아동의 신체적 학대 경험과 반응적 공격성과의 관계에서 의도적 통제와 사회정보처리의 매개효과

장희순,이승연 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of children's emotion regulation and social information processing on the relationship between childhood physical abuse and reactive aggression. Emotion regulation was operationally defined as effortful control. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the overall relationship between variables of interest. Data was obtained from 1,197 elementary school students belonging to 5th- and 6th-grade who met specific criteria for physical abuse. Results indicated that children's experience of physical abuse directly affected reactive aggression. The direct effect of physical abuse on reactive aggression was greater than the total indirect effects of other variables. Both social information processing and effortful control served as mediators for the relationship between physical abuse and reactive aggression. Additionally, the mediating effect of effortful control was greater than that of social information processing, and effortful control appeared to influence all three stages of social information processing. Based on these findings, effective intervention strategies are discussed for decreasing reactive aggression among physically abused children. The implications of a newly identified concept related to effortful control were also emphasized. 본 연구는 아동기 학대 경험을 심리적 복합외상의 하나로 간주하는 외상학적 관점에 기초하여 아동의 신체적 학대 경험과 반응적 공격성 간의 관계에서 의도적 통제와 사회정보처리가 어떤 역할을 하는지 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 변수들 간의 전체적인 관계를 파악하기 위하여 구조모형 분석을 실시하였으며, 이를 위해 초등학교 5, 6학년 아동 2,516명의 자기보고식 설문 자료 중 연구자가 정한 신체적 학대 기준을 충족하는 1,197명의 자료를 사용하였다. 검증 결과, 아동기의 신체적 학대 경험은 반응적 공격성에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 그 크기는 다른 간접적인 경로를 통해 미치는 효과보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 아동의 신체적 학대 경험은 의도적 통제와 사회정보처리 각각의 매개를 통해서 반응적 공격성을 야기할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었는데, 의도적 통제의 매개효과는 사회정보처리의 매개효과보다도 더 컸다. 특히 의도적 통제는 사회정보처리의 해석, 반응생성, 반응선정 모두에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 아동기의 신체적 학대 경험에 따른 반응적 공격성 문제를 감소시키기 위해 고려해야 할 점들과 특히, 새롭게 확인된 의도적 통제의 중요성과 그 의미에 대해서 논의하였다.

A thermally coupled reactive distillation and pervaporation hybrid process for n-butyl acetate production with enhanced energy efficiency

Harvianto, G.R.,Ahmad, F.,Lee, M. The Institution ; distributed by Pergamon 2017 Chemical engineering research & design Vol.124 No.-

This paper presents a novel hybrid process combining thermally coupled reactive distillation with membrane-based pervaporation for enhanced production of n-butyl acetate. A conventional reactive distillation process was used as the base case and first optimized for the transesterification of methyl acetate with n-butanol to produce n-butyl acetate. It was observed that methyl acetate recovered in the recycle stream significantly affects the conversion in the reactive distillation column and overall energy efficiency of the whole process. The existing and proposed configurations were evaluated and optimized by simulation in Aspen Plus. The integration of thermally coupled reactive distillation and pervaporation improved the energy efficiency of the reactive distillation process by preventing remixing effect in the reactive distillation column and eliminating the azeotropic nature of the methanol and methyl acetate in the recycle stream, respectively. Finally, integration of the thermally coupled reactive distillation with a commercial pervaporation membrane was explored to take synergistic advantage of the thermally coupled reactive distillation and pervaporation hybrid configuration. As a result, the proposed hybrid design showed remarkably improved energy efficiency and economics. The total reboiler duty and total annual cost reduced to 63 and 43%, respectively, compared to those of the base case.

A Three-Bath Process for Dyeing Cotton with Bis-Azo Bi-Functional Reactive Dyes Based on Diazonium Salts

P. R. Hande,P. P. Badve,R. G. Dugane,S. S. Bhagwat,P. M. Bhate 한국섬유공학회 2020 Fibers and polymers Vol.21 No.12

Mono-azo dyes possessing a primary aromatic amino group have been shown to react with cotton by diazotizationfollowed by treatment with soda ash at 60-65 °C thereby acting as monofunctional reactive dyes. Bis-azo dyes bearing twoamino groups are expected to act as bi-functional reactive dyes and exhibit enhanced dye-cellulose fixation. This work showsthat the difference in fixation exhibited by mono-azo and bis-azo dyes is statistically significant at 95 % confidence level infavor of the latter group. This work describes a three-bath dyeing process which reduced the amount of consumed water by60.6 % and the environment factor by 62.2 %. The newly developed three-bath process also conserves energy by 74.1 %. Hence, a new class of bifunctional reactive dyes without externally attached reactive systems is, in principle, available. It willhave the advantage of reducing raw materials and manufacturing costs. It also employs a sustainable reactive dyeing process.

A hybrid reactive distillation process with high selectivity pervaporation for butyl acetate production via transesterification

Harvianto, Gregorius Rionugroho,Ahmad, Faizan,Lee, Moonyong Elsevier 2017 Journal of membrane science Vol.543 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A hybrid reactive distillation system with high selectivity pervaporation was examined to produce butyl acetate and methanol via transesterification of methyl acetate with butanol. High selectivity pervaporation was combined with reactive distillation to eliminate a hitherto required column for the separation of a methanol and methyl acetate azeotrope. The polyamide-6 membrane was used for this purpose because of its high selectivity for methanol while also allowing sufficient permeate flux. The high purity methyl acetate recovered in the retentate stream leads to high conversion in the reactive distillation column, which enhances the energy savings (up to 71%) of this process. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid processes and several alternative designs were evaluated by rigorous simulation and optimization using the Aspen Plus software package. The effects of several designs and operating variables were also investigated for the proposed design. The high potential of the hybrid reactive distillation and pervaporation system for butyl acetate production is very promising; it may not only reduce the total annual costs relative to conventional systems but may also provide an attractive strategy to address problems associated with methanol and methyl acetate azeotropes in the effluent generated in the polyvinyl alcohol industry.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Hybrid reactive distillation with pervaporation is studied for butyl acetate production. </LI> <LI> High selectivity pervaporation is proposed for the hybrid system. </LI> <LI> Elimination of a column required to separate the MeOH-MeAc azeotrope is achieved. </LI> <LI> The sequential optimization approach is applied to find the optimum design. </LI> <LI> High total annual cost saving (60%) is observed from the proposed optimum design. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Reactive melt processing of polyamide 6/reduced graphene oxide nano-composites and its electrically conductive behavior

Meng Xiang,Chengjie Li,Lin Ye 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.62 No.-

Based on the industrialized reduced graphene oxide (RGO) product, the graphene precursor of RGO-TDI with reactive sites of isocyanate groups was prepared with high grafting ratio, and a series of PA6/RGO-TDI composites were prepared via reactive melt processing. The PA6 molecules were confirmed to reactively intercalate into RGO layers through covalent and hydrogen bonding, which had high grafting ratio and layer thickness, exhibiting almost monolayer dispersion state. The molecular bridge effect of exfoliated RGO-TDI lowered activation energy of electrically conductive network formation, which resulted in a rapid increase of electrical conductivity of the composites with a low threshold percolation.

에틸아세테이트 반응증류 공정의 최적화

이성규,한명완 한국화학공학회 2002 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.40 No.2

본 연구에서는 아세트산(acetic acid)과 에탄올(ethanol)이 반응하여 에틸아세테이트(ethyl acetate)와 물(water)을 생성하는 에스테르화반응(esterification)에 대해 세 종류의 증류구조에 대하여 설계 및 조업 변수의 최적성을 조사하였다. 설계 및 조업변수로 탑상제품 유속(distillate rate), 공급단의 위치, 환류비, 액체 holdup 등이 제품의 순도와 전환율과 같은 반응증류탑 성능에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 이와 같은 설계 및 조업변수는 반응의 유형, 원료공급의 형태 및 증류구조에 따라 그 미치는 영향이 다르게 나타났다. 즉 A+B=C+D와 같은 반응 형태에서 반응물의 상대휘발도가 인접하지 않은 경우, 즉 상대휘발도 순에서 반응물들 사이에 제품이 끼어있는 경우, 단일 공급인 경우에 전환율은 탑상제품 유속에 대해서는 최적점이 없고, 환류비에 대해 최적점을 보여주었다. 분할 공급인 경우에는 탑상제품 유속과 환류비에 대해 최적점을 보여주었다. 반면에 반응물의 상대휘발도가 인접한 경우에는 최적점이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 반응물이 분할 공급된 경우, 다른 구조물에 비해 이와 같은 변수들의 변화에 대해 덜 민감한 것을 볼수 있었다. 광범위한 모사를 통하여 최종목표인 고순도 제품과 높은 전환율을 얻기 위한 최적조업조건과 반응증류 구조에 대한 지침을 제시하였다. In this study, we have searched optimized design and operating conditions of three reactive distillation structure for the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate and water. Effects of the distillate rate, feed location of the reactants, reflux ratio, and liquid holdup as design and operation variables on the performance of the reactive distillation were examined. Design and operation variables like these had different effects on the performance according to reaction type, feed location of the reactant, and distillation configuration. In the reaction type of A+B=C+D, when the reactants were not adjacent to middle components in relative volatility, conversion had an optimum point for distillate rate and reflux ratio. However, there was no optimum point in conversion when reactants were adjacent middle components. When the reactant was fed by split mode, the performance was less sensitive to the change of these variables than the other schemes. We here present guidelines for the optimum operating condition and the best scheme for the reactive disillation process.

Polarization-Dependent Microlens Array Using Reactive Mesogen Aligned by Top-Down Nanogrooves for Switchable Three-Dimensional Applications

손기범,김학린,김무진,박민규 한국광학회 2015 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.19 No.3

We propose a reactive mesogen (RM) lens array to obtain good focusing behavior along with a shortfocal plane, where the focusing behavior is switchable according to the polarization state of incident light. Polarization-dependent focusing behavior is obtained using a planoconvex RM microlens array on aplanoconcave isotropic lens template. Even though the sagitta of our RM lens is high, to obtain the shortfocal length, the RM layer can be aligned well by introducing a top-down alignment effect, using ananogrooved template. The optical noise due to the moiré effect generated by the nanogrooves on thesurface of the planoconvex RM layer can be removed simply by overcoating a thin RM layer, which isself-aligned by the geometric surface effect, without an additional alignment process. We demonstrate ahexagonal-packed RM lens array that has a very high fill factor and symmetric phase profile, for an ideallens

Decolorization of antraquinonic dye, Reactive Blue 114 from synthetic wastewater by Fenton process: Kinetics and thermodynamics

Mustafa Karatas,Yusuf Alparslan Argun,Mehmet Emin Argun 한국공업화학회 2012 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.18 No.3

In this work, the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 114 (RB114), a commercially important anthraquinonic dye, by Fenton processes was investigated. The effects of operating parameters, such as Fe2+:H2O2 ratio, pH value, reaction time and temperature were examined. Maximum decolorization (86%) efficiencies were achieved at the Fe2+:H2O2 ratio of 0.1 and pH 3 for 20 min reaction time. The decolorization kinetic of RB114 followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic. The paper also discussed thermodynamic parameters including changes in Gibbs free energy, and activation energy for the decolorization of RB114 by Fenton and exposed that the oxidation process was spontaneous under natural conditions.

Oxygen Plasma Characterization Analysis for Plasma Etch Process

Park, Jin-Su,Hong, Sang-Jeen The Speleological Society 2007 동굴 Vol.78 No.-

This paper is devoted to a study of the characterization of the plasma state. For the purpose of monitoring plasma condition, we experiment on reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Without actual etch process, generated oxygen plasma, measurement of plasma emission intensity. Changing plasma process parameters, oxygen flow, RF power and chamber pressure have controlled. Using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES), we conform to the unique oxygen wavelength (777nm), the most powerful intensity region of the designated range. Increase of RF power and chamber pressure, emission intensity is increased. oxygen flow is not affect to emission intensity.

Oxygen Plasma Characterization Analysis for Plasma Etch Process

( Jin Su Park ),( Sang Jeen Hong ) 한국동굴학회 2007 동굴 Vol.78 No.-

This paper is devoted to a study of the characterization of the plasma state. For the purpose of monitoring plasma condition, we experiment on reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Without actual etch process, generated oxygen plasma, measurement of plasma emission intensity. Changing plasma process parameters, oxygen flow, RF power and chamber pressure have controlled. Using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES), we conform to the unique oxygen wavelength (777nm), the most powerful intensity region of the designated range. Increase of RF power and chamber pressure, emission intensity is increased. oxygen flow is not affect to emission intensity