다 빈치 그림 다시 읽기:〈모나 리자〉에 나타난 웃음의 미학

최용찬 문화사학회 2009 역사와 문화 Vol.18 No.-

This paper has an intention to re-read a most famous picture of Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa. According to the first critic, G. Vasari, her smile should be a pleasing one, and his pleasing smile discours is until now wildly accepted, and it is by no means easy to be disproved. But E. H. Gombrich proposed not long time ago that da Vinci’s picture Mona Lisa should be re-readed on the whole, and he expressed his sentiments that her smiling should have even a sad look. It can be highly evaluated that he revealed at last that a discours of G. Vasari could be a myth. At this point my critical question begins: Even though E. H. Gombrich was right to find out the new meaning of her smile, his evidence for that assertion has to be retrospective. In other words, what is the evidence that is necessary enough to prove the sad smile of Mona Lisa? In order to answer this question, I shall suggest three important points. First, I think that the critic of G. Vasari has only the half truth. His detailed descriptions are very helpful to interpret the aura of the masterpiece, but those have vulnerable points. Then he explained even about her eyebrows, although there was no eyebrow in her face. It has raised the question that he had never seen the picture, and from then on his appreciation has been considered as a myth. At this very point a new reading of Mona Lisa begins as the art historian E. H. Gombrich suggested it. According to him, her smile could be interpreted even as a sad one. Second, the reason why her countenance could be red as sad is to be analysed at three points as follows―contraposto, sfumato, and the natural background. Of these points the most important thing is the natural background. To perceive that da Vinci painted two faces of the nature at the both sides of Mona Lisa, it is the point of the view. The two natures hold respectively three factors in common―the road, the water, and the mountain. The road at the left is curve, the road at the right is straight. The lake at the left is placid, the lake at the right is dangerous. The mountain at the left is tender, the mountain at the right is rough. On the whole, the nature at the left is masculine, and the nature at the right is feminine. It is natural that Mona Lisa looks ambiguous around this double environment. Lastly, the sad smile of Mona Lisa is in connection with the sad memories of the painter and the model. Da Vinci was born as an illegitimate child, and at five he had to be separated from his own mother, who married again to another man. This sad life during his childhood remained in his unconsciousness as a trauma. This trauma revived again when he met Mona Lisa. On the other hand, Mona Lisa had also the same trauma. When she was seated as a model in front of the famous painter, she was really happy because her husband’s business was flourishing, settled rightly in a new house, and gave birth to a another child. But at this very happy instance she remembered her child’s death three years ago. In this meaning it is said that Mona Lisa’s sad smile means ‘the aesthetic of sadness and downfall.’

고추의 LISA 모형개발(模型開發)을 위한 기술(技術)·경제적(經濟的) 요인분석(要因分析)

황영현 ( Hwang Young-hyun ),최정 ( Choi Jung ),김충실 ( Kim Chung-sii ),김병도 ( Kim Byung-do ) 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

고추 연작지에서의 녹비작물의 효과를 구명하기 위하여 자운영을 포함한 5개 녹비작물을 동계간에 재배한 결과 자운영은 월동한 개체가 전연없이 동계간에 모두 동사하였으며 나머지 4종류 녹비작물의 건물중은 호밀〉 밀〉 보리〉 이탈리안 라이그라스의 순이었는데, 호밀의 경우 ha 당 건물중이 4.1톤이었다. 녹비작물 재배는 고추의 연작장해, 특히 고추 연작지에서 가장 문제가 되는 고추역병(Phytophthora capsisi)의 발생을 경감시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 果長과 果直徑이 증가하여 고품질의 고추생산이 가능하였다. 1년차로 퇴비만을 시용한 경우 고추의 생육과 수량은 화학비료를 시용한 구에 비하여 떨어지는 결과를 보였으나 퇴비시용량이 증가할수록 그 차이가 줄어들었으며 토양중의 유기물 함량이 높아져 퇴비의 지속적 肥效가 인정되었다. 고추영농의 경우 저투입지속농업(LISA)과 일반관행농업을 비교해 보면, 수익-비용 분석결과를 중심으로 한 주요 경제적요인과 기술적요인 양측 모두 뚜렷한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 LISA에 의한 고추영농을 발전시키려면 단순히 기술진보 뿐만 아니라 다양한 현실적 목표를 조화시킬 수 있는 LISA 고추영농에 필요한 다목표 의사결정모형을 개발할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. The total amount of dry matter for the green manure crops was great wheat> rye> barley> Italian ryegrass in that order. The green manure crops were verified to have the reducing effect of injury of successive cropping in pepper, mainly reducing the occurance of the most important pepper disease, Phytophthora capsisi, and enhancing the pepper quality in the fruit length and diameter. The direct Seeding using current commercial pepper variety was proved as not economical one. In the first year of compost application, the growth and yield of red pepper were rather somewhat decreasing compared with those of check plot applied with organic fertilizers. Compost application increased the content of organic matter in soil, which suggested compost could be applied for the sustainable purposes. In preference analysis about taking the new technique, the smaller farmer's cultivation area the more they wanted to accept the LISA. In the economical and technological fator analysis, the LISA farming, compared with the conventional one, could be possible to save 12% in the inorganic fertilizer expenses but wasted 412% ant 163% in both organic fertilizer and operator labor expenses, respectively. At the same time, the LISA decreased 16% in production cost but increased 225% and 139% in organic fertilizer quantity and operator labor hours. Since there was a great deal of difference in technological and economic factors from two farming methods, LISA multi-goal decision modeling is further required.

Production and Economic Factor Analysis for the Low Input Sustainable Agriculture(LISA) of Red Pepper

황영현,최정,김충실,김병도,Hwang, Young-Hyun,Choi, Jung,Kim, Chung-Sil,Kim, Byung-Do 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

고추 연작지에서의 녹비작물의 효과를 구명하기 위하여 자운영을 포함한 5개 녹비작물을 동계간에 재배한 결과 자운영은 월동한 개체가 정연없이 동계간에 모두 동사하였으며, 나머지 4종류 녹비작물의 건물중은 호밀> 밀> 보리> 이탈리안 라이그라스의 순이었는데, 호밀의 경우 ha당 건물중이 4.1통이었다. 녹비작물 재배는 고추의 연작장해, 특히 고추 연작지에서 가장 문제가 되는 고추 역병(Phytophthora capsis)의 발생을 경감시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 果長과 果直徑이 증가하여 고품질의 고추생산이 가능하였다. 1년차로 퇴비만을 사용한 경우 고추의 생육과 수량은 화학비료를 사용한 구에 비하여 떨어지는 결과를 보였으나 퇴비 사용량이 증가할수록 그 차이가 줄어들었으며, 토양중의 유기물 함량이 높아져 퇴비의 지속적 肥效가 인정되었다. 고추영농의 경우 저투입지속농업(LISA)과 일반관행농업을 비교해 보면, 수익-비용 분석결과를 중심으로 한 주요 경제적요인과 기술적요인 양측 모두 뚜렷한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 LISA에 의한 고추영농을 발전시키려면 단순히 기술진보 뿐만 아니라 다양한 현실적 목표를 조화시킬 수 있는 LISA 고추영농에 필요한 다목표 의사결정모형을 개발할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. The total amount of dry matter for the green manure crops was great wheat> rye> barley> Italian ryegrass in that order. The green manure crope were verified to have the reducing effect of injury of successive croppingin peper, mainly reducing the occurance of the most important pepper disease, Phytophthora capsisi, and enhancing the pepper quality in the fruit length and diameter. The direct seeding using current commercial pepper variety was proved as not economical one. In the first year of compost application, the growth and yield of red pepper were rather somewhat decreasing compared with those of check plot applied with organic fertilizers. compst application increased the content of organic matter in soil, which suggested compost could be applied for the sustainable purposes. In preference analysis about taking the new technique, the smaller farmer's cultivation area the more they wanted to accept the LISA farming, compared with the conventional one, could be possible to save 12% in the inorganic fertilizer expenses but wasted 412% ant 163% in both organic fertilizer and operator labor expenses, respectively. At the same time, the LISA decreased 15% in production cost but increased 225% and 139% in organic fertilizer quantity and operator labor hours. Since there was a great deal of difference in technological and economic factors from two farming methods, LISA multi-goal decision modeling is further required.

모나리자, 다시 살다-레오나르도 다 빈치 초상화의 비밀

전한호 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2014 인문과학연구논총 Vol.35 No.1

<Mona Lisa>, ein weltberühmtes Bild, das Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1503-1506 schuf, ist in der Kunstgeschichte immer noch nicht genügend erläutert. Ein Grund dafür mag eine fiktive Aura des Werkes sein, die auf der Phantasie eines Vorgestellten gegenüber dem eigentlich Sichtbaren beruht. Weiterer Grund für das Mißverständnis der <Mona Lisa> liegt im Übersehen deren Gattung. Das Werk gehört in erster Linie zu einem Porträt, das ein unausweichliches Ziel hat, die abwesende Person wie anwesend, sogar lebendig vor Augen des Betrachters darzustellen. Leonardo da Vinci, der bereits als ein Kind so talentiert und ehrgeizig war, wie Vasari über das Schmücken eines Schildes mit fabelhaften Tieren berichtete, wollte sicher kein Routinenwerk, sondern ein Meisterwerk, das bis dahin niemand geschaffen hat, nämlich ein lebensechtes Porträt wie <Mona Lisa>. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird es vor allem versucht, <Mona Lisa> als ein Porträt zu betrachten, wofür sich die bisherigen Forschungen als ein marginales Problem interessierten. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden Leonardos Porträts erblickt, bei denen sich das körperliche sowie psychische Bewegungsmotiv immer mehr zum wichtigen Faktor entwickelt wird. Leonardo gebraucht dies im Porträt als ein wesentliches Milieu, um dem Betrachter den Porträtierten möglichst lebensnah zu bringen. Der zweite Teil analysiert das Werk wieder in 3 Elementen, die <Mona Lisa> weltberühmt machten: dem Lächeln, sfumato, dem Hintergrund. Erstens, das Lächeln übernimmt eine grundlegende Funktion, den Dargestellten lebendig zu erscheinen, was seit Antike ein Hilfsmittel bevorzugt war (Beispiele: Anavysos Kouros und der Verkündigungsengel in Reims). Zweitens, sfumato, das eigentlich die Umrißlinie auslässt, gilt auch als eine Technik, durch die Leonardo vor dem Augen des Betrachters die Figur dreidimensional wirken lässt. Drittens, der uneinheitliche Blickpunkt des Hintergrundes lässt die Porträtierte in unterschiedlichen Grössen erscheinen. Wenn man sich den höheren Blickpunkt einnimmt(rechts), sieht die Frau kleiner aus, aber beim niedrigeren umgekehrt grösser(links). Durch die Analyse dieser drei Elementen wird die Absicht Loenardos in <Mona Lisa> offenschtlich, eine neue Era des Porträts ins Leben zu rufen.

The research of the art transformation phenomenon based on the Mona Lisa mounts point

Yang Yun-lei,Yang Yong 한국공학안전보건예술학회 2015 한국공학예술학회 논문지 Vol.7 No.1

The Mona Lisa is a famous painting created by Da Vinci (1503~1506) and has a history for more than 500 years. The halo for this art is still reflecting in the world for the time being and it has led the art trend. Contemporary artists also have an attempt to take it as the carrier to lead their works to the transformation. “Mona Lisa” thusly has become the carrier of art transformation phenomenon.

서울시 창조도시 공간패턴 탐색: AHP와 LISA 기법을 적용하여

고동식 ( Dong Sik Ko ) 서울대학교 지리교육과 2013 地理敎育論集 Vol.57 No.-

도시 경쟁력으로 평가받는 창조도시 담론은 도시체계를 중심으로 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 그러나 도시 공간은 일정할 수 없는 까닭에 창조적인 도시라 할지라도 근린지구에서부터 접근할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 근린지구인 행정동을 단위로 서울의 도시내부구조를 분석하여 창조도시 공간패턴을 탐색하는 데 목표를 둔다. 특히 기존 연구를 바탕으로 실증적 지수를 고안하여 정량적으로 도시 내부구조를 파악하는 데 의의가 있다. 연구방법론으로는 종합창조지수를 고안하기 위하여 산업 창조성 지수, 문화 창조성 지수, 다양성 지수를 도출하여, 상대적이고 주관적인 창조도시의 속성을 측정하기 위한 AHP를 이용하였다. 또한 LISA 기법을 통해 높은 속성값이 몰려 있는 클러스터를 판별하여 서울시 내부구조에서 창조공간이 분산되어있는지 혹은 집중되어있는 지를 판별하였다. 결론적으로 서울시의 창조공간은 크게 도심일대, 강남구 일대, 영등포구 여의도동, 금천·구로 일대, 관악구 대학동으로 판별되었으며, 도심일대와 금천·구로 일대는 LISA를 통해 유의미한 클러스터로 파악되었다. The discourse of ‘the Creative city’ as a competitive edge of city has been studied on the urban system in general. However, the city space can`t be even. That`s why it is needed to approach it from the neighborhoods although the city is the creative city. Therefore, this study aims to explore ‘Creative city spatial patterns’ in Seoul, analyzing the internal structure of Seoul by the regional scale ‘Dong’, the smallest administrative scale. Also, this study has significance of understanding the urban internal structure by the quantitative index. This synthetic index is deducted from three indexes such as creative industry index, creative culture index, diversity index by AHP, the decision-making method through comparing relative and subjective values. Besides, the study shows the cluster where high values are agglomerated by the LISA method. In conclusion, the creative city space in Seoul is located in the CBD, the Gangnam district, the Guro-Geumcheon district, Yeongdeungpo-gu Yeouido-dong, and Gwanak-gu Daehak-dong. The CBD and the Guro-Geumcheon district are regarded as the significant cluster.

모놀로그의 전유

김영덕(Kim, Yung-Duk) 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.57 No.-

This paper examines how Lisa Kron appropriates the conventions of monologue to create an experimental play that deals with themes of the decentered subject, memory reconstruction, and performance as process. Kron has made her name with autobiographical solo performances, but in Well she tries her hand at literary drama, combining autobiographical monologue and conventional dramatic action. The result is a unique polyphonic (mono)drama in which multiple voices contest the narrator’s monologue and artistic endeavor. Weaving together mimetic and diegetic narratives to explore “universal issues” of health and illness, Lisa, the narrator and the alter ego of the playwright, reconstructs her memories and reenacts scenes from the past. Her attempts at memory reconstruction and artistic completion fall through as her mother Ann interferes with her narratives, the actors drop character, and unwanted people interrupt scenes. These characters knock the narrator off course and turn the action of the play in unexpected directions. Confrontations with Ann and the actors lead to metadramatic discussions about the play and constitute it as a work-in-process, especially in the metaleptic moments in which Lisa’s search for identity conflates with her explorations of a “new” dramatic form.

모놀로그의 전유: 리자 크론의『건강』에 나타난 다성적 (모노)드라마와 정체성

김영덕 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.58 No.-

This paper examines how Lisa Kron appropriates the conventions of monologue to create an experimental play that deals with themes of the decentered subject, memory reconstruction, and performance as process. Kron has made her name with autobiographical solo performances, but in Well she tries her hand at literary drama, combining autobiographical monologue and conventional dramatic action. The result is a unique polyphonic (mono)drama in which multiple voices contest the narrator’s monologue and artistic endeavor. Weaving together mimetic and diegetic narratives to explore “universal issues” of health and illness, Lisa, the narrator and the alter ego of the playwright, reconstructs her memories and reenacts scenes from the past. Her attempts at memory reconstruction and artistic completion fall through as her mother Ann interferes with her narratives, the actors drop character, and unwanted people interrupt scenes. These characters knock the narrator off course and turn the action of the play in unexpected directions. Confrontations with Ann and the actors lead to metadramatic discussions about the play and constitute it as a work-in-process, especially in the metaleptic moments in which Lisa’s search for identity conflates with her explorations of a “new” dramatic form.

Study of Impression Formation Difference by Eyebrow Morphology: Focusing on Leonardo Da Vinci’s Artwork, Mona Lisa

이지원,남미우 한국미용예술경영학회 2022 미용예술경영연구 Vol.16 No.1

Makeup on eyebrows is one of important factors that can change the individuality and image of the face. Typically, it can be said that the eyebrows are significantly influenced by the shape of the face. However, in the current situation of wearing a mask due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is thought that the shape of the eyebrows has become more important due to exposure only around the eyes instead of being affected by the face shape. However, many people do not know what kind of eyebrow shape suits them and what type of eyebrows they have, although they can change their impressions by eyebrow shape. Therefore, in this study, the impression factors formed by each of the six eyebrows are not affected by the shape of the face, and a stimulus is made using a constant image, Mona Lisa, to investigate the difference in impression according to the shape of the eyebrows. As a result of the study, it was found that the image of the original photo of Mona Lisa was gentle, classic, and plain image was felt the most. On the other hand, in the image of the Mona Lisa’s eyebrow-shaped stimulus photo, the standard eyebrows give a hard and sharp image, and the straight eyebrows give a good-looking, likable, capable, and modest image. In addition, angular eyebrows gave a hard and sharp image, arched shape gave an active and gentle image, raised gave a hard and sharp image, and drooping type gave a warm and dull image. Through the results obtained from these studies, it is thought that it will be helpful for people to know and express the shape of the eyebrows that stand out the image and personality they need. In addition, it is a situation that is being affected by a decrease in the purchase of cosmetics due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to overcome this, we hope that it will be helpful in the field of sales promotion and marketing of eyebrow products.

다문화가족 이민자의 한국어실력 결정요인에 관한 연구

민성희(Seong Hee Min),박정호(Jung Ho Park) 한국아시아학회 2013 아시아연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 다문화가족의 밀집거주지를 파악하고 다문화가족 이민자의 밀집거주가 한국어실력에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 특히, 다문화가족 이민자를 출신국별로 구분하여 읍·면·동 행정구역 단위에서 LISA분석을 통해 밀집거주지를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 다문화가족 이민자의 밀집거주와 한국어실력의 관계를 Ordered Probit 모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. LISA분석을 통해 다문화가족 밀집거주지의 공간적 분포 패턴을 파악한 결과 전반적으로 중국인 밀집 거주지는 수도권에 자리 잡고 있었다. 반면에 베트남인 밀집거주지는 수도권 외곽지역과 남동 연안 공업지대에 형성되어 있었으며, 필리핀인 밀집거주지는 서해안을 따라 충청권과 호남권에 형성되는 분포 패턴을 보여줌으로써 출신국에따라 밀집거주지의 분포가 매우 상이함을 알 수 있었다. Ordered Probit 모형을 이용한 한국어실력 결정요인 분석결과에 의하면 다문화가족 이민자의 밀집거주가 다른 인종에 비해 상대적으로 한국어수준이 높은 중국 출신 이민자의 한국어실력에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 기존 다문화가족의 거주공간과 언어습득에 관한 연구에서 파악할 수 없었던 전국 차원의 밀집거주지 분포 패턴을 규명하고 다문화가족 이민자의 밀집거주와 한국어실력의 관계를 파악하였다는데 의의를 둘 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze determinants of Korean language proficiency among immigrants of multicultural family in Korea. This study focused on the relationship between language acquisition and living in ethnic enclaves which is identified spatial clusters at the level of eup-myeon-dong by LISA analysis. To measure the relationship, ordered probit model is applied to Korean speaking, reading, and writing skills of immigrants from China, Vietnam, and Philippines. The main results are as follows; First, while Chinese enclaves are generally located in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Vietnamese enclaves are considerably more concentrated in outskirts of SMA or Dongnam region and Philippine enclaves are concentrated in west side of Korea. Second, Korean language proficiency of immigrants is inhibited by living in ethnic enclaves where many others speak the home country language. This negative role of ethnic enclaves in language acquisition significantly affects immigrants from China.