apply false seedbed fororganic weed control. 본 연구는 예방적 잡초방제 중 하나인 가묘상의 이용방법을 체계화 하고자 처리방법과 처리시기를 달리하여 옥수수밭에서 수행하였다. 가묘상 처리 적기를 찾기 위하여 5월 초부터 6월 초까지 1주 단위로 실시하고 3주와 7주 후 발생잡초를 조사하였다. 잡초 억제 효과가 가장 좋았던 가묘상처리시기는 5월 하순 이후 처리, 처리 방법으로는 화염 제초가 얕은 경운 처리보다 다소 좋았다. 또한 5월 중순 이후가묘상 1회 처리시 무처리구 대비 27-52%였던 잡초억제율이 2회 처리시 70-90%로 높아져 가묘상의 활용 가능성을 보여주었다. 옥수수 생육 및 수량 또한 5월 하순 이후 처리구가 가장 좋았다. 이 결과를 종합했을 때 가묘상 처리 적기는 5월 하순 이후였으며 얕은경운 또는 화염으로 2회 처리를 하면 효과적인 초기잡초관리를 수행할 수 있었다.

고속도로 길어깨 구간의 잡초발생 억제 시험에 관한 연구

박종철 ( Park Jong-chul ),전기성 ( Jeon Gi-seong ),허영진 ( Hur Young-jin ),김경훈 ( Kim Kyung-hoon ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2020 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The study was performed in order to derive the management methods of revegetation space on embankment upper in the shoulder of expressway. The pilot study was conducted in 2013 on the test road section of the Jungbu Inland Expressway (Smart Highway) and continues to be monitored until 2020. In the test, three commonly used methods for weed control were applied. In the early two to three years, most of the methods were effective in controlling weeds. However, at the end of six years, weed suppression effects were different for each treatment. Vegetation coverage was 90% in the untreated control, 70-80% wood chip mulching method, 50-60% solidification method, and 20% sheet mulching method. The sheet method was found to be the most effective given the low vegetation coverage was effective in controlling weeds. The wood chip mulching method is promoting weed growth over time, and weeds are invading as the effect of soil hardening is reduced in the place where the soil hardener is treated. Among the methods applied in the test, mulching the sheet is the most effective, but it is important to use a durable sheet. In the future, it is necessary to find ways to control weeds on road shoulders, considering both economic and environmental aspects. For the proper management in the shoulder of expressway set target zone is needed. Clear standards for weed control on expressway should be established. And the technology to be applied must be durable for 3 years or more and must be able to suppress the amount of weeds to a level of 20% or less.

Invasive Weed Optimized Area Centralized 2 Degree of Freedom Combined PID Controller Scheme for Automatic Generation Control

Mohammed Azaharahmed,K. Raja,Muzeeb Khan Patan,Ch. Durga Prasad,P. Ganeshan 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.1

Frequency disturbances caused by load perturbations of multi area interconnected power system are reduced by using proper control schemes provided via secondary control loop along with primary control of generation plants. These secondary controllers provide simultaneous control signal to individual machines of a particular area when the control scheme is area centralized. This area centralized mechanism provides quick control action with less computational burden since control problem dimensions gets reduced even the area consists multiple plants/machines. Such centralized new cascade control scheme is proposed in this paper to supervise the secondary control mechanism and it is implemented with parallel connection of 2-Degree of Freedom Proportional-Integral-Derivative (2-DOF PID) controller combined with regular PID controller. The performance of this new controller is studied on multi area multi machine interconnected power system with participation factor concept and later its relative performance in terms of dynamic and steady state specifi cations are compared with conventional PID and 2-DOF PID controllers. These control parameters are tuned by Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm to achieve better system outputs. Case studies presented in this paper show the advantages of proposed control scheme.

Occurrence and distribution of weed species on horticulture fields in Chungnam province of Korea

Hwang, Ki Seon,Eom, Min Yong,Park, Su Hyuk,Won, Ok Jae,Lee, In Yong,Park, Kee Woong The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.3

A survey of weed occurrence was conducted to identify problematic weed species in a horticultural crop field to get basic information for effective weed control. Surveys of weed species occurring in horticultural crop fields (garlic, onion, red pepper and Chinese cabbage) were conducted in Chungnam province of Korea from April to October in 2014. A total of 516 sites of the 17 regions were identified as having 114 weed species belonging to 32 families. The most dominant weed species in the horticultural crop fields were Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum (8.83%), followed by Digitaria ciliaris (5.71%), Conyza canadensis (5.46%) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (4.67%). Specifically, as a result of this study, the occurrence of 35 species of exotic weeds, such as Chenopodium album and Taraxacum officinale, were confirmed. Almost 68% of the investigation sites was determined under dominance value 1 (range of cover < 10; numerous individuals) by Braun-Branquet cover-abundance scale, indicating a proper weed control in horticultural crop field. As a result of scientific and technological advances, an improved cultivation method is changing the weed occurrence in agricultural land. Additional research needs to be undertaken for the development of weed control methods through such periodic monitoring of occurrence of weeds.

Occurrence and distribution of weed species on horticulture fields in Chungnam province of Korea

박기웅,Ki Seon Hwang,Min Yong Eom,Su Hyuk Park,Ok Jae Won,In Yong Lee 한국생태학회 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.3

A survey of weed occurrence was conducted to identify problematic weed species in a horticultural crop field to get basic information for effective weed control. Surveys of weed species occurring in horticultural crop fields (garlic, onion, red pepper and Chinese cabbage) were conducted in Chungnam province of Korea from April to October in 2014. A total of 516 sites of the 17 regions were identified as having 114 weed species belonging to 32 families. The most dominant weed species in the horticultural crop fields were Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum (8.83%), followed by Digitaria ciliaris (5.71%), Conyza canadensis (5.46%) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (4.67%). Specifically, as a result of this study, the occurrence of 35 species of exotic weeds, such as Chenopodium album and Taraxacum officinale, were confirmed. Almost 68% of the investigation sites was determined under dominance value 1 (range of cover < 10; numerous individuals) by Braun-Branquet cover-abundance scale, indicating a proper weed control in horticultural crop field. As a result of scientific and technological advances, an improved cultivation method is changing the weed occurrence in agricultural land. Additional research needs to be undertaken for the development of weed control methods through such periodic monitoring of occurrence of weeds.

Weed Flora and Management Practices in Peach Orchard Fields in Korea

WeiQiang Jia,황기선,원옥재,이인용,이정란,노석원,박기웅 한국잔디학회 2017 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.6 No.2

This study was carried out two surveys in 2015 to monitor weed occurrence and determine the most troublesome weeds in peach orchards of Korea. The first survey identified 56 taxa belonging to 23 families including 27 annuals, 11 biennials, and 18 perennials. Based on importance values, Conyza canadensis (5.12%), Plantago asiatica (4.17%), and Trifolium repens (3.86%) were the dominant weeds in the first survey (from April to June). Seventeen exotic weeds were identified in the first survey, including Conyza canadensis, Trifolium repens, and Chenopodium ficifolium. The second survey (from September to October) identified 42 weeds belonging to 19 families including 23 annuals, 5 biennials, and 14 perennials. According to importance values, Digitaria ciliaris (8.00%) was the most dominant weed, followed by Echinochloa utilis (6.61%) and Rorippa palustris (6.48%). There were 12 exotic weeds, including Taraxacum officinale, Rumex crispus, and Trifolium repens. Additionally, according to Braun-Blanquet’s scale showed that the dominance value was level 1 (41.98% and 46.43%, respectively) in two surveys. Currently, 40% of the total surveyed peach orchards applied herbicides for weed control. These results could provide basic data to assist orchardists in selecting the most suitable weed management methods; thereby, reducing labor inputs and effectively lowering costs while improving fruit yields in peach orchards of Korea.