APEC's Role between Multilateralism and Regionalism

Choi, Won-Mog 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2002 法學論集 Vol.7 No.1

APEC’s open regionalism, modifying common perceptions of regional arrangements, suggests an open, non-discriminatory posture toward non-APEC countries. Given the size of the APEC member economies and the economic dynamism of the Asia-Pacific region, this combination of integration and non-exclusion has a significant potential impact to the general world trade system. Based on the open regionalism principle, APEC has played a central role in the successful conclusion of ITA and in the launch of UR and the New Round. Overall, APEC’s role as a vehicle for facilitating trade and regional cooperation has been balanced and meaningful. Recently, the regional economic environment in Asia is drastically changing. Economic development and apparent success of trading blocs in other regions, have forced many countries in Asia to consider establishing institutionalized frameworks in the region. East Asian countries started to negotiate regional trade agreements (RTAs) with neighboring economies. In this changing environment, APEC’s policies and activities, based on the principle of open regionalism, have a significant potential to contribute to the success of the liberal world trade order. It can effectively bridge the gap between the multilateralism of the GATT/WTO system and the powerful incentives to act on a regional basis. The open regionalism is, however, still open to full endorsement and continuous commitment from the APEC members. In order to obtain the endorsement and commitment, APEC has to produce concrete results in many agenda items with the update of the Osaka Action Agenda. By prioritizing issues and agenda, APEC should selectively tackle "sensitive issues" such as labor standards, agricultural subsidies and the misuse of anti-dumping practices. Cooperation for financial stability and practical activities in information and telecommunications must also be increased. In the end, APEC should concretize the concept of open regionalism. A well-designed and well-implemented operational definition of open regionalism has potential to contribute to strengthening the multilateral trading system and to disciplining regional trading blocs which are WTO-inconsistent. Only substantial accumulation of the practical progresses and well-followed open regionalism will lead APEC to the position of powerful arbitrator between two formidable forces in the international trade system - Multilateralism and Regionalism.

Paradigm Shift to the Second Phase of Open Regionalism in Latin America: The Growth of the Pacific Alliance

( Tae Kyoon Lim ) 고려대학교 스페인·라틴아메리카연구소 2014 스페인라틴아메리카연구 Vol.7 No.2

The current paper examines the Pacific Alliance within academic discourse on paradigms of regionalism. By closely investigating the character of the Pacific Alliance, I attempt to explain implications of the Pacific Alliance for paradigm shift of Latin American regionalism. To this end, I ask the following questions: How has regionalism evolved in Latin America? What are the characteristics of the Pacific Alliance? How is the Pacific Alliance related to existing paradigms of Latin American regionalism? I argue that the Pacific Alliance heralded the second phase of open regionalism and reinforced its ideal type in Latin America. The Pacific Alliance appeared to imply a return to open regionalism of the 20th century, but it is not a simple reproduction of the open regionalism of the 1980s and 1990s. Compared to the existing Latin American regional arrangements of the open regionalism that failed to satisfy its ideal type and waned, the Pacific Alliance has come closer to the original ideal type of open regionalism.

Paradigm Shift to the Second Phase of Open Regionalism in Latin America: The Growth of the Pacific Alliance

임태균 고려대학교 스페인 라틴아메리카 연구소 2014 스페인라틴아메리카연구 Vol.7 No.2

The current paper examines the Pacific Alliance within academic discourse on paradigms of regionalism. By closely investigating the character of the Pacific Alliance, I attempt to explain implications of the Pacific Alliance for paradigm shift of Latin American regionalism. To this end, I ask the following questions: How has regionalism evolved in Latin America? What are the characteristics of the Pacific Alliance? How is the Pacific Alliance related to existing paradigms of Latin American regionalism? I argue that the Pacific Alliance heralded the second phase of open regionalism and reinforced its ideal type in Latin America. The Pacific Alliance appeared to imply a return to open regionalism of the 20th century, but it is not a simple reproduction of the open regionalism of the 1980s and 1990s. Compared to the existing Latin American regional arrangements of the open regionalism that failed to satisfy its ideal type and waned, the Pacific Alliance has come closer to the original ideal type of open regionalism.

동아시아 지역제도의 다층구조와 일본의 "열린 지역주의" 이념

이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ) 현대일본학회 2011 日本硏究論叢 Vol.34 No.-

본 글은 동아시아 지역제도의 다층구조의 특징을 살펴보고 그 원인을 일본의 열린 지역주의 이념에 천착하여 분석한 것이다. 폐쇄적 지역성의 지양, 자유롭고 개방적인 상호 의존관계 유지, 현존하는 양자·다자간 관계와의 연계를 원칙으로 하는 일본의 열린 지역주의 이념은 미키 외무장관의 ``아시아태평양구상``과 오히라 수상의 ``환태평양연대구상``에서 형성된 이래 하토야마 수상의 ``동아시아공동체구상``에 까지 이어지며 APEC과 EAS 등 동아시아의 지역제도 설계에 영향을 미쳐왔다. 일본의 열린 지역주의 이념은 동아시아 지역제도의 지역적 범위, 협력 분야와 협력 수단, 지향하는 지역통합의 단계, 가치·규범에 있어서 다층구조를 초래하며 기능적 협력을 넘어 보다 발전된 단계의 통합을 어렵게 하고 있다. 최근 공동체구상 발표와 TPP논의로 동아시아 지역제도 가운데 APEC이 다시 부상하고 있는데 열린 지역주의를 계승하고 있는 APEC이 긴밀한 지역 협력의 핵심이 될 수 있을지 귀추가 주목된다. This article explains the characteristics of the multi-layered structures in East Asian regional institutions, with a focus on Japanese open regionalism. Japanese open regionalism has principles of reluctance closed regional boundary, maintenance free and open interdependent relations and linkage established mutual and multilateral relations, that based on Miki`s ``Asia-Pacific diplomacy formulation`` and Ohira`s ``Pacific Basin Community Concept`` and succeeded to Hatoyama`s ``East Asian Community Concept``. East Asian regional institutions- APEC, EAS etc-affected by Japanese open regionalism. It incurred the multi-layered structures of regional province, cooperation sphere and means, level of integration, and values-norms in East Asian institutions. Therefore it bothers developing level of regional integration over functional cooperation. Recently APEC is re-attracting attention by presenting community concept and debating on TPP. It is questionable whether APEC formed on open regionalism, being the core of intimate regional cooperation.

Still Open Regionalism?

Mi-Kyung Kim(김미경) 한국정치학회 2005 한국정치학회보 Vol.39 No.4

비차별과 일방주의적 무역자유화 원칙에 입각한 APEC의 열린 지역주의는 현재 동아시아국가들의 경쟁적인 양자주의적 FTA의 체결의 움직임에 의해 도전받고 있다. 열린 지역주의라는 APEC의 기본원리 하에서 지금까지 동아시아국가들은 주로 일방주의적 무역자유화전략을 추구해왔다. 그러나 1990년대 후반부터 동아시아국가들은 양자주의적 접근을 수용함을 통해 그들의 무역자유화전략에 중요한 변화를 보이고 있다. 이러한 동아시아 국가의 무역자유화전략의 변화를 설명함에 있어 이 연구는 WTO와 APEC의 실패 그리고 동아시아 경제위기라는 외적환경의 변화를 강조하는 기존연구와는 달리 국내시장의 개방을 동반한 수출의 확대라는 동아시아 국가들의 새로운 성장전략의 관점에서 동아시아 국가들의 무역자유화정책변화를 설명하고 있다. 양자주의적 무역자유화 전략은 무역자유화정책의 수행에 있어 유연성(flexibility)을 유지할 수 있는 동시에 양자주의적 상호성(bilateral reciprocity)의 수용을 통해 무역자유화정책의 신뢰성(credibility)을 강화할 수 있다는 전략적 이점이 있다. 이런 관점에서 현재 동아시아 국가들의 경쟁적인 양자주의적 FTA의 추진은 무역자유화의 국내정치적 비용을 최소화하면서도 무역자유화를 가속화시키고자하는 ‘부분적 무역자유화’(partial liberalization)라는 전략적 행위의 관점에서 설명될 수 있다. The original framework of APEC’s open regionalism based on nondiscrimination and unilateralism has now been challenged by the recent surge in preferential trade arrangements concluded and negotated among APEC’s Asian memebers. Under APEC’s concept of open regionalism, Asian states have pursed a unilateral approach to trade liberalization on a non-discriminatory basis. In the late 1990s, however, they shifted their approch toward bilateralism. Contrary to conventional arguments that enphasize the importance of external factos such as the Asian financial crisis, the failure of EVSL initiative in APEC, and the failure of mulatilateral liberalization under the WTO, this study argues that behind the shift toward bilateralism was Asian states’s new development strategy for persistent growth that can be characterized as the pursuit of trade expansion accompanied by opening the domestic market. Asian states adopted a bilateral approach to trade liberalization in order to implement their new development strategy successfully by enhancing more the credibility, but still preserving the flexibility in trade liberalization. The bilateral approach can be considered as a strategic choice to realize the path of ‘liberalization without political pains’ by balancing between the credibility and flexibility in trade liberalization.

중국 접경지역 대외 개방정책 및 지역발전 전략 연구-중국의 북·중 접경지역 대외 개방정책 및 지역발전 전략에 주는 함의-

이정균 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2023 평화학연구 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구는 중국의 대외 개방정책과 지역발전 전략에 따른 접경지역 경제성과를 주요 경제지표 중심으로 분석하고자 하였다. 특히 다자 관계 관점으로 북·중 접경지역의 경제성과를 중국의 다른 접경지역의 경제성과와 비교, 분석하고 북·중 접경지역 대외 개방정책 및 지역발전 전략에 주는 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 분석결과 중국의 동부, 중부, 서부지역의 대외 개방정책과 지역발전 전략 추진은 △ GRDP, 대외무역액, 실제외자이용액, 고정자산투자액 등 주요 경제지표 증가, △ 동부지역 중심의 발전 전략에서 중부, 서부지역으로 확대 및 전환 등 성과를 거둔 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 △ 중국경제의 동부지역 의존 지속, △ 지역 간 불균형 심화, △ 중국 발전과정에서 동북지역의 소외와 장기 경제침체 지속 등 한계점도 나타났다. 결과적으로 2000년 이후 북·중 접경지역인 랴오닝성과 지린성을 포함한 동북지역의 대외 개방정책과 지역발전 전략은 기대하는 성과를 달성하지 못하고 있는 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 북·중 접경지역을 포함한 동북지역 대외 개방정책과 지역발전 전략이 성과를 거두기 위해서는 동북지역에서 일대일로 구상과 같은 중앙 정부 정책과 역량의 집중은 물론, 북한, 러시아 등 주변국으로 인한 불안정한 투자환경에 대한 해결이 선제적으로 이루어져야한다는 함의를 도출하였다. This study compares and analyzes the open-door policy and regional development strategies promoted by local governments in central China and Liaoning and Jilin provinces in the North China border region with other border regions from a multilateral perspective. The results show that China’s open-door policy and regional development strategies in the eastern, central, and western regions have achieved positive results, including increases in key economic indicators such as GRDP, foreign trade, real foreign exchange, and fixed asset investment, as well as an expansion and shift from an eastern-centered development strategy to central and western regions. However, there are also limitations, such as the continued dependence of the Chinese economy of the eastern region, the deepening of regional imbalances, the marginalization of the Northeast region in China’s development, and the prolonged economic recession of Chinese economy. As a result, it can be concluded that the open-door policy and regional development strategy of the Northeast region, including the North Chinese border provinces of Liaoning and Jilin, have not achieved the expected results since 2000. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that it would be difficult to successfully implement of the Northeast region’s open-door policy and regional development strategy, as well as fostering regional economic development and mutual cooperation with bordering countries, without the concentration of central government capabilities such as the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as resolving the unstable investment environment caused by neighboring countries such as North Korea and Russia.

A comparison of regional cultures between Shandong province and Jiangsu province in China

우웬웬, 김상욱 培材大學校 人文科學硏究所 2023 人文論叢 Vol.40 No.-

This paper comparatives the regional cultural differences between Shandong province and Jiangsu province in China, and their impact on the economic development of their respective regions. This paper use four perspectives, historicity, locality, oceanity, openness, compares the regional culture difference between Shandong province and Jiangsu province. Shandong province's Qilu culture, dominated by Confucian thought, emphasizes the importance of family and social order, paying great attention to agriculture while relatively paying small attention to commerce and industry. The openness and oceanity of Qilu culture play a positive role in Shandong province's openness to the outside world and economic development. The regional cultural characteristics of Jiangsu province are marked by locality and historicity, where the Wu culture, Huaiyang culture, and Chuhan culture have profound impacts on social customs and regional economic development. Jiangsu province's openness and economic orientation are relatively strong, reflected in the region's emphasis on commerce and the rapid development of industry and commerce. The regional cultures of the two provinces play different roles in promoting their respective regional economic development, with Shandong province being relatively traditional and conservative, while Jiangsu province shows greater openness and innovation. By comparing the cultural differences between the two provinces, this paper reveals the role of regional culture in regional economic development and provides an important theoretical reference for studying the differences in China's regional economies. 본 논문은 중국의 산동성과 강소성의 지역문화 차이를 기존 연 구들을 참고하여 네 가지 측면, 즉 역사성, 지역성, 해양성 그리고 개방성으로 비교하고 있다. 유교사상이 지배적인 역할을 하는 산 동성의 치루(Qilu)문화는 가족과 사회질서의 중요성을 강조하며 농업에 큰 관심을 두고 상업과 산업을 상대적으로 소홀히 하는 경 향이 크다. 반면에 치루문화의 개방성과 해양성은 산동성의 대외 개방과 지역경제발전에 긍정적인 역할을 하고 있다. 강소성의 지 역문화의 특징은 지역성과 역사성에서 나타나고 있다. 강소성 지 역은 오(Wu)문화, 화이양(Huaiyang)문화, 촉한(Chuhan)문화가 사회관습과 지역경제발전에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 강소성의 개 방성은 상대적으로 강하며 이는 이 지역의 상업과 산업의 발전에 서도 나타나고 있다. 두 지역의 지역문화는 각자의 지역경제발전 을 촉진하는데 서로 다른 역할을 하고 있다. 산동성은 상대적으로 전통적이고 보수적인 반면, 강소성은 개방성과 혁신이 상대적으로 뛰어나다. 본 논문은 두 지역의 지역문화 차이를 비교함으로써 지 역경제발전에서 지역문화의 역할을 밝히고 지역경제의 차이를 연 구하는데 중요한 이론적 참고자료를 제공하고 있다.

목포권 전통 음악 문화의 전승양상과 발전 가능성

김혜정 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2011 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.37

Mokpo region includes Southwest regions. Often times, the southern Korea is called artistic region. In particular, Mokpo region is the area where traditional music culture is vigorously transmitted the most. What is the momentum behind all this drive in Mokpo regions? This article examined the transmission aspect and characteristics of music culture in Mokpo area and categorized the dentity of music culture in Mokpo region and its momentum for the ransmission. The results are as the following. Firstly, traditional music culture in Mokpo area sought new style music incessantly. It created new genre as well as altered the existing music. Not just imitating the exiting music, it attempted to create something new and different from the existing. Secondly, the traditional music culture in Mokpo area has accepted different styles of music through the encounter with different genre. The residents of Mokpo area have remained open to different genre and music culture of different regions, imitating and adapting. The openness of the residents in Mokpo region can be observed here. Thirdly, the traditional music culture in Mokpo region have gone through changes in order to secure the musical sophistication and artistic value. There are many cases where the music of public became art music through the hands of performers, often professionals. Lastly, the traditional music culture in Mokpo region have been enjoyed by the residents ardently. The residents in Mokpo not only enjoyed the music the way it is but also created something of their own through official music formula. The characteristics of the traditional music culture in Mokpo region mentioned above are after all ‘the life force of the traditional music culture of Mokpo’. The willingness to go through constant changes to create something new; understanding and utilizing the existing music in the manner of music formula; reading the changes in penchant of those who enjoy the music in the course of time allowed the modernized, traditional music culture of Mokpo area to be what it is today. The musical resources transmitted in Mokpo region is a lot more varied and resourceful compared to those of other regions. Its cultural transmission is also healthy in comparison of other regions. It maybe traced to the open, active life style of the residents in Mokpo.

링난(嶺南) 지역 박물관에서 나타나는 지역주의 표현 특성에 관한 연구 - 비판적 지역주의 관점을 중심으로 -

배종정 ( Pei Congjing ),한태권 ( Han Taekwon ),김주연 ( Kim Jooyun ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.6

(연구배경 및 목적) 박물관은 전형적인 건축 유형으로서 중요한 문화건축으로 자리 잡게 되었으며, 도시에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 배경을 전제로 하는 박물관은 현지의 지역성과의 연관성을 중요시하고 지역과 자연환경, 문화적 전통 등을 고려하여 기술과 예술을 유기적으로 결합할 수 있다. 본 논문은 링난지역 대표 박물관을 사례로 현대문화 건축의 특징을 결합하여 링난지역 박물관의 공간계획을 연구하고자 한다. 비판적 지역주의의 관점에서 출발하여 링난지역 박물관의 공간계획을 분석하여 링난지역 박물관의 건축의 공간적 특성과 건축배경을 파악하는 것을 목표로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구는 지역주의 관점을 기반으로 링난지역 당대 박물관 건축에 대해 종합적으로 분석하였다. 연구절차를 보면 첫째, 문헌자료 및 선행연구에 대한 분석을 통해 케네스 프램프튼(Kenneth Frampton)이 제시한 지역주의 관점을 받아들여 건축 디자인에 필요한 분석 키워드를 도출하였다. 다음으로 링난 박물관의 유형에 대해 분류하고 마지막으로 비판적 지역주의 관점에 근거하여 링난지역 박물관의 지역주의적 특징을 분석하였다. 본 논문은 링난지역 박물관을 대상으로 주로 건축의 개방성, 장소성, 구축성, 감각성 네 가지 특징을 통해 링난지역 박물관 공간계획의 지역주의 특성을 분석하였다. (결과) 링난 박물관은 건축기술과 지역적 요소를 사용함에 있어 개방적인 태도를 가지고 있다. 링난지역 박물관의 장소성은 주로 거리와 방향, 위치와 같은 공간 구성요소를 통해 표현하였다. 링난지역 박물관의 구축성은 자연기후와 조화를 이룰 수 있는 구조로 구성되어 있어서 다양한 감각 체험을 통해 전시 공간을 관람할 수 있다. (결론) 링난지역 박물관의 공간디자인은 지역 전통문화의 계승, 간소화, 재창조를 거쳐 구축되었다. 기후조건과 지형 등 자연환경을 고려하여 건축 구조를 만들고 건축자재를 선택하여 건축 특징을 살렸다. 박물관은 광부의 건축적 특색을 살려 크고 독특한 건축양식으로 그 지역에 강한 지역성을 형성하였다. 세계화라는 사회적 배경 아래 서양 모더니즘 문화에 강한 충격을 받은 지역들이 많은데, 찬란한 문화 역사를 지닌 링난지역은 동질화되지 않기 위해 노력해왔다. 이러한 배경에는 전통적이고 시대적인 특성이 있는 링난건축이 중요한 역할을 하였다. (Background and Purpose) The museum has become an important cultural architecture as a typical architecture type and plays an important role in the city. Museums, premised on such background, emphasized the association with the locality of the region and can combine the technology and art systematically by taking the regional and natural environment, cultural tradition, etc., into consideration. This study was intended to investigate the spatial planning of the museums in Lingnan Region through a combination of the characteristics of modern cultural architecture based on the analysis of actual cases of the most typical museums in Lingnan Region. Starting from the perspective of critical localism, the goal is to analyze the spatial plan of the museum in Lingnan region to understand the spatial characteristics and architectural background. (Method) This study analyzed the museum architecture of Tang Dynasty in Lingnan Region comprehensively based on the perspective of regionalism. For the process of this study, first, the analytical key words necessary for architectural design were derived by adopting the 'perspective of regionalism' presented by Kenneth Frampton through analysis of literatures and preceding studies. Then, the types of the museums in Lingnan Region were classified, and finally, the characteristics of regionalism, manifested by the museums in Lingnan Region, were analyzed based on the perspective of critical regionalism. In this study, the characteristics of regionalism, revealed by the spatial planning of the museums in Lingnan Region, were analyzed by focusing primarily on the 4 characteristics of architecture, i.e., the openness, place, Tectonic, and sense in the museums in Lingnan Region. (Results) The Museums in Lingnan Region exhibited an open-minded attitude towards the use of architectural technology and regional elements. The place characteristics of the museums in Lingnan Region were expressed mainly through the spatial configuration elements such as distance, direction, and position. The Tetonic of the museums in Lingnan Region was formed in a structure that could blend harmoniously with the natural climate, allowing the visitors to view the exhibition space through various sensory experiences. (Conclusion) The spatial design of the museums in Lingnan Region was formed through inheritance of local traditional culture, simplicity, and re-creation. The architectural structure was created by taking the natural environment, such as climate conditions and geography, into consideration, and the architectural characteristics were brought out by selection of the building materials. The museums formed strong regional characteristics of the region based on grand and unique architectural mode, highlighting the architectural characteristics of miners. Many regions were heavily impacted by the Western modernism culture against the social background of globalization, and the Lingnan Region with splendid culture and history has strived to avoid assimilation. For such background, the Lingnan architecture, which retains traditional and historical characteristics, played a significant role.

건축에서 지역성의 탈은폐 : 하이데거의 “열린 터”(the Open)와 “틈새내기”(Rift-design) 사유를 바탕으로 Based on the Thought of Heidegger's “the Open” & “Rift-design”

이승헌,이동언 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.12

In contemporary architecture, the expression of regionality has been continuously interested and experimented. But there were few theoretical approaches on the meaning of regionality and few authentic explorations for the expression of it. Thus this paper draws out a theoretical frame for regionality from Heidegger's two main thoughts , "the Open" and "Rift-design" and suggests ‘disclosure montage’ as a technique of the practical expression of them in architecture. The ‘creative opening’ of regionality is possible through "Rift-design." And "Gestalt", in other words, disclosure montage, can be created in the "rift" by "the conflict between lighting and concealing in the opposition of the world and earth". An architecturally reactivated images of a region are revealed through the technique of ‘disclosure montage’ as a useful expression strategy of "the Open" and "Rift-design." Finally, in order to verify the above mentioned theory, Steven Hall's works are made into a scrutiny.