Evaluating the performance of gamma irradiated okra fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites: comparative study with jute/PP

A. N. M. Masudur Rahman,Shah Alimuzzaman,Ruhul A. Khan,Jamal Hossen 한국의류학회 2018 Fashion and Textiles Vol.5 No.1

In this study, two bast fibers such as okra and jute were selected to manufacture composites taking polypropylene (PP) as matrix material by means of compression molding technique with maintaining 40% fiber content on the total weight of the composites. Investigation was done on tensile properties such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (EB%), bending properties such as bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM) and impact properties like impact strength (IS) and hardness (Shore-A) of the composites. From analyzed data, it was found that Okra/ PP composites showed very competitive mechanical properties to Jute/PP composites. Non-irradiated okra composite showed the value of TS, TM, BS, BM, IS and hardness to be 32.2 MPa, 602 MPa, 55.6 MPa, 3.6 GPa, 19.54 kJ/m2 and 95 (Shore-A), respectively, whereas that value for non-irradiated jute composite was 35.5 MPa, 629 MPa, 71.5 MPa, 4.5 GPa, 21.48 kJ/m2 and 96 (Shore-A), respectively. The composite samples were exposed to different intensities of gamma radiation (250‒1000 krad) at a dose rate of 330 krad/h and changes in mechanical properties were examined. Both irradiated composites (500 krad) showed significant improvement of mechanical properties compared to that of the non-irradiated composites. Maximum TS, TM, BS, BM and IS value were found to be 41.9 MPa, 685 MPa, 72 MPa, 4.7 GPa and 22.6 kJ/m2, respectively for irradiated okra composite and 45.3 MPa, 717 MPa, 88 MPa, 6.7 GPa and 24.3 kJ/m2, respectively for irradiated jute composite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the surface groups of the composites. Water absorption, degradation behavior of the composites under soil and heat medium were also performed. Degradation tests revealed that okra composite retained its original mechanical properties higher than that of jute composite. The morphology of the composites was inspected by scanning electron microscope.

Effect of Biofertilizers on Vegetative Growth of Okra

M. Nuruzzaman,M. Ashrafuzzaman,M. Zahurul Islam,M. Rafiqul Islam 韓國作物學會 2003 Korean journal of crop science Vol.48 No.2

An experiment was carried out at the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from March to July, 2001 to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on morpho-physiological characters of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. There were nine treatments such as ~textrmT0 (control), ~textrmT1 (Azotobacter biofertilizer), ~textrmT2 (Azospirillum biofertilizer), ~textrmT3 (Azotobacter+Azospirillum biofertilizers), ~textrmT4 (Azotobacter+Cowdung 5 ton ~textrmha-1 ), ~textrmT5 (Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton ~textrmha-1 ), ~textrmT6 (Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton ~textrmha-1 ), ~textrmT7 (Cowdung 5 ton ~textrmha-1 ) and ~textrmT8 (60% Nitrogen). The experimental results revealed that significant variations exist among the treatments regarding morphological characters e.g. plant height, number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, tap root length, and physiological characters like, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate. Number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, root length, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate were found higher in ~textrmT4 , ~textrmT5 , ~textrmT6 and ~textrmT8 than the others. In all the parameters, ~textrmT8 gave the similar result with biofertilizers in combination with cowdung treatments and ~textrmT7 showed identical with ~textrmT0 (control). Biofertilizer treatments had insignificant effect on 1000-seed weight(g). Experimental results mentioned above revealed that morpho-physioligical characters of okra could be modified by the application of biofertilizer+cowdung. However, biofertilizers+Cowdung treatments were comparable to ~textrmT8 (60% Nitrogen) in this study. This suggests that ~textrmT4 or ~textrmT6 or ~textrmT5 were more benificial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative of inorganic nitrogen by saving cost of production and sustaining productivity.

Effect of Biofertilizers on Vegetative Growth of Okra

Ashrafuzzaman, M.,Nuruzzaman, M.,Islam, M.Zahurul,Islam, M.Rafiqul The Korean Society of Crop Science 2003 Korean journal of crop science Vol.48 No.2

An experiment was carried out at the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from March to July, 2001 to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on morpho-physiological characters of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. There were nine treatments such as $\textrm{T}_0$ (control), $\textrm{T}_1$ (Azotobacter biofertilizer), $\textrm{T}_2$ (Azospirillum biofertilizer), $\textrm{T}_3$ (Azotobacter+Azospirillum biofertilizers), $\textrm{T}_4$ (Azotobacter+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_5$ (Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_6$(Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_7$ (Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$) and $\textrm{T}_8$ (60% Nitrogen). The experimental results revealed that significant variations exist among the treatments regarding morphological characters e.g. plant height, number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, tap root length, and physiological characters like, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate. Number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, root length, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate were found higher in $\textrm{T}_4$, $\textrm{T}_5$, $\textrm{T}_6$ and $\textrm{T}_8$ than the others. In all the parameters, $\textrm{T}_8$ gave the similar result with biofertilizers in combination with cowdung treatments and $\textrm{T}_7$ showed identical with $\textrm{T}_0$ (control). Biofertilizer treatments had insignificant effect on 1000-seed weight(g). Experimental results mentioned above revealed that morpho-physioligical characters of okra could be modified by the application of biofertilizer+cowdung. However, biofertilizers+Cowdung treatments were comparable to $\textrm{T}_8$(60% Nitrogen) in this study. This suggests that $\textrm{T}_4$ or $\textrm{T}_6$ or $\textrm{T}_5$ were more benificial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative of inorganic nitrogen by saving cost of production and sustaining productivity.

In-vitro assessment of food consumption, utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.), on okra crop

Ahmad Nawaz,Habib Ali,Muhammad Sufyan,Muhammad Dildar Gogi,Muhammad Jalal Arif,Abid Ali,Muhammad Qasim,Waqar Islam,Noman Ali,Imran Bodla,Madiha Zaynab,Khalid Ali Khan,Hamed A. Ghramh 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.1

The lepidopteran insect pests have significant importance in vegetable production. The present study was performed to investigate the baseline studies about the assessment of feeding and consumption potential, utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on Okra. The data regarding feeding potential, food utilization and consumption indices as well as losses of different larval instars were recorded and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The results showed that, in the beginning, the approximate digestibility of various instars was increase, e.g. third instar (51.36%–64.03%), fourth instar (63.42%–69.45%) and fifth instar (70.25%–76.10%). However, after a certain period, the digestibility was decreased and efficiency to convert the ingested food into biomass varied significantly. The consumption index values increased with an increase in time but the consumption and growth rate was declined of fourth instar larvae. The ingestion and digestion increased of third (10.01–13.06, 8.32–11.91 mg), fourth (11.27–17.28, 10.96–14.03 mg) and fifth (12.60–19.40, 11.93–15.28 mg) larval instars. The corrected weight of consumed leaves increased with a gain in body weight. However, in the third instar, a decline was observed on the last day of feeding. Maximum leaf area was consumed by fifth instar larvae (44.66 cm 2 ) followed by fourth (35.41 cm 2 ) and third (27.98 cm 2 ) instars. In conclusion, all the dependent parameters, including food utilization potential, consumption indices and losses were higher for fifth instar larvae than others. These results emphasized the re-establishment of fundamental (economic threshold level: ETL, economic injury level: EIL) integrated pest management concepts.

Soil Properties, Okra Performance and Nutrient Compositions as Affected by Tillage and Maize Cob Ash

Aruna Olasekan Adekiya,Taiwo Michael Agbede,Christopher Muyiwa Aboyeji,Kehinde Abodunde Adegbite,Oluwagbenga Dunsin,Timothy A. Adekanye,Charity O. Aremu 한국작물학회 2019 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.22 No.2

Alfisols, the dominant soil order in southwest Nigeria in which crops are grown possess unfavorable peculiarities such as low inherent fertility and acidity. These limitations can be ameliorated by tillage and organic manuring. Therefore, field experiments were conducted during the 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons to assess the effects of tillage methods and maize cob ash (MCA) on soil properties, yield, growth, mineral, and vitamin C contents of okra fruit. The experiment consisted of 3x3 factorial combinations of three tillage methods (zero-tillage ZT, manual ridging MR, and plowing plus harrowing P+H) and three rates (0.0, 3.0, and 6.0 t ha-1) of application of MCA. Tillage methods and MCA influenced soil physical and chemical properties, performance, mineral and vitamin C contents of okra fruit significantly. MCA increased soil K, Ca, Mg, okra yield, growth, mineral and vitamin C contents of okra fruits up to 3 t ha-1 level after which there was a decrease. The order of reducing bulk density and soil chemical properties, increasing porosity, yield, growth, mineral and vitamin C contents of okra was: ZT > MR > P+H. Tillage appears to be indispensable for sustainable okra production on Alfisol of southwest Nigeria. Growth and yield of okra in this study was dependent on soil physical properties and chemical properties such as pH, OM, N, and K. Combination of P+H and 3 t ha-1 MCA produced better yield, growth, mineral and vitamin C contents of okra compared with other combinations of tillage with MCA. Addition of MCA to either P+H or MR is important to reduce the limitation of acidity associated with tropical Alfisol.

Effects of Drying Methods on the Physicochemical and Compressional Characteristics of Okra Powder and the Release Properties of its etronidazole Tablet Formulation

L. G. Bakre,K. T. Jaiyeoba 대한약학회 2009 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.32 No.2

A study has been made of the effects of sun and oven drying methods on the physicochemical characteristics and compressibility of Okra powder and the release properties of its metronidazole tablet formulation. Corn starch was used as the reference standard. The mechanical properties of the tablets were evaluated using crushing strength and friability, while the release properties were determined using the disintegration times and dissolution rates. The results obtained showed that sun-dried Okra powder had smaller particle size, exhibited good flow and possessed higher hydration and swelling capacities compared to the oven dried samples. The compressibility of Okra powders assessed by the indices of plasticity from Heckel (Py) and Kawakita plots (Pk) showed that sun dried Okra powders had higher Py but lower Pk values than the oven-dried Okra powder. Metronidazole tablets formulated with oven dried Okra powder formed stronger tablets than tablets containing sun dried Okra powder. Generally, tablets containing sun dried Okra powders had faster disintegration and dissolution than tablets formulated with oven-dried powder. The results suggest that the choice of drying method during the processing of pharmaceutical raw materials is critical to its physicochemical properties and the release properties of its tablet formulations.

볶음 오크라 종자의 주요 기능성분 분석

안율균,장기창,김천환 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.22 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the general characteristics of raw okra seeds and the functional componentsof roasted okra seeds. The number of okra seed per pod was 78 in ‘Greensod’ and 88 in ‘Beny’. The weight ofokra seed per pod of ‘Greensod’ and ‘Beny’ were 4.4 g and 6.3 g, respectively. Free amino acid contents of the stir-fryand fresh okra seeds were measured as 2.69 mg · g−1 and 0.31 mg · g−1. Total polyphenolic compound content of the stirfryokra seeds was estimated as 12.61 mg CGA · g−1, compared to 2.54 mg CGA · g−1 fresh okra seeds, Thus, free aminoacid and total polyphenolic compound contents in the stir-fry okra seeds were higher than fresh one, Antioxidant activities,such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging in the stir-fry okra seeds was the higher than fresh okra seeds. 본 연구는 오크라 종자를 볶았을 때의 기능성을 성분을 분석하여 용도 다양화를 위한 볶음차로의 이용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 수행하였다. 꼬투리 당 오크라 종자의 수는 ‘그린소드’ 품종이 78개, ‘베니’ 품종이 88개이었고, 과실 당 종자무게는 각각 4.4g과 6.3g이었다. 볶은 오크라 종자의 유리아미노산 함량은 2.69mg · g−1으로생체종자의 0.31mg · g−1에 비해 8.7배나 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 볶은 오크라 종자가12.61mg CGA로 서 생체 상태보다 5배 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 오크라 종자의 항산화 활성은 DPPH 및ABTS의 경우 볶은 오크라 종자가 생체 상태의 오크라종자 보다 약 2배 이상 월등히 높게 나타내었다.

Egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) of Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Okinawa Island, a pest of okra in Japan

Tetsuya Adachi-Hagimori,Serguei Vladimirovich Triapitsyn,Takumi Uesato 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.3

The fairyfly Anagrus (Anagrus) japonicus Sahad (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is identified for the first time as an egg parasitoid of the okra leafhopper Amrasca (Sundapteryx) biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Okinawa Island, Japan. Amrasca biguttula is a serious pest of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae), both in Okinawa and Bonin Islands. Female of A. japonicus is redescribed, and its previously unknown male is described, based on the reared specimens from Okinawa. Prior to this study, host associations of A. japonicus were unknown. Another species of Mymaridae, Arescon enocki (Subba Rao and Kaur), also emerged from eggs of A. biguttula on okra in Okinawa, albeit in much smaller numbers. Introduction The okra leafhopper (Fig. 1), Amrasca (Sundapteryx) biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), is also known by other common names, e.g., [Indian] cotton leafhopper and cotton jassid. Its distribution range includes the Oriental region, Micronesia, and parts of the Central (Afghanistan) and Eastern Palaearctic region such as Japan and some provinces of mainland China (Xu et al., 2017). Amrasca biguttula is an economic pest of cotton, particularly in India and Pakistan, and also of okra and some other agricultural crops throughout its distribution range. In Japan, A. biguttula is known from Honshu Island as far North as 34.808°N 139.93°E (Dmitriev, 2019), Okinawa Island (Ishikawa and Takahata, 2019) and some other islands of the Ryukyu Islands and also from Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands (Ono et al., 2006) where it is considered an economically important pest of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae). In Okinawa it is also a known pest of pepino, or sweet cucumber, Solanum muricatum Aiton (Solanaceae) (Ishikawa and Takahata, 2019). Egg parasitoids of the okra leafhopper were unknown in Japan prior to this study, and elsewhere only a few had been reported. Subba Rao (1966) first recorded two fairyfly (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of the leafhopper Empoasca devastans Distant, a junior synonym of A. biguttula on cotton in India: Arescon enocki (Subba Rao and Kaur) [as Neurotes enocki Subba Rao and Kaur] and Stethynium empoascae Subba Rao;

Verticillium Wilt of Okra Caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. in China

( Wen-xue Yan ),( Yan-xia Shi ),( A-li Chai ),( Xue-wen Xie ),( Men-yan Guo ),( Bao-ju Li ) 한국균학회 2018 Mycobiology Vol.46 No.3

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has gained more popularity as an economically significant plant for its nutritional and medicinal value, especially in China. During 2014-2016, the root disease of okra was discovered in four okra commercial fields surveyed in China. A fungul was isolated from the infected tissues, and was identified by Verticillium dahliae based on morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity test demonstrated that the fungus was pathogenic on okra, and fulfilled Koch’s postulates. The analysis of three sequences revealed 99-100% identity with the reported V. dahliae strain in GenBank. Neighbor-joining analysis of the gene sequences revealed that the representative isolates were clustered with V. dahliae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Verticillium wilt of okra in China.

Shelling seed machine for okra

( Wen-luh Huang ),( Yi-chen Wu ),( Zhe-yi Li ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

This machine main purpose of the machine is to take off seeds from the ripe and the withered okra pod as to be material to steep drink of coffee form. The principal equipment is composed of the material, cutting head apparatus and taken off the seed apparatus. This machine can be both separated and made up in accordance with function and purpose. When separating, the material and cutting apparatus can be in progress to cut the tender fruit head and let the fresh okra be packed and refrigerated to be on sale in the stores. When making up, it can be applied to take off the seed homework for the ripe and the withered okra pod. The procedure is to cuts the head first, then to take off the seed homework from taking off two gyro wheels with difference speed in the seed apparatus. Through taking off the seed test, the result shows that taking off seed rate can reach 99.4% at most at present. This machine not only can be popularized to okra peasants and the food industry, but also can develop the okra seed to be health product of bubble of hanging type at the same time.