약 로스팅 커피의 푸드 페어링에 관한 연구

이준혁 한국커피협회 2023 한국커피문화연구 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study is to promote the expansion of Korean coffee industry research by studying coffee pairings that are well-suited by matching coffee and food. This study conducted an experimental study in order to double the pleasure of consumers while contributing to the activation of marketing or sales increase in the coffee industry through coffee pairing research. In particular, in that it is a coffee pairing experiment that starts for the first time, it started with light roasting coffee. From December 1, 2022 to April 2, 2023, three raters participated in the experiment. Prior to the start of the study, coffee and food recommendations were received from 10 coffee experts and 10 baristas, and an evaluation paper was written while matching coffee(13 types) and food(30 types) derived from related preceding studies. As a result of the experiment, the pairing of coffee and food in this study resulted in coffee pairing results suggesting 13 types of coffee in 3 categories and 30 types of food in 3 categories. In addition, it was confirmed that the matching degree of most coffee and food(dessert, breakfast, Korean food) was rated above average, and the taste of the general public and the result of the evaluator were similar. In the end, since there is a universalized coffee pairing product, we proposed four ways to generalize and market it. First, it is the development of consumer-customized products that are segmented and specialized. Second, it is the use of coffee omakase that provides a unique experience. Third, promotion of marketing strategy for generalization of coffee pairing. These include subscription services, coffee pairing kit development, coffee pairing-related content creation, coffee pairing-related events and classes, coffee pairing recipe book development, and coffee pairing competitions. Fourth, coffee pairing menu development, consulting, and app development, suggesting marketing implications that can be further strengthened through collaboration with food companies.

TATE PAIRING COMPUTATION ON THE DIVISORS OF HYPERELLIPTIC CURVES OF GENUS 2

Lee, Eun-Jeong,Lee, Yoon-Jin Korean Mathematical Society 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.4

We present an explicit Eta pairing approach for computing the Tate pairing on general divisors of hyperelliptic curves $H_d$ of genus 2, where $H_d\;:\;y^2+y=x^5+x^3+d$ is defined over ${\mathbb{F}}_{2^n}$ with d=0 or 1. We use the resultant for computing the Eta pairing on general divisors. Our method is very general in the sense that it can be used for general divisors, not only for degenerate divisors. In the pairing-based cryptography, the efficient pairing implementation on general divisors is significantly important because the decryption process definitely requires computing a pairing of general divisors.

Faster Ate Pairing Computation over Pairing-Friendly Ellipitic Curves Using GLV Decomposition

엄수경,이은정,이향숙 한국전자통신연구원 2013 ETRI Journal Vol.35 No.5

The preexisting pairings ate, atei, R-ate, and optimal-ate use q-expansion, where q is the size of the defining field for the elliptic curves. Elliptic curves with small embedding degrees only allow a few of these pairings. In such cases, efficiently computable endomorphisms can be used, as in [11] and [12]. They used the endomorphisms that have characteristic polynomials with very small coefficients, which led to some restrictions in finding various pairingfriendly curves. To construct more pairing-friendly curves, we consider μ-expansion using the Gallant-Lambert- Vanstone (GLV) decomposition method, where μ is an arbitrary integer. We illustrate some pairing-friendly curves that provide more efficient pairing from the μ-expansion than from the ate pairing. The proposed method can achieve timing results at least 20% faster than the ate pairing.

Tate pairing computation on the divisors of hyperelliptic curves of genus 2

Eunjeong Lee,이윤진 대한수학회 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.4

We present an explicit Eta pairing approach for computing the Tate pairing on general divisors of hyperelliptic curves Hd of genus 2, where Hd : y² + y = x5 + x³ + d is defined over F₂n with d = 0 or 1. We use the resultant for computing the Eta pairing on general divisors. Our method is very general in the sense that it can be used for general divisors, not only for degenerate divisors. In the pairing-based cryptography, the efficient pairing implementation on general divisors is significantly important because the decryption process definitely requires computing a pairing of general divisors.

기밀문서유통을 위한 Weil Pairing IBE 개선 연구

최정현 ( Cheong Hyeon Choi ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2012 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.13 No.2

PKI에 기반을 둔 공개키 방식은 인증성과 비밀성에서 뛰어난 반면 적용된 시스템에서 인증서와 키 관리는 큰 부담이다. 또한 암복호 복잡도(complexity)가 크기 때문에 WSN(Wireless Sensor Network)의 제한된 컴퓨팅 장치에서는 사용하기가 어렵다. 이에 키관리 부담을 없앤 IBE(ID Based Encryption) 방식에서 Bilinear Pairing 방식은 수행속도가 뛰어나고 충분히 안전한 DDH(Decisional Diffie Hellman)알고리즘으로 인/검증을 처리하는 차세대 암호방식이다. Bilinear Pairing의 이론을 구현한 Elliptic Curve Weil Pairing의 알고리즘은 단순하고 CCA(공격)에 IND/NM의 강력한 보안조건을 만족한다. 동작측면에서 Random Oracle Model을 가정한 IBE PKG는 단일 기밀문서파일서버로 작동하는 우리의 목적 시스템의 구조에 적합하다. 따라서 본 논문는 Weil Pairing Based IBE 방식을 폐쇄적 기밀문서 유통망[2]에 적합하도록 암복호 및 인검증 알고리즘을 개선하고 본 유통망에 적용된 효율적 프로토콜을 제안한다. 본 논문은 먼저 암호화, 무결성 그리고 사용자 인증을 O(DES) 수준으로 수행하는 개선된 알고리즘을 제안하며 한 번의 암호화 처리에서 비밀성, 무결성과 인증성을 달성하는 정보를 암호문에 포함된다. 둘째 PKI 인증서의 효과를 가진 공개 식별자를 적용하여 키 노출의 위험을 줄인 개선된 IBE 방식을 제안한다. PKI-based public key scheme is outstanding in terms of authenticity and privacy. Nevertheless its application brings big burden due to the certificate/key management. It is difficult to apply it to limited computing devices in WSN because of its high encryption complexity. The Bilinear Pairing emerged from the original IBE to eliminate the certificate, is a future significant cryptosystem as based on the DDH(Decisional DH) algorithm which is significant in terms of computation and secure enough for authentication, as well as secure and faster. The practical EC Weil Pairing presents that its encryption alogorithm is simple and it satisfies IND/NM security constraints against CCA. The Random Oracle Model based IBE PKG is appropriate to the structure of our target system with one secret file server in the operational perspective. Our work proposes modification of the Weil Pairing as proper to the closed network for secret file distribution[2]. First we proposed the improved one computing both encryption and message/user authentication as fast as O(DES) level, in which our scheme satisfies privacy, authenticity and integrity. Secondly as using the public key ID as effective as PKI, our improved IBE variant reduces the key exposure risk.

이더리움 블록체인상의 페어링 연산 구현 및 응용

박윤수,전성윤,이문규 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2022 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.18 No.4

Ethereum is a public blockchain that allows all users to verify data stored in the blockchain, so it is essentially difficult to utilize sensitive data on Ethereum. To resolve this issue, we can consider implementing protocols that ensure confidentiality of data on Ethereum smart contracts. The representative protocols that achieve this goal include zkSNARKs and functional encryption. Since most of these protocols use pairing as a major cryptographic operation, pairing must be implemented to provide Ethereum with confidentiality. In this paper, we implemented pairing functions in the Solidity language to provide pairing-based confidentiality protocols as smart contracts, verified whether the pairing functions work correctly and compared the proposed pairing functions with the existing method for pairing computation on Ethereum. In addition, using the pairing functions, we implemented the BLS signature scheme as smart contracts and executed them on Ethereum, confirming that the implemented pairing functions can be effectively applied to practical applications. 이더리움은 모든 사용자가 블록체인에 저장된 데이터를 확인할 수 있는 공개형 블록체인이기 때문에 이더리움 상에서 개인 정보 등의 민감한 데이터를 활용하는 것은 근본적으로 어렵다. 이를 해결하기 위해서 데이터의 기밀성을 보장하는 프로토콜을 이더리움의 스마트 컨트랙트로 구현하는 것을 고려할 수 있고, 대표적인 기밀성 보장 프로토콜로 zkSNARKs와 함수암호가 있다. 대부분의 기밀성 보장 프로토콜들은 페어링을 주요한 암호 연산으로 사용하기 때문에 이더리움 상에서 기밀성 보장 프로토콜을 구현하기 위해서는 반드시 페어링이 먼저 구현되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 페어링 기반의 기밀성 보장 프로토콜들을 스마트 컨트랙트로 구현하기 위해 페어링 함수를 Solidity 언어로 구현하였고, 페어링 함수의 구현 적합성을 평가함으로써 페어링 함수가 정상적으로 동작함을 확인하였으며, 기존의 이더리움 상에서 페어링을 수행하는 방법과 본 논문의 페어링 함수를 비교하였다. 또한, 페어링 함수를 이용해 페어링 기반의 암호 프로토콜인 BLS 서명을 스마트 컨트랙트로 구현하고 이더리움 상에서 실행함으로써 본 논문에서 구현한 페어링 함수가 실제 응용에 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY TO DEVELOP KOREAN FOOD AND WINE PAIRING CRITERIA

C Sangmi Kim,Benoît Lecat 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.9

Despite the sales increase of wine in Korea, still fewer Koreans consume wine with Korean food and many Koreans believe that Western food pairs well with wine (Goodman, 2009; Lee, Zhao, & Ko, 2005; Stephens, 2003). This could reduce the opportunities of wine consumption in Korea and critically influence the future growth of Korean wine market. Therefore, this study aimed to develop Korean food and wine pairing criteria. According to the literature review, there is no cultural difference in people’s taste perception, but from the daily diet, people develop different taste preference (Bertino, Beauchamp, & Jen, 1983; Druz & Baldwin, 1982; Laing et al., 1994; Prescott et al., 1993; Prescott et al., 1997, 1998; Yamaguchi, Kimura, & Ishii, 1988). The preference gap is more obvious for beverages than foods (Chung et al., 2012). Food and wine pairing have evolved throughout the Western culinary history. Therefore, the pairing criteria are deeply connected with Western cuisine. As Korean food has its own flavour profile and Koreans have had different dining culture, it is unclear if the criteria are applicable to Korean palates. However, there is scant previous research on Korean food and wine pairing. This is an exploratory study using sequential mixed methods. The qualitative study was done first by performing twelve one-on-one interviewees and one focus group interview. The features influencing Korean food and wine pairing were discovered from the qualitative study. Then, the quantitative study followed by a questionnaire survey of Korean wine consumers. 151 questionnaires were distributed and 138 valid responses were achieved. The qualitative results were tested and generalised from the quantitative study. Hot spiciness, strong flavours and hot food temperature were identified as three unique characteristics. They were all hindrances to wine pairing according to the Western criteria. Wine-friendly Korean dishes commonly did not include those features. However, Korean daily diet has developed Koreans’ different wine preference. There was a segment of Korean wine consumers who enjoy the burning sensation in the mouth and prefer to match tannic red wine to hot spicy dishes. As a result, nine criteria of Korean food and wine pairing were developed. Seven criteria were from the Western criteria that could be applicable to Korean food. Two criteria were newly identified from this research. This study demonstrates Korean food and wine pairing criteria focusing on Koreans’ five primary tastes (e.g. sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness and hot spiciness). However, there are other elements such as textures and flavours generated from a variety of cooking methods, fermented seafood sauces and spices. Thus, further researches are required to complete the criteria. In addition, an experimental study could further confirm the result of this study.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY TO DEVELOP KOREAN FOOD AND WINE PAIRING CRITERIA

C Sangmi Kim,Beno?t Lecat 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Despite the sales increase of wine in Korea, still fewer Koreans consume wine with Korean food and many Koreans believe that Western food pairs well with wine (Goodman, 2009; Lee, Zhao, & Ko, 2005; Stephens, 2003). This could reduce the opportunities of wine consumption in Korea and critically influence the future growth of Korean wine market. Therefore, this study aimed to develop Korean food and wine pairing criteria. According to the literature review, there is no cultural difference in people’s taste perception, but from the daily diet, people develop different taste preference (Bertino, Beauchamp, & Jen, 1983; Druz & Baldwin, 1982; Laing et al., 1994; Prescott et al., 1993; Prescott et al., 1997, 1998; Yamaguchi, Kimura, & Ishii, 1988). The preference gap is more obvious for beverages than foods (Chung et al., 2012). Food and wine pairing have evolved throughout the Western culinary history. Therefore, the pairing criteria are deeply connected with Western cuisine. As Korean food has its own flavour profile and Koreans have had different dining culture, it is unclear if the criteria are applicable to Korean palates. However, there is scant previous research on Korean food and wine pairing. This is an exploratory study using sequential mixed methods. The qualitative study was done first by performing twelve one-on-one interviewees and one focus group interview. The features influencing Korean food and wine pairing were discovered from the qualitative study. Then, the quantitative study followed by a questionnaire survey of Korean wine consumers. 151 questionnaires were distributed and 138 valid responses were achieved. The qualitative results were tested and generalised from the quantitative study. Hot spiciness, strong flavours and hot food temperature were identified as three unique characteristics. They were all hindrances to wine pairing according to the Western criteria. Wine-friendly Korean dishes commonly did not include those features. However, Korean daily diet has developed Koreans’ different wine preference. There was a segment of Korean wine consumers who enjoy the burning sensation in the mouth and prefer to match tannic red wine to hot spicy dishes. As a result, nine criteria of Korean food and wine pairing were developed. Seven criteria were from the Western criteria that could be applicable to Korean food. Two criteria were newly identified from this research. This study demonstrates Korean food and wine pairing criteria focusing on Koreans’ five primary tastes (e.g. sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness and hot spiciness). However, there are other elements such as textures and flavours generated from a variety of cooking methods, fermented seafood sauces and spices. Thus, further researches are required to complete the criteria. In addition, an experimental study could further confirm the result of this study.

Power Analysis Attacks and Countermeasures on ηT Pairing over Binary Fields

Tae Hyun Kim,Tsuyoshi Takagi,Dong-Guk Han,Howon Kim,임종인 한국전자통신연구원 2008 ETRI Journal Vol.30 No.1

Since many efficient algorithms for implementing pairings have been proposed such as ηT pairing and the Ate pairing, pairings could be used in constraint devices such as smart cards. However, the secure implementation of pairings has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we investigate the security of ηT pairing over binary fields in the context of side-channel attacks. We propose efficient and secure ηT pairing algorithms using randomized projective coordinate systems for computing the pairing.

On the performance of a virtual user pairing scheme to efficiently utilize the spectrum of unpaired users in NOMA

Shahab, Muhammad Basit,Shin, Soo Young Elsevier 2017 PHYSICAL COMMUNICATION Vol.25 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper evaluates the performance of a virtual user pairing scheme that efficiently utilizes the spectrum of unpaired users in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), termed as VP-NOMA. The scheme aims at utilizing the frequency bands of those users which remain unpaired due to the non-uniform distribution of users in a cellular area. We consider a case where the cell edge users are more than the cell center users, so that complete one-to-one correspondence does not exist between all cell center and cell edge users to be accommodated/paired using conventional NOMA (C-NOMA) user pairing. Thus, some cell edge users remain unpaired, and are served using conventional multiple access (OMA) schemes. In such scenario, VP-NOMA pairs a single cell center user with two or more clustered (closely located) cell edge users over non-overlapping frequency bands, thus enabling the cell center user to efficiently use the frequency bands of these previously unpaired cell edge users. Performance of VP-NOMA in terms of ergodic sum capacity (ESC), outage probability (OP), and outage sum capacity (OSC), is analyzed through comprehensive mathematical derivations and simulations for a generalized system model. Moreover, the mathematical analysis is validated through close concordance between analytical and simulation results of ESC, OP, and OSC.</P>