국내 유아복 치수체계와 외국의 치수체계 비교분석

이진희(Jin Hee Lee),서추연(Chu Yeon Suh) 한국디자인문화학회 2013 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.19 No.4

본 연구는 우리나라의 유아복의 치수체계(KS S0052)가 2004년의 계측자료를 바탕으로 2009년 제정된 것에 대해 새로운 계측의 필요성과 새로운 사이즈체계 정립의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 이것은 모든 패션 마켓의 글로벌화하는 추세로 볼 때 유아복에있어서도 다른 나라의 유아복 치수체계를 살펴볼 필요가 있을 것으로 사료되었으며, 이를 참고로 우리나라 사이즈 체계를 정립할 때 도움을 주고자 하였다. 연구 자료로는 ISO(1977, 1991)를 기준으로 한국(2009)과 대륙별로 아시아 지역의 일본(1998), 북미 지역의 미국(2008), 유럽지역의 영국(2004)을 선정하여각 지역별 차이점을 분석하고자 하였으며 현재 각 국에서 사용 중인 유아복 사이즈 치수체계 규정집을 참고하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 각국의 유아에 대한 정의가 모두 다르게 나타나고 있었으며 주로 키를 기준으로 영국은 77cm미만, 일본은100cm 이하, ISO는 104cm이하, 한국은 125cm로 나타났으며 미국은 24개월 이하로 모두 다른 기준을 정하고 있으며 각 국의 유아복 치수 체계에서의 기본 신체치수와 참고 신체치수의 차이를 보면 주로 기본 신체치수로 키를 사용하고 있었으며(한국, 영국, ISO), 참고 신체치수에서도 각 나라마다 다르게 제시하고있었으며 공통적으로 제시하는 신체치수 항목으로는주로 목둘레, 머리둘레, 가슴둘레, 허리둘레, 팔길이, 발길이 등으로 나타났다. 각 국의 호칭 체계에서는 한국과 일본의 경우 키의 치수가 호칭으로 사용되고 있으며 미국은 월령을 사용하였으며 나머지 ISO, 일본, 영국 등은 키와 다른 참고 신체치수를 그림에 수치로표현하고 있었다. 사이즈 표기 방식에서는 대부분의나라들(ISO, 일본, 미국, 영국)에서는 픽토그램이라는그림문자로 표시하고 있고 우리나라는 표로만 제공하고 있다. 따라서 우리나라의 경우 앞으로 개정될 유아복 치수체계에 있어서는 이러한 유아의 정의에 대한고찰과 사이즈 표기방식의 변화를 통해 글로벌 유아복 시장에서의 소비자의 편의성과 인지도를 높일 수있는 방안이 마련되어야할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to provideinformation how to improve the current sizing systemfor the infant`s garment through analysis of infantsizing systems of other countries(Korea, Japan, USA, British). In order to compile the informations aboutother countries infant sizing system, each countrystandard books(ISO(1977, 1991), Korea(2009), Japan(1998), USA(2008), British(2004)) were used to analysis. Each countries differed from defining about the infant. Most of the countries based on the height for primarydimension. Infant`s standard in the heght is below 77cmin British, is below 100cm in Japan and is 104cm in ISO, is below 125cm in Korea. But USA is used to theage(months) for standard of infant. Most of thecountries informed us many body measurements forsecondary dimension. In the sizing designation, Mostof the countries (ISO, Japan, USA, British) aredescribed by the pictogram. But Korea didn`t describeto pictogram for size designation. In the Future, Koreastandard of infant`s sizing system (KS K 0052 : 2009)will have to revise it sooner or later. There fore, Standard of the infant`s definition have to take intoaccount the other countries infant`s definition. Describing of sizing designation have to revise inpictogram like other countries for global infant` garmentmarkets.

Fractal Dimension of Peripapillary Vasculature in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Chae Hyun Song(Chae Hyun Song),Seok Hwan Kim(Seok Hwan Kim),Kyoung Min Lee(Kyoung Min Lee) 대한안과학회 2022 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.36 No.6

Purpose: To compare the fractal dimensions of the peripapillary microvasculature as obtained by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls. Methods: Optic nerve head and peripapillary area images were taken using the 20° × 20°-scan of Spectralis OCTA (Heidelberg Engineering) in 97 subjects (64 POAG patients, 33 control patients). The optic nerve head microvasculature was evaluated according to predefined slabs: the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and the avascular complex (AVC). The en face image of each slab was processed by ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) in order to calculate the vessel density and the fractal dimension using the box-counting method. For comparison, the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was obtained from Spectralis OCT circle scans. The utilities of the parameters for discriminating between the POAG and control groups were assessed using areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Results: The SVC fractal dimension was lower in the POAG than in the control group (p < 0.001), while AVC showed no intergroup difference (p = 0.563). The fractal dimension showed a good correlation with the vessel density in both SVC and AVC (both p < 0.001). In a multivariable regression analysis, the SVC fractal dimension was negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001) and axial length (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with average RNFL thickness (p < 0.001), while the AVC fractal dimension was positively correlated with the Bruch’s membrane opening size (p = 0.013). In terms of diagnostic utility, the AUC was significantly larger for the average RNFL thickness (AUC, 0.889) than for the SVC fractal dimension (AUC, 0.772; p = 0.008). Conclusions: The fractal dimension of SVC was associated with the average RNFL thickness and was reduced in POAG patients. Fractal dimension analysis could be used in evaluating peripapillary vascularity by OCTA.

Calculation of mass-weighted distribution of diesel particulate matters using primary particle density

Yoon, Jaehyuk,Kim, Mijin,Song, Soonho,Chun, Kwang Min Elsevier 2011 Journal of aerosol science Vol.42 No.6

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Recently, the diesel engine particulate matter (PM) emission standard was changed from being based on mass to being based on both number and mass. However, it is difficult to determine the mass- and number-weighted distributions simultaneously because of the complex shapes of PM.</P><P>We studied a new method to determine the mass-weighted distribution of PM using the primary particle density, and compared it with two conventional PM measurement methods using effective density and gravimetric filtration. In the method developed, the primary particle size was measured using transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-calibrated laser-induced incandescence (LII) to detect changes in the primary particle size in real-time. The number-weighted distribution of aggregates was measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The mass–mobility exponent and the effective density were determined with an impactor and the SMPS. The differences in the mass concentrations for each technique were between 3.1% and 29.9%.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Measurement of number- and mass-weighted distribution of diesel PM is conducted. ► Primary particle density is used for mass calculation. ► Result is compared with conventional mass measurement techniques. ► The difference of mass concentration is 3.1–29.9%.</P>

Anti-PUE Attack Base on Fractal Dimension in Spectrum Sensing

Xu Jie,Fu Shuang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.10

Secure problem has become a major concern in spectrum sensing. PUE attack is a common attack in spectrum sensing. To defend PUE attack, an anti-PUE attack method in spectrum sensing based on fractal dimension is proposed. It detects PUE attack by identifying the modulation type of the received signal using SVM classifier. Sevcik fractal dimension in frequency domain (SFDF) and Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) of the received signal are adopted as the characteristics for classification by SVM classifier. So the task of anti-PUE attack can be carried out in spectrum sensing. Besides the parameters for spectrum sensing, i.e. SFDF and HFD, no other parameter is required to be calculated, which will decrease the calculation amount and calculation time. The Numerical results show that, the proposed method can effectively detect the PUE attack. When SNR is larger than 10 dB, its PUE detection probability can reach 1. Even when SNR is low to -10 dB, the PUE detection probability is larger than 0.97.

Three Dimensional Analysis of Primary Maxillary Central and Lateral Anterior Zirconia Crown

이정민(Jungmin Lee),이효설(Hyoseol Lee),남옥형(Okhyung Nam),김미선(Misun Kim),최성철(Sungchul Choi) 大韓小兒齒科學會 2016 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

This study was performed to compare the shape and dimension of anterior zirconia crowns to other pediatric crowns using a three-dimensional scanner to investigate adequate amount of tooth preparation. Primary central and lateral anterior zirconia crowns, stainless steel crowns and celluloid strip crowns were scanned by a three-dimensional scanner. Outer and inner surfaces of zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and outer surface of celluloid strip crowns were analyzed. In outer scanned images, all sizes of central and lateral size 1 zirconia crown had the largest labiolingual diameter among the three crowns. In inner scanned images, zirconia crown’s mesiodistal diameter was 0.7-1.0 mm smaller and crown length was approximately 1 mm shorter than those of stainless steel crowns. Zirconia crown’s labiolingual diameter was larger in central crowns whereas it was smaller in lateral crowns than that of stainless steel crowns. Recommended preparation required for zirconia crown is incisal 2.5-3.0 mm, mesiodistal 1.5-2.0 mm, labial 0.5-1.0 mm. Cingulum should be trimmed parallel to the long axis. No more lingual reduction is needed in central incisors whereas additional 0.5 mm reduction is suggested in lateral incisors. 본 연구는 전치부 지르코니아 전장관을 위한 적정 치아 삭제량을 조사하기 위해 3차원 스캐너를 이용, 지르코니아와 다른유치 전장관들의 크기와 형태를 분석하였다. 상악 좌측 유중절치, 유측절치 지르코니아 전장관과 금속관의 내/외면, 레진관의 외면을 스캔하여, 근원심경이 유사한 세종류의 전장관을 한 군으로 만들어 분석하였다. 외면에서 모든 중절치, 1번 측절치 지르코니아 전장관이 같은 군의 전장관 중 가장 큰 순설경을 나타냈다. 내면에서 지르코니아 전장관은 금속관에 비해 근원심경 0.7-1.0 mm, 치관길이는 1 mm 가량 작았으며, 순설경은 중절치에서는 더 컸으나 측절치에서는 더 작았다. 비교결과, 지르코니아 전장관은 절단면 2.5-3.0mm, 근원심 1.5-2 mm, 순면 0.5-1 mm, 설면결절을 장축에 평행하게삭제 후 측절치에서만 0.5 mm 설면삭제를 시행하는 것을 제안할 수 있다.

항공기 궤적 예측을 위한 LSTM-based Multi-head Attention을 활용한 Recurrent 네트워크

김명수,최원익 한국정보과학회 2022 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.28 No.3

Recently, many studies have proposed methods to analyze air traffic flow or predict aircraft trajectories by applying deep learning techniques. In this paper, we propose a recurrent network using LSTM-based Multi-head Attention to effectively learn latitude, longitude, and altitude data over time to perform aircraft trajectory predictions. Specifically, we exploit LSTM to focus on the importance of past latitude, longitude, and altitude values in the process of generating keys, queries, and values. Extensive experiments using real-world datasets show that the proposed model outperforms the multi-head attention-based Bi-LSTM model for specific flights. In the case of latitude prediction, the proposed model reduces the MAE error by 29% for the KAL1253 flight and the RMSE error by 17% for the KAL1209 flight. In the case of longitude prediction, the MAE error for the KAL1253 flight is reduced by 83%, and the RMSE error for the KAL1257 flight is reduced by 82%. 최근 많은 연구들에서 딥러닝 기법을 적용하여 항공 교통 흐름을 분석하거나 항공기 궤적을 예측하는 방법들을 제안하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 시간에 따른 위도, 경도, 고도 데이터를 효과적으로 학습하여 항공기 궤적 예측을 수행하기 위하여 LSTM-based Multi-head Attention을 활용한 recurrent 네트워크를 제안한다. 입력 데이터에 대하여 attention을 적용하는 부분에서 LSTM을 사용함으로써 key, query, value를 생성하는 과정에서 과거의 위도, 경도, 고도 값의 중요성을 예측 모델에 강조하도록 하였다. 실세계 데이터를 이용한 광범위한 실험 결과, 본 논문에서 제안하는 모델이 특정 항공편에 대해서 multi-head attention 기반의 Bi-LSTM 모델보다 개선된 결과를 보임을 알 수 있었다. 위도 예측의 경우 제안하는 모델이 KAL1253편에 대해서 MAE 기준 29%의 오차를 줄였고, KAL1209편에 대해서 RMSE 기준 17%의 오차를 감소시킨 결과를 보여주었다. 경도 예측에서는 KAL1253편에 대해서 MAE 기준 83%, KAL1257편에 대해서 RMSE기준 82%의 오차가 감소한 결과를 보여주었다.

한국, 중국, 일본 표준 아동복 사이즈 체계 변화 및 차이

김경옥(Kyung ok Kim),천종숙(Jongsuk Chun) 대한인간공학회 2018 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics and differences of the standard sizing systems in Korea, China and Japan Background: Since 2013, the Chinese children" s wear market has been growing at a high rate. In terms of anthropometry, the people’s body size of Korea, Japan, and China have considerable morphological differences. The comparative study of the differences in the body shape of children in Korea, China and Japan and the standard of clothing dimensions will help Korean apparel companies to enter the Chinese fashion manufacturing industry steadily. Method: We compared the Standard Children’s garment sizing systems in Korea, Japan and China. The comparative analysis was performed. Results: Korea has specified size standards for infants, children and adolescents by age, but China and Japan did not mention the age in the Standards sizing systems. Infant and children sizes were designated with height. The sizing systems of Japan and China offer sizes according to body type. Conclusion: In the segmentation of the standard, Age was important factor in Korea sizing systems. has specified the size of infant, child and adolescent garments by age, and China and Japan did not separate youth standards. The height showing distinction of gender was 90cm for Japan,115cm for Korea, and 135cm for China.

차원의 인지와 한국어 차원 낱말의 추론

류병래(Byong-Rae Ryu) 한국인지과학회 2009 인지과학 Vol.20 No.4

한국어에서 ‘길다(길이)’, ‘짧다’; ‘넓다(너비/폭)’, ‘좁다’; ‘높다(높이)’, ‘낮다’; ‘깊다(깊이)’, ‘얕다’; ‘두껍다(두께)’, ‘얇다’ 혹은 ‘가로’, ‘세로’ 등의 어휘가 일반적으로 공간적 차원을 지칭하는 데에 사용된다. 본 논문에서 우리는 이들 어휘가 어떠한 인지적 토대에 근거하여 공간 개체의 차원 축을 지칭하게 되는가를 밝히고, 그 차원 낱말들 사이에 성립하는 추론 원리와 제약을 밝히고자 한다. 우선 Lang(1987)과 Lang et al.(1991)의 연구를 바탕으로 차원 개체를 8가지 유형으로 하위범주화하고, 각 범주 유형의 특징을 살펴본다. 차원 개체의 형태적 속성을 정의하는 본유적 구성 도식(inherent proportion schema)과 관찰자의 감각기관과 축의 관계를 일차적 인식 공간(primary perceptual space)으로 정의하고, 이 두 부분의 연계 관계를 개체 도식(object schema)을 이용하여 표상한다. 차원 추론이 가능한 경우는 항상 일차적 인식공간을 구성하는 차원 할당 값에서 본유적 구성도식을 구성하는 차원 할당 값으로 일정한 방향으로 일어난다는 점을 밝히고, 이를 바탕으로 모든 차원 추론에 적용되는 규칙을 두 개로 축약하여 제시하고자 한다. 또한 한국어에 특수하게 존재하는 ‘가로’와 ‘세로’가 차원 축을 지칭할 때 적용되는 제약을 형식화한다. This paper examines the aspects of the inferences between the dimensional terms in Korean, and attempts to give an account of the inference patterns based on the interaction of gestalt and position properties of spatial objects. Following Lang (1987) and Lang, Carstensen & Simmons (1991), we advance the idea that the inferences are possible for the same axis of a spatial object, if some contextually induced positional specifications are reversed to the inherent proportion schema. Two simple inference rules are proposed and justified. They are applied under the assumption that the inferences of the dimensional terms are drawn in a unidirectional way, i.e, from the Primary Perceptional Space to the Inherent Proportional Schema.

Agglomeration characteristics of nano-size TiO2 particles using analytical solution

윤종상,박세준,조현욱,정용원,전기준 한국화학공학회 2018 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.35 No.9

We developed equations for nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles self preserving time (SPT) lag that combines with agglomerate key parameters such as primary particle size (PPS), geometric standard deviation (GSD) and mass fractal dimension (MFD). A statistical formula has been developed that relies on SPT lag as the key parameter of agglomerates. Finally, this research presents the first analytical solution by integrating these key parameters into one formula, which can be utilized as a handy tool to calculate the time for reaching the asymptotic state.

A generalization of Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity for representations of noncommutative algebras

Kang, S.J.,Lee, D.I.,Park, E.,Park, H. Academic Press 2010 Journal of algebra Vol.324 No.4

We introduce and generalize the notion of Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity for representations of noncommutative algebras, effectively establishing a measure of complexity for such objects. The Grobner-Shirshov basis theory for modules over noncommutative algebras is developed, by which a noncommutative analogue of Schreyer's Theorem is proved for computing syzygies. By a repeated application of this theorem, we construct free resolutions for representations of noncommutative algebras. Some interesting examples are included in which graded free resolutions and regularities are computed for representations of various algebras. In particular, using the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolutions for integrable highest weight modules over Kac-Moody algebras, we compute the projective dimensions and regularities explicitly for the cases of finite type and affine type A<SUB>n</SUB>SUP>(1)</SUP>