Social Equity: Adaptation of Social Justice from Law and Policy to American Public Administration

Troy C. Fuhriman(트로이 프리만) 미국헌법학회 2017 美國憲法硏究 Vol.28 No.1

미국 행정(학)에서 대두되는 “사회적 형평성” 규범을 이해하기 위해서는, 그러한 규범이 사회적 정의 이론 및 운동의 광범위한 개념과 관련되어 있다는 점을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문은 정치적 · 법률적 체제를 포함한 미국 사회에서의 광범위한 사회적 정의의 규범적 개념 발전과 그 기원을 추적하며, 이는 미국 행정에서의 더 넓은 사회적 정의 운동과 사회적 정의의 개념적 틀에 관련된 “사회적 형평성” 원리를 설명하기 위한 노력의 일환이다. 그러므로, 개념으로서의 사회적 정의의 이론적 틀과 역사적 기초, 그리고 특히 20세기 중반 그것이 어떻게 미국 정부의 법률적 틀로서 그리고 공공 정책의 일환으로서 발전되어 왔는지 설명하도록 한다. 미국에서의 사회 정의의 발전에 대한 구체적인 내용을 설명하기 위해, 명확한 사회 정의 투쟁 – 흑인의 사회적 정의를 쟁취하기 위한 흑인과 그들의 동맹–이 논의되었다. 마지막으로, 정부의 헌법적 관점에 있어 늦은 시작인 행정에서의 “사회적 형평성”을 검토하게 되겠다. 궁극적으로 본 논문은 사회적 형평성은 행정(학)에 대한 사회정의의 개념적 적용이며, 이것은 이 분야의 지도층에 있어 늦은 인식에 해당한다. 하지만 이러한 늦은 도입에도 불구하고, 사회적 형평성은 사회정의의 한 버전이며, 행정으로의 적용을 위해 정제되고 분류된 것임에는 부인할 수 없다. Given the rise of “social equity” as a norm in American public administration, it is important to understand how such norm fits within the broader context of social justice theories and movements. This paper traces origins and development of the normative concepts of social justice in American society, including its political and legal systems in an effort to demonstrate how the principle of “social equity” in the public administrative system rests on the larger social justice movement and fits within the conceptual framework of social justice. Thus, the historical basis and theoretical framework of social justice as a concept, and how it has developed as part of the public policy and legal framework of American government, particularly in the mid-twentieth century, is explained. In order to provide concrete context for development of social justice in America, a definitive social justice struggle - that of African Americans and their allies to achieve social justice for African Americans – is recounted. Finally, the late entrance of “social equity” in public administration vis-à-vis the constitutional branches of government are explored. Ultimately, this paper concludes that social equity is a conceptual application of social justice to public administration, which was late in being recognized by leaders in the field. It is undeniable that, regardless of its late entrance, social equity is a version of social justice, distilled and categorized for application in public administration.

소셜커머스에서 거래의 특성이 분배적 정의와거래 의도에 미치는 영향

방영석,이동주 한국경영정보학회 2013 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.23 No.2

Social commerce has been gaining explosive popularity, with typical examples of the model such as Groupon and Level Up. Both local business owners and consumers can benefit from this new e-commerce model. Local business owners have a chance to access potential customers and promote their products in a way that could not have otherwise been easily possible, and consumers can enjoy discounted offerings. However, questions have been increasingly raised about the value and future of the social commerce model. A recent survey shows that about a third of 324 business owners who ran a daily-deal promotion in Groupon went behind. Furthermore, more than half of the surveyed merchants did not express enthusiasm about running the promotion again. The same goes for the case in Korea, where more than half of the surveyed clients reported no significant change or even decrease in profits compared to before the use of social commerce model. Why do local business owners fail to exploit the benefits from the promotions and advertisements through the social commerce model and to make profits? Without answering this question, the model would fall under suspicion and even its sustainability might be challenged. This study aims to look into problems in the current social commerce transactions and provide implications for the social commerce model, so that the model would get a foothold for next growth. Drawing on justice theory, this study develops theoretical arguments for the effects of transaction characteristics on consumers’ distributive justice and purchase intention in the social commerce. Specifically, this study focuses on two characteristics of social commerce transactionsthe discount rate and the purchase rate of productsand investigates their effects on consumers’ perception of distributive justice for discounted transactions in the social commerce and their perception of distributive justice for regular-priced transactions. This study also examines the relationship between distributive justice and purchase intention. We conducted an online experiment and gathered data from 115 participants to test the hypotheses.Each participant was randomly assigned to one of nine manipulated scenarios of social commerce transactions, which were generated based on the combination of three levels of purchase rate (high, medium, and low) and three levels of discount rate (high, medium, and low). We conducted MANOVA and post-hoc ANOVA to test hypotheses about the relationships between the transaction characteristics (purchase rate and discount rate) and distributive justice for each of the discounted transaction and the regular-priced transaction. We also employed a PLS analysis to test relations between distributive justice and purchase intentions. Analysis results show that a higher discount rate increases distributive justice for the discounted transaction but decreases distributive justice for the regular-priced transaction. This, coupled with the result that distributive justice for each type of transaction has a positive effect on the corresponding purchase intention, implies that a large discount in the social commerce may be helpful for attracting consumers, but harmful to the business after the promotion. However, further examination reveals curvilinear effects of the discount rate on both types of distributive justice. Specifically, we find distributive justice for the discounted transaction increases concavely as the discount rate increases while distributive justice for the regular-priced transaction decreases concavely with the dscount rate. This implies that there exists an appropriate discount rate which could promote the discounted transaction while not hurting future business of regular-priced transactions. Next, the purchase rate is found to be a critical factor that facilitates the regular-priced transaction. It has a convexly positive influence on distributive justice for the transaction. Therefore, an increase of the ...

Roles of Consumer’s Social Relationship and Perceived Justice Type on Service Recovery Satisfaction

Nak-Hwan Choi,Su-Min Park,Ah-Young Lim 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.9 No.1

Purpose – Past research has not given much attention to the roles of consumers’ social relationship type in the effects of justice type of service failure recovery alternatives on their satisfaction to the alternative exposed to them. Current research aimed at exploring the moderation role of consumers’ social relationship central versus peripheral in the effects of justice types of service failure recovery alternatives on the recovery satisfaction, and this research also explored whether the level of satisfaction to interaction justice-focused alternative are significantly different between the two, their social relationship central and peripheral relationship. Research design, data, and methodology – 2(social relationship central versus peripheral) between-subjects design was employed. 50 participants for each experimental group there were. Participants of each group took forceful steps in choosing one between the procedural justice-focused alternative and the distribution justice-focused alternative. χ2-analysis was used to verify that the number of choosing each alternative becomes different between the two experimental groups, and a one way ANOVA was used to verify that the extent to which participants are satisfied to the alternative chosen by them becomes different between the two groups. Results – The number of participants choosing procedural justice-focused alternative at the group of social relationship central was larger than that at the group of social relationship peripheral, whereas the number of participants choosing distribution justice-focused alternative at the group of social relationship peripheral was larger than that at the group of social relationship central. And the level of satisfaction to procedural justice-focused alternative at the group of social relationship central was higher than that at the group of social relationship peripheral, whereas the level of satisfaction to distribution justice-focused alternative at the group of social relationship peripheral was higher than that at the group of social relationship central. In addition, the level of satisfaction to interaction justice-focused alternative was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions – Marketers should give attention to the type of justice when developing alternatives by which consumers’ service failure can be recovered. They should suggest procedural justice-focused alternative to consumers under social relationship central, whereas they should develop distribution justice-focused alternative for consumers under social relationship peripheral. And in the process of recovering service failure they also should focus on interaction justice.

기후정의 주제 사회정의교육 프로그램 개발 및 적용 연구 : 초등학교 4학년 영재 학생을 대상으로

한수현 한국초등교육학회 2023 초등교육연구 Vol.36 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of social justice education programs on elementary school students' citizenship and social justice awareness by providing an example of a social justice education program on climate justice. A six-session social justice education program on climate justice was developed and implemented with 40 gifted 4th graders. Oliver and Newmann's Public Issue Education model was used as the instructional model, and Rawls' Theory of Justice was used as the classroom philosophy. After analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, the research findings are as follows. First, individual, community, and global citizenship are positively impacted by social justice education programs. Second, students are able to understand and critique social injustices as a result of social justice education programs. Third, social justice education programs raise awareness of real-world injustice and inequality outside the classroom, fostering a lasting sense of social participation and action. In addition, the value of this study is that it offers the relevance of Oliver and Newmann's public issues education to social justice education and proposes a model of instruction for social justice education programs. However, because the program was applied to gifted and talented students, there are limitations in applying the program to general classrooms and general students. Therefore, in order to develop and apply social justice education programs that can be applied to general students, further research is needed.

사회갈등 해소 기제로서의 공정성 탐색

이건(李鍵) 한국정책과학학회 2015 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.19 No.4

우리나라에서 군사정권에 의한 권위주의적 통치는 재벌과 가진 자에게 유리한 불공정한 사회시스템을 축조하였다. 1987년 민주화 이후 이러한 불공정한 사회시스템에 대한 개선의 요구 목소리가 높아지기 시작하였으며 그동안 억압되어 오던 개인의 권리의식이 표출됨에 따라 사회 곳곳에서 갈등이 표면화되었다. 시간이 흐를수록 갈등의 영역과 심각성이 증대하고 있으며 사람들이 체감하는 사회시스템에 대한 불공정은 심화되고 있다. 본 연구는 우리사회 내 편만하고 있는 불공정과 사회갈등 간의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하여 두 변수 간의 상관관계를 파악하는데 있다. 독립변수인 공정성을 터너(M. Turner)가 주창한 기회, 조건, 결과의 공정성 차원으로 측정하여 각각의 공정성 차원이 종속변수인 사회갈등에 미치는 영향에 관하여 구조방정식 모형을 통하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 공정성의 세 가지 차원 모두 사회갈등과 유의미한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 공정성의 정도가 증가할수록 사회갈등이 해소되었다. 사회갈등 해소에 대한 결정력은 기회의 공정성이 가장 크게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 분배의 공정성, 조건의 공정성 순으로 나타났다. 논문에서 도출된 경험적 결과에 대한 함의를 제시하였다. Although individuals’ perceptions of social injustice and social conflicts are widespread in the Korean society, few studies have examined the causes and effects of social injustice and conflicts. This study has a three-fold purpose. First, this paper attempts to explore the level of social justice in our society, categorizing into three types of social justice: distribution, opportunity, and condition justice. Second, this study will examine the degree of social conflicts. Last, this paper will empirically reveal the relationship between social justice and social conflicts with a hypothesis that social justice negatively affects social conflicts. It is found that the degree of distribution justice is rather low in Korea. The degree of condition justice is also found to be low. For opportunity justice, whereas respondents think opportunities for welfare benefits or employment are unfair, more than half of the respondents perceive educational opportunity as faire in the society. For the correlation between social justice and social conflict, it is shown that all the three of the justice types-distribution, opportunity, and condition-are significantly correlated to decrease in social conflicts. The most influential variable is found to be opportunity justice, followed by distribution justice, and condition justice, respectively. Drawing on the analytical results, this study suggest several policy implications.

키워드 네트워크 분석을 통한 사회정의 상담 연구 동향 : 2015-2022년도 국내학술지 게재 논문을 중심으로

이태영,김명찬 한국열린교육학회 2023 열린교육연구 Vol.31 No.5

The purpose of this study is to examine the research trends related to social justice counseling using keyword network analysis and provide implications for future research directions. A total of 25 papers published in domestic academic journals from 2015 to 2022 were analyzed using Textom and UCINET for frequency analysis and network visualization of keywords. The results of this study are as follows: First, papers related to social justice counseling were published in a total of 11 academic journals over a period of approximately 7 years, with 20 studies (80%) conducted with counselors as the subjects. Second, the frequency of occurrence of keywords was observed in the following order: ‘social justice’, ‘multiculturalism’, ‘research’, ‘counselors’, ‘advocacy’, and ‘social justice counseling’. Third, the co-occurrence frequency of keywords appeared in the following order: ‘multiculturalism-social justice counseling’, ‘social justice counseling-supervision’, ‘social justice-advocacy competence’, and ‘social justice-interest’. Fourth, the degree centrality of keywords was highest for ‘research’, ‘social justice’, and ‘multiculturalism’ following a similar order to the rankings of frequency of occurrence. The keywords with high TF-IDF indices were ‘supervision’, ‘multiculturalism’, ‘items’, and ‘counseling competence’. Fifth, the CONCOR analysis resulted in the classification of keywords into seven clusters, which were named as follows: ‘research on social justice’, ‘counselor’s experiences’, ‘counselor’s competency’, ‘application of counseling’, ‘scale development’, ‘programs’ and ‘adolescent’. The findings of this study provide foundational data for research related to social justice counseling and contribute to facilitating discussions on the application of social justice counseling.

대학생의 사회정의 관심과 진로장벽의 관계에서 사회정의 지지와 사회정의 장애의 조절효과

박지현(Ji-Hyun Park) 한국상담심리교육복지학회 2020 상담심리교육복지 Vol.7 No.2

본 연구는 대학생의 사회정의 관심과 진로장벽의 관계에서 사회정의 지지와 사회정의 장애의 조절효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 대학교 재학생 370명을 대상으로 사회정의 관심, 진로장벽, 사회정의 지지, 사회정의 장애 수준을 측정하는 설문을 실시하였다. 이중 성실하게 응답한 대학생 342명(남 138명, 여 204명)의 설문자료를 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 설문 결과에 대해 SPSS 23을 활용하여 신뢰도 분석과 기초통계 분석을 실시하였고, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학생의 사회정의 관심은 진로장벽, 사회정의 장애와 부적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 사회정의 지지와는 정적인 관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 사회정의 관심과 진로장벽의 관계에서 사회정의 지지의 조절효과는 유의성이 검증되었으나, 사회정의 장애의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이어 본 연구 결과의 함의 및 대학생 진로상담 및 지도에서의 시사점과 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논하였다. This study aims to investigate the moderating effects of support to social justice and barriers to social justice on the relationship between university students social justice interest and career barriers. For this, a questionnaire survey of 370 undergraduates was carried out to measure their interest in social justice, career barriers, support to their social justice, and barriers to their social justice. 342 university students (138 male students, 204 female students) who responded sincerely among them were selected as the subjects of analysis. With the results of the survey, reliability analysis and basic statistical analysis were carried out, using SPSS 23.0, and hierarchical regression analysis was carried out. The results of the study are as follows: First, it was found that the university students interest in social justice had negative correlation with career barriers and barriers to social justice and had positive relationship with support to social justice. Second, as a result of the hierarchical regression analysis, the significance of the moderating effects of support to social justice on the relationship between social justice interest and career barriers was verified, but the moderating effects of barriers to social justice were not found. Next, it discussed implications of the findings of this research, suggestions for career counseling and guidance for university students, and a proposal for follow-up studies.

사회정의 관심과 실천 모형 검증: 공동체의식과 장애 인권감수성을 중심으로

박춘희(Park, Chun-hee),이지연(Lee, Jeeyon) 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2020 교육과학연구 Vol.51 No.1

본 연구는 사회정의에 관한 관심과 실천에 미치는 심리적 과정을 검증하기 위해 20대~60대 성인 564명을 대상으로 사회정의 자기 효능감, 사회정의 결과 기대, 사회정의 관심, 사회정의 실천, 사회적 바람직성 (SDS-24), 공동체의식, 장애 인권감수성, 인구통계학적 특징에 대한 설문을 실시하였으며 측정의 과대 추정을 막기 위해 사회적 바람직성을 통제한 상태에서 구조방정식 모형 검증을 실시하였다. 첫째, 사회정의 자기 효능감과 결과 기대는 사회적 관심에 영향을 주었고 사회정의 관심은 사회정의 실천에 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 사회정의 자기 효능감, 사회정의 관심, 사회정의 결과 기대 모두 공동체의식에 직접적인 영향을 미치고, 공동체의식은 사회정의 실천에 직접적으로 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 사회정의 자기 효능감은 사회정의 결과기대와 사회정의 관심을 통하여 장애 인권감수성에 간접적으로 영향을 주었고, 장애 인권감수성은 사회정의 실천에 직접적으로 영향을 주었다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 시사점과 함의에 대해 논의하고 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. To verify the psychological processes of social justice interest and commitment, 564 adults in their 20s and 60s were surveyed on social justice self-efficacy, outcome expectations for social justice, social justice interest, social justice commitment, social preference scale (SDS-24), sense of community, human rights awareness toward persons with disabilities, and demographic characteristics. To prevent overestimating of measurements, a structural equation model verification was conducted with a controlled social desirability. First, social justice self-efficacy and outcome expectations affected interest and social justice interest affected commitment. Second, the relationship between a sense of community and a social justice commitment model showed that social justice self-efficacy, social justice interest, and outcome expectations for social justice directly influenced a sense of community, and a sense of community directly influenced social justice. Third, social justice self-efficacy indirectly influenced human rights awareness toward persons with disabilities through outcome expectations for social justice and social justice practice, and human rights awareness toward persons with disabilities directly influenced social justice. Based on the study results, the implications of this study and its indications for counseling and therapy were discussed, and suggestions for further studies were presented.

A Comparative View of Social Justice in Confucian and Islamic Thought

유달승 ( Dal Seung Yu ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2020 중동연구 Vol.39 No.2

If we skip this challenging debate whether we can mention primarily the concept of social justice as a theoretical approach to Confucian and Islamic thought as pre-modern ideas, so we can compare the general view of these two schools of thought about social justice. This article attempts to compare the attitudes to the two schools in this limited space. In the two above-mentioned schools, not to mention methodically, ethical teachings have been emphasized in, at least as repeated and emphatic hints which are directly related to desires intercommunicating with social justice. I have attempted to focus on writings based on the concept of social justice to Confucianism and early Islamic texts in order to rebuild typically and then provide and compare a coherent plan of some kind with the demand for social justice to these two texts. This attempt is based on this hypothesis that with referring to Confucian & Islamic worldviews, a theory about social justice can be derived; even if this derivation faces with some limitations or challenges. The points of commonality and differentiation of the theory of social justice are at the heart of this article. I refer to classical Confucianism and Islamic texts to prove their claim about thinking essence of social justice. But their reasons reprehend that we can’t judge easily the recent claim on social justice of Confucianism and the early Islamic texts by referring to ups and downs and scattered sentences in the mentioned text. However, the researchers of the notion of social justice to Confucianism in deduction about the Islamic early text cannot provide the more obvious evidences and this refers to the nature of Confucius thinkers test that is related to the conceptualized language of moral discourse, in differentiation with Islamic texts which is native to metaphoric language of religious literature. Both Confucianism and Islamic school are the same in this situation that are as the drafts of traditional thoughts without the supportive institutions for competent advancement of their ethical attitudes. The institutions that typically are modern institutes include: modern state, modern rights, and with them appoint the political official by election, accountability of the government, the independent judicatory, the overthrow of the regime and measures of welfare state and like that.

사회 인지 관점에 따른 사회 정의 관심과 실천 모형의 검증: 국내 대학생을 중심으로

민문경,안현의 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological processes based on the Korean college students’ development of social justice interest and commitment. For this study, we replicated Miller and colleagues’(2009) study, which explained the development of social justice interest and commitment by social-cognitive career theory(SCCT). Social desirability was controlled, and then self-reports data from 343 college students were analyzed using Structural Estimate Modeling(SEM). As a result, the final research model that social justice self-efficacy and outcome expectations affect social justice interest and commitment was proven valid for Korean college students. Also, in comparison with the direct effects model(social supports and barriers affect directly on commitment), the indirect effects model(social supports and barriers affect indirectly on commitment through self-efficacy) was supported. As an unique path of social-justice domain, the indirect effect by social support on commitment through outcome expectation was proved, as well. This study covers measurement limitations, future directions for research, and some lessons points with regards to how Korean college students to have social justice interest and commitment. 본 연구는 Miller와 동료들(2009)들이 사회 정의 실천을 예측하는 이론적 틀로써 사회 인지 진로 이론(SCCT)을 사회 정의 영역에 적용한 연구를 국내 대학생들을 대상으로 반복 검증한 것이다. 국내 대학생의 사회 정의에 관한 관심과 실천에 기저하는 심리적 과정을 살펴보고 사회 정의 활동을 촉진하는 개입 방안을 제안하기 위하여 서울 및 경기도 소재 4년제 대학교의 남녀 학생 337명으로 자기 보고식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 측정의 과대 추정을 막기 위해 사회적 바람직성을 통제한 상태에서 구조방정식 모형 검증을 실시한 결과, 사회 정의에 대한 자기 효능감과 결과 기대가 관심에 영향을 주고 사회 정의에 대한 관심이 실천에 영향을 준다는 연구 모형이 국내 대학생들의 사회 정의 관심과 실천을 설명하는 데 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사회적 지지와 사회적 장애가 자기 효능감을 통해 실천에 영향을 미친다는 간접 효과 모델이 사회적 지지와 사회적 장애가 실천에 직접적인 영향을 미친다는 직접 효과 모델보다 자료를 설명하는 데 더 적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 사회 정의 영역에서만 나타난 독특한 경로로 결과 기대를 통한 사회적 지지의 간접 효과가 입증되었다.