Available P as a Soil Indicator Controlling the Spatial Variability of Soil Chemical Properties in the Orchard Farming Systems of Chungcheong Province, Korea: Revealed by Data Binning Method

Pros Khok,Kyoungyoung Kim,Yong gook Kim,Park Jee won,Gwang Hyun Han 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Soil properties vary spatially at all level of observation within a field to a larger regional scale and the causes of the variation can be both natural and anthropogenic factors. Knowledge of spatial variability in soil properties is important for effective nutrient management plan in crop production. One integrated test by compiling several soil properties together may provide growers with one number that represents as overall spatial variabilities. Therefore, understanding the functional relationship between soil properties is necessary. The objective of the study was to characterize a soil indicator that can be used to estimate the overall spatial variability of selected soil properties in orchard farming systems. We have selected and analyzed eight soil chemical parameters, including pH, EC, SOC, available N, available P, and exchangeable cations such as K, Ca, and Mg of the individual 126 soil samples collected randomly from 42 orchard farms across Chungcheong province. The median of each soil parameters was similar or lower than the mean, which indicates that the effects of abnormality on sampling value were not high. Coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that soil parameters except pH varied from medium to high in heterogeneity (CV > 20%). Available P had the most variability (MRD = 31.8) and soil pH had the least variability (MDR = 0.89) among of all soil properties. Apparently, the dynamic interrelations were observed between soil properties and the higher amount of statistical significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01) belong to available P, and all of exchangeable cations, respectively. We confirmed these apparent correlations using discrete binning method and regression. Result showed that the higher amount of statistical significant correlation belong available P, so we concluded that available P is a major soil indicator can be used to predict the spatial variability of all selected soil parameters in this study. The high significant relationship were found between available P and all of selected soil chemical properties in orchard farming systems of Chungcheong province, suggesting that the large spatial variability was associated with the application of inorganic, organic, and animal by-product fertilizers. Data binning is a wide diverse analysis tool for indicating the relationship of soil properties with high spatial variability.

Comparing Soil Chemical and Biological Properties in Varied Land Use

Young Kyu Hong,Jin Wook Kim,Hyuck Soo Kim,Yong Ha Park,Sung Chul Kim 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.54 No.1

Soil chemical and biological properties can be varied depending on different land use. In particular, soil biological properties could be highly influenced by soil chemical properties. Therefore, main objective of this research was to compare soil chemical and biological properties in different land use and examine a correlation between soil chemical and biological properties. A total of 400 soil samples that evenly distributed from forest (FS), agriculture (AS), urban (US) and remediated (RS) area was collected. Soil chemical properties; pH, EC, soil organic matter (SOM), available phosphorus (AP), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) and biological properties: soil respiration (SR) and soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase (DHA), β -glucosidase (GLU), phosphatase (PHA), aryl-sulfatase (ARS), and urease (URE) were evaluated. Result showed that all soil chemical properties were within the optimum range of each land use. Among different soil chemical properties, SOM and AP were the most significantly different depending on varied land use. In case of soil biological the order of all enzyme activities from the highest to the lowest was FS > AS > US > RS and soil organic matter (p < 0.01) was a main factor affecting soil microbial activity. Overall, SOM management can be the most important to enhance soil microbial activity leading to improvement of soil health.

Impacts of Soil Microbial Populations on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties under Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest, Coromandel Coast, India

Sudhakaran M,Ramamoorthy D,Swamynathan B,Ramya J 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.4

There are very few studies about soil chemical and biological properties under tropical dry evergreen forest Coromandel Coast, India. The present study was conducted in six tropical dry evergreen forests sites such as Oorani, Puthupet, Vadaagram, Kotthatai, Sendrakillai and Palvathunnan. We measured the quantity of soil chemical, biological properties and selected soil microorganisms for investigating the impacts of soil microbial populations on soil chemical and biological properties. The result showed that total N, P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, exchangeable K, Olson P, extractable Ca and phosphobacterial population were higher in the soil from Kothattai forest site. Organic carbon, total Mg, extractable Na, soil respiration, β-glucosidase activity, bacterial population, fungi population and actinomycetes population were higher in the soil from Palvathunn forest site. Total K, NH4 +-N, NO3 −-N, exchangeable K, extractable Ca, extractable Na, azotobacter population, bacillus population and rhizobacteria population were higher in the soil from Sendrakillai. Beijerinckia population, rhizobacteria and soluble sodium were higher in Puthupet forest soil. Total Si, total Na and exchangeable K were higher in soil from Oorani forest site. Total Mo and exchangeable K were higher in the soil from Vadaagaram forest site. The results showed that organic carbon, total N, NH4 +-N, NO3 −-N, extractable P, extractable Ca, soil respiration and β-glucosidase were significantly correlated with soil microbial populations. Therefore soil microorganisms are important factor for maintaining soil quality in tropical dry evergreen forest.

Changes of Soil Physico-Chemical Properties by Soil Loss of Bare Condition Using Slope Lysimeter

이세인,옥정훈,손정우,황선아,오부영,허승오 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the soil properties of bare soil and analyzed the correlation betweensoil loss and physico-chemical properties using slope lysimeter (13% slope). The texture of experiment plotswas prepared with clay loam (CL) and sandy loam (SL). Soil samples were collected of top soil (0 - 20 cm) andsub soil (20 - 40 cm) in each sampling sites (top: 5.0 m; middle: 12.0 m; bottom: 19.0 m) of experiments plotsfrom 2019 to 2021. Total soil loss over 3 years was 88.5 and 154.7 ton ha-1 for the CL and SL, respectively,which was higher in SL than CL. For the soil physical properties, there was an annual difference for the bulkdensity and porosity of the sub soil. However, there was no difference in the changes of sampling sites forboth properties. For the soil chemical properties, there were differences in the changes of year and samplingsites for the pH, EC, organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium of the top soil. However, there was not a clear tendency of change of soil chemical properties, which had relatively lowerthan the optimum range of upland soil in Korea. Among soil chemical properties, accumulated soil loss wasnegatively correlated with soil organic matter content for the CL and SL. The coefficient of determination (r2)of the accumulated soil loss and the mean values of total organic matter content was 0.78 and 0.65, respectively,for the CL and SL. Especially, the correlation between the accumulated soil loss and the organic matter contentby sampling sites was the highest in the top of experiment plots for the CL (r2= 0.82, p = 0.001) and in themiddle of experiment plots for the SL (r2= 0.99, p < 0.001). The results of this study contribute to a furtherunderstanding on the soil characteristics by soil loss.

Survey on the Change of Physical Properties of Upland Soil in Chungnam Province

Jang-Yong Choi(최장용),Dong-Chan Kim(김동찬),Yeo-Uk Yun(윤여욱),So-Hye Choi(최소혜),Jin-Il Lee(이진일),Jeong-Woo Son(손정우) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

The growth and yield of crops are directly affected by soil physical properties. In most of the arable lands, the soil physical properties are expected to change with climate changes and the use of large agricultural machinery, and it should be surveyed on the arable land characteristics and the scientific management for the sustainable agriculture. In order to survey the physical properties of upland soil in Chungnam region, the soil samples for this study were collected from 45 places as points that represent the distribution rate of upland field, and investigated the agricultural condition as the kind of crops, structural condition and land-use pattern and examined the soil physical properties as soil texture, three phases of soil, and bulk density and the soil chemical properties as pH, EC and OM. Soil texture of the surveyed upland soils were mostly sandy loam and loam. The rate of cultivated crops were ordered as garlic(12plots), perilla(6), pepper(6), and were cultivated maize, sweet potato, potato, and peanut etc. The depth of A horizon was 21.1㎝ and the results of bulk density were top soil 1.33 Mg m<SUP>-3</SUP> and subsoil 1.57. The rates of three phases of the top soil were composed of solid 50.2%, liquid 25.6, and air 24.2, however the subsoil were composed of solid 59.3%, liquid 30.9, and air 9.9. The distribution rates of the particle size in top soil samples were sand 47.2%, silt 37.7, and clay 15.1, however the subsoil samples were distributed with sand 44.9%, silt 36.0, and clay 19.1. It is necessary to improve long-term soil physical properties with methods such as application of organic matter and deep tillage since the physical properties of bulk density and solid phase ratio have deteriorated compared with the data surveyed 4years ago.

Comparison of Physicochemical and Biological Soil Properties in Organic and Conventional Upland Fields

김진욱,김성철,홍영규,이초롱 한국토양비료학회 2023 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.56 No.1

Application of organic farming system has been increased recently but change of soil properties due to organicfarming system has not been thoroughly studied. The main purpose of this study was to compare physicochemicaland biological soil properties between conventional and organic farming system and to identify themost affected soil parameters for two different farming system. Soil samples were collected from upland fieldsthat have been using conventional or organic farming system for over five years. Then, physicochemical andbiological soil properties were determined, including bulk density, porosity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available phosphorus, soil respiration,and soil enzyme activities. For soil physical perspective, soils from organic farming system had lowerbulk density and higher porosity values than conventional farming system. This result indicate that organicfarming system had beneficial effect on soil physical properties. In case of soil chemical properties, the availablephosphorus content in soil from conventional farming system was higher than in organic farming systemprobably due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers containing phosphorus in the arable area. For soilbiological properties, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were higher under conventionally managedsoils than organic farming system. Overall, physicochemical and biological soil properties can be varied dependingon differently managed farming system and long terms of monitoring is necessary for understandingthe change of soil properties between organic and conventional farming system.

Soil properties and molecular compositions of soil organic matter in four different Arctic regions

정수정,남성진,정지영 한국생태학회 2022 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.46 No.4

Background: The Arctic permafrost stores enormous amount of carbon (C), about one third of global C stocks. However, drastically increasing temperature in the Arctic makes the stable frozen C stock vulnerable to microbial decomposition. The released carbon dioxide from permafrost can cause accelerating C feedback to the atmosphere. Soil organic matter (SOM) composition would be the basic information to project the trajectory of C under rapidly changing climate. However, not many studies on SOM characterization have been done compared to quantification of SOM stocks. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine soil properties and molecular compositions of SOM in four different Arctic regions. We collected soils in different soil layers from 1) Cambridge Bay, Canada, 2) Council, Alaska, USA, 3) Svalbard, Norway, and 4) Zackenberg, Greenland. The basic soil properties were measured, and the molecular composition of SOM was analyzed through pyrolysis- gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Results: The Oi layer of soil in Council, Alaska showed the lowest soil pH and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and SOM content. All soils in each site showed increasing pH and decreasing SOC and EC values with soil depth. Since the Council site was moist acidic tundra compared to other three dry tundra sites, soil properties were distinct from the others: high SOM and EC, and low pH. Through the py-GC/MS analysis, a total of 117 pyrolysis products were detected from 32 soil samples of four different Arctic soils. The first two-axis of the PCA explained 38% of sample variation. While short- and mid-hydrocarbons were associated with mineral layers, lignins and polysaccharides were linked to organic layers of Alaska and Cambridge Bay soil. Conclusions: We conclude that the py-GC/MS results separated soil samples mainly based on the origin of SOM (plants- or microbially-derived). This molecular characteristics of SOM can play a role of controlling SOM degradation to warming. Thus, it should be further investigated how the SOM molecular characteristics have impacts on SOM dynamics through additional laboratory incubation studies and microbial decomposition measurements in the field.

Changes of soil organic carbon and its fractions in relation to soil physical properties in a long-term fertilized paddy

Lee, Seul Bi,Lee, Chang Hoon,Jung, Ki Yuol,Park, Ki Do,Lee, Dokyoung,Kim, Pil Joo Elsevier 2009 Soil & tillage research Vol.104 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Soil organic carbon (SOC) has an important role in improving soil quality and sustainable production. A long-term fertilization study was conducted to investigate changes in SOC and its relation to soil physical properties in a rice paddy soil. The paddy soils analyzed were subjected to different fertilization practices: continuous application of inorganic fertilizers (NPK, N–P–K=120–34.9–66.7kgha<SUP>−1</SUP>yr<SUP>−1</SUP> during 1967–1972 and 150–43.7–83.3kgha<SUP>−1</SUP>yr<SUP>−1</SUP> from 1973 to 2007), straw based compost (Compost, 10Mgha<SUP>−1</SUP>yr<SUP>−1</SUP>), a combination of NPK+Compost, and no fertilization (control). Soil physical properties were investigated at rice harvesting stage in the 41st year for analyzing the relationship with SOC fraction. Continuous compost application increased the total SOC concentration in plough layers and improved soil physical properties. In contrast, inorganic or no fertilization markedly decreased SOC concentration resulting to a deterioration of soil physical health. Most of the SOC was the organo-mineral fraction (<0.053mm size), accounting for over 70% of total SOC. Macro-aggregate SOC fraction (2–0.25mm size), which is used as an indicator of soil quality rather than total SOC, covered 8–17% of total SOC. These two SOC fractions accumulated with the same tendency as the total SOC changes. Comparatively, micro-aggregate SOC (0.25–0.053mm size), which has high correlation with physical properties, significantly decreased with time, irrespective of the inorganic fertilizers or compost application, but the mechanism of decrease is not clear. Conclusively, compost increased total SOC content and effective SOC fraction, thereby improving soil physical properties and sustaining production.</P>

Soil Physico-chemical Properties by Land Use of Anthropogenic Soils Dredged from River Basins

박준홍,박상조,원종건,이석희,서동환,박소득 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.4

This study was conducted to analyze soil physico-chemical properties of agricultural land composed from the river-bed sediments. We investigated the changes of soil physico-chemical properties at 30 different sampling sites containing paddy, upland and plastic film house from 2012 to 2015. pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium decreased gradually in paddy soils during the four years, whereas the available P2O5, exchangeable Ca, Mg and EC increased in upland and plastic film house soil. For the soil physical properties, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.47 g cm-3 and 21.5 mm and those of subsoil were 1.71 g cm-3 and 25.7 mm in paddy soils. In upland soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.48 g cm-3 and 15.9 mm and those of subsoil were 1.55 g cm-3 and 16.9 mm. In plastic film house soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.42 g cm-3 and 14.4 mm and those of subsoil were 1.40 g cm-3 and 18.5 mm, respectively. The penetration hardness was higher than 3 MPa below soil depth 20 cm, and it is impossible to measure below soil depth 50 cm. As these results, in agricultural anthropogenic soils dredged from river basins, the pH, amount of organic matter and exchangeable cations decreased and soil physical properties also deteriorated with time. Therefore, it is needed to apply more organic matters and suitable amount of fertilizer and improve the soil physical properties by cultivating green manure crops, deep tillage, and reversal of deep soils.

Properties of Soils under Different Land Uses in Chittagong Region, Bangladesh

Md. Akhtaruzzaman,K.T. Osman,S. M. Sirajul Haque 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.1

In this study, we investigated the effects of three land uses on soil properties in two soil layers; surface soil (0∼15 cm) and subsoil (15∼30 cm). Soil samples were collected from planted forest, barren lands and cultivated lands from different areas in Chittagong Cox’s Bazar and analyzed for some physical and chemical properties. Results showed that soil textural class varied from sandy clay loam in planted forest and barren land site to sandy loam in cultivated soils. Maximum water holding capacity was higher in forest followed by barren land and the lowest in cultivated lands. At both soil depths, soils of cultivated land showed the highest values of bulk density (1.42 to 1.50 g cm-3), followed by barren lands (1.37 to 1.46 g cm-3) and the least (1.32 to 1.45 g cm-3) in forest soils. Total porosity decreased with depth ranging from 40.24% to 41.53% in subsoils and from 42.04 to 43.23% in surface soil of cultivated and of planted forest sites respectively. The result further revealed that organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents were higher in the planted forest soil than in other two land uses. The soils of all land uses under study are acidic in nature and the lowest pH was found in both surface and subsoils of barren land. Cultivated soil contained the highest amount of available P, Ca, Mg and K in both surface soil and subsoils. In contrast, barren site had the lowest contents of available P, Ca, Mg and K in both layers. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N storage were higher in planted forest than in barren and cultivated land uses.