多重「不定語モ」構文の認可条件 - 統語処理原理の観点から -

박강훈 한국일본어학회 2019 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.60

The purpose of this paper is to examine licensing condition of multiple indeterminate+mo constructions from the perspective of syntactic processing. Park (2017) indicates that there is a limit to clarify the true licensing conditions of multiple negative polarity item (hereafter, NPI) constructions including sika 'only' merely through generative grammar. Park (2017) focuses on linguistic phenomena that argument-adjunct asymmetry appears in both the multiple NPI constructions including sika and the prosodic structures. Park (2017) argues that it is possible to clarify the licensing condition of multiple NPI constructions from the perspective of syntactic processing. However, this research approach does not apply to multiple indeterminate+mo constructions such as dare-mo nani-mo tabe-nakka-ta ‘nobody ate anything’. This is because the type of Case-marking between indeterminate+mo and sika is different, even if they appear in the same adjunct positions. In other words, host NP of indeterminate+mo has structural Case, whereas sika has inherent Case. Therefore, this paper suggests that a different research approach is needed for the licensing condition of multiple indeterminate+mo constructions. The arguments of this paper are as follows: (i) Syntactic processing of Japanese multiple NPI constructions varies depending on types of NPIs. The syntactic processing of multiple indeterminate+mo constructions is distinct from one of multiple NPI constructions including sika. (ii) Syntactic processing of the multiple indeterminate+mos are determined by Case-marking, semantic role, and animacy of each indeterminate+mo phrases. (iii) The above-mentioned claims are also supported by Similarity-based Interference constraints. 본고의 목적은 부정극성어 '誰も/何も(이하, '부정어モ')'가 동일 절 내에서 다중 공기한 소위 다중 '부정어モ' 구문(예: 誰も何も食べな かった)의 인가조건을 통어처리원리의 관점에서 밝히는 것이다. Park(2017)은 생성문법이론만으로는 'しか'가 포함된 다중부정극성어구문(예: 私たちは歌でしか何も返せない)의 인가조건을 밝히는 데에 한계가 있다고 지적하고, 통어처리원리의 관점에서 'しか'가 포함된 다중부정극성어구문의 인가조건을 밝히고 있다. Park(2017)은 논항-부가부의 비대칭성(argument-adjunct asymmetry)이 'しか'가 포함된 다중부정극성어구문과 음률구조(prosodic structure)에 있어 공통적으로 나타난다는 언어현상에 주목하고, 통어처리원리를 통해 다중부정극성어구문의인가조건이 해결 가능하다고 주장한다. 그러나 이와 같은 연구 접근방식은 '誰も何も食べなかった'와 같은 다중 '부정어モ' 구문에는 적용되지 않는다. 그 이유는 이 구문에서의 '부정어モ'는 'しか'와 유사하게 부가부 위치에 나타난다고는 하나, 격표식의 유형이 달라 상이한 음률구조를 갖고 있기 때문이다. 다시 말해, '부정어モ'의 경우는 구조격(Structural Case)인데 반해, 'しか'의 경우는 내재격(Inherent Case)이다. 이에본고에서는 다중 '부정어モ' 구문의 인가조건을 'しか'가 포함된 다중부정극성어구문의 경우와는 다른 연구 접근방식이 필요하다고 제안한다. 본고의 주장을 정리하면 다음과 같다. (i) 일본어 다중부정극성구문의 통어처리는 해당 부정극성어의 유형에 따라 달라진다. 다중 '부정어モ' 구문의 통어처리는 'しか'가 포함된 다중부정극성어구문의 경우와는 달리 다음과 같은 통어처리를 갖는다. (ii) 다중 '부정어モ'는 각각의 '부정어モ' 구의 pro가 갖는 ➀격표식, ➁의미역할, ③유정성(animacy)에 의해 통어처리가 결정된다. (iii) 상술한 주장은 유사성에 의한 간섭(Similarity-based Interference) 제약에 의해서도 지지된다.

임상적 치료 결정을 위한 갑상선 미결정 결절의 분자 표지자 검사

김형규,소의영 대한갑상선학회 2019 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.12 No.1

Thyroid nodules are the most common endocrine tumor. Ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) are currently accurate diagnostic tools for evaluating thyroid nodules. However, 10-30% of FNA specimens are cytologically indeterminate. Making an accurate diagnosis between benign and malignant nodules is important so that patients with malignant nodule receive proper treatment and patients with benign nodule can avoid unnecessary treatment. Several genetic changes such as point mutations of the BRAF or RAS and rearrangements of the RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, PAX8/PPARY are used to adjust to indeterminate FNA. Such a mutational analysis has an excellent positive predictive value (PPV), but there is a weakness in the low negative predictive value (NPV). Gene-expression classifier (GEC) has been found helpful in identify nodules that are benign rather than malignant. GEC has an excellent NPV, but there is a weakness of low PPV. Multiplatform mutational and miRNA test (MPT) and next-generation sequencing assay (NGS) are being studied to compensate for these weaknesses. Molecular tests appear to be a good solution for improving the accuracy of indeterminate FNA cytology specimens and support the clinical management decisions in patients with indeterminate cytologic nodules, but further prospective multicenter trials are required for validation of reported findings and need evaluation of cost-effectiveness. This paper will review recently available molecular diagnostic tools of thyroid nodule.

거트루드의 불확정적/가역적 유혹

김은경 ( Yeun Kyong Kim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2015 현대영어영문학 Vol.59 No.1

This study aims to define Gertrude’s desire as an indeterminate desire, which acts as a veil. It cannot be explained by any particular criterion, but regards it as an expression of Baudrillard’s concept of Seduction. Baudrillard’s Seduction Theory helps to overcome the irrationality of binary opposition structures that produce only Homogeneity, excluding Others. Gertrude’s indeterminate desire could never be formed to comply with a patriarchal society, which Ghost and Hamlet intended. However, her veiled desire only seductively intrigues and attracts the two men further to stay around her, stimulating them to try to find out what her desire involves. As such, her indeterminate and reversible seduction(desire) allows her to free herself from the two men’s domination as she plays upon and disrupts their patriarchal sexual norms.(Daegu University of Foreign Studies)

韓日両言語における「밖에」と「しか」の統語的認可条件

박강훈 한국일본학회 2010 日本學報 Vol.83 No.-

In this paper, I discuss syntactic licensing condition of bakk-e-anh-da (hereafter, bakk-e) ‘only’ in Korean and shika-nai (hereafter, shika) ‘only’ in Japanese. Arguments of this paper are as followed:(1) Unlike previous studies, syntactic licensing condition of bakk-e and shika is not the same. (2) shika is directly licensed by Neg. (3) bakk-e is a kind of multifunctional expression unlike shika. In other words, there exist two different usages in bakk-e. Usage of bakk-e1 corresponds to one of shika while usage of bakk-e2 does to one of igai-nai or hoka-nai. Moreover, syntactic licensing condition of bakk-e1 and bakk-e2 is different. Namely, bakk-e1 is directly licensed by Neg, unlike bakk-e2. For bakk-e2, it is not bakk-e2 that is licensed by Neg but covert Indeterminate-do such as amu-do ‘anyone’, amugeos-do ‘anything’, amude-do ‘anywhere’. In previous studies, there are two different approaches to syntactic licensing condition of bakk-e and shika. First approach suggests that bakk-e and shika are directly licensed by Neg. Second approach proposes that it is not bakk-e and shika that are licensed by Neg but covert Indeterminate-do for bakk-e and covert Indeterminate-mo such as dare-mo ‘anyone’, nani-mo ‘anything’, dokoni-mo ‘anywhere’ for shika. However, there are some problems for each approach. First of all, first approach cannot explain why bakk-e is able to appear in adversative predicate, whereas shika is not able to. Second of all, second approach cannot explain when bakk-e or shika is in the non-argument positions such as adjunct positions. In other words, the approach can explain only when bakk-e or shika is in the argument positions. Therefore, this paper suggests that the arguments of previous studies should be modified.

Patients with Isolated Focal Right Ventricular Dyskinetic Segments: Toward a Better Understanding of This Cohort

Mohamad Jihad Mansour,Omar Hamoui,Joseph Asmar,Elie Chammas,Wadih Ayoub,Jihad Daher,Wael A. AlJaroudi 한국심초음파학회 2019 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.27 No.2

BACKGROUND: The 2010 revised Task Force criteria for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) provided guidance for the classification of patients as definitive, borderline or possible ARVC. However, many patients with clinical suspicion for ARVC have isolated RV dyskinetic segments only and partly meet cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging criteria. This subgroup of patients and the implication of this imaging finding remain not well defined. METHODS: There were 65 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion for ARVC who were referred for CMR between 2015 and 2017. The presence of fatty infiltration and fibrosis were assessed using T2 imaging and myocardial delayed enhancement sequences, respectively. RV wall motions, volumes and ejection fraction (EF) of all patients were re-analysed and quantified. Available data on family history, Holter findings, and electrocardiograms were also reviewed. RESULTS: There were 5 patients (7.7%) that fulfilled major CMR criteria for ARVC: 4 were classified as having definitive ARVC; and 1/5 as borderline. There were 33 patients with no RV dyskinetic segments: none were classified as having definitive or borderline ARVC; 4/33 were classified as possible ARVC, leaving 29/33 as normal or no ARVC. Finally, there were 27 remaining patients (41.5%) with isolated RV dyskinetic segments: 1/27 was classified as definitive ARVC; 4/27 as borderline; 8/27 as possible; leaving 15/27 as indeterminate. Compared to control, those with isolated RV dyskinesia (including the subgroup labelled as indeterminate 15/27) had more abnormal RVEF, larger RV end-diastolic volume index (82 ± 12 mL/m2 vs. 72 ± 12 mL/m2, p-value 0.0127), and a trend for higher odds of dilated RV (odds ratio 3.0 [0.81–11], p-value 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with a clinical suspicion for ARVC, almost 40% had isolated focal RV dyskinetic segments with the majority remaining unclassified. This cohort had more RV dilation and abnormal EF compared to control.

소년범에 대한 부정기형과 불이익변경금지의 원칙

조지은 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2023 法學論文集 Vol.47 No.1

The issue of the target judgment is whether the standard of violation of the principle of prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant for a juvenile sentenced to indeterminate sentence in the first instance who reaches the age of 19 before the court of appeal, if the judicial panel reverse the indeterminate sentence to determinate sentence in the court of appeal. The majority opinion ruled that the principle of responsibility, prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant, and the purpose of Juvenile Act of adoption of indeterminate sentence system in comprehensive consideration, the standard should be based on the intermediate between long-term and short-term indeterminate sentence. In this article, the arguments of the target judgment were refuted by reviewing the majority opinion based on the principle of responsibility, prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant, and the purpose of Juvenile Act of adoption of indeterminate sentence system. First of all, it is natural that indeterminate sentence is imprisonment and should meet the principle of responsibility. The view that short-term or intermediate-term sentences meet the principle of responsibility is not valid because they exceed the principle, and the view based on the overall is not valid because there is no specific answer to what criteria determine the scope of responsibility. Next, the principle of prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant comes from policy consideration to guarantee the defendant's entitle to lodge appeal, and it does not have an obligation to actively reflect to the defendant in the court of appeal, but it has a passive meaning of preventing the defendant from psychologically shrinking due to the risk of change to the severe sentence. In practice, the indeterminate sentence system is operated as a determinate sentence with the expiration of its long-term sentence, and juvenile prisoners can fully expect to be released only after the long-term sentence expires unless they are released on parole. Therefore the standard of disadvantage must be a long-term sentence in the indeterminate sentence, so even if it is judged whether it is disadvantageous based on the long-term sentence, it cannot be considered as violating the defendant's entitle to lodge appeal from the standpoint of juvenile prisoners. Finally, since the determination of punishment of indeterminate sentence under the Juvenile Act should be based on long-term sentence by responsibility and it is interpreted passively so that the short-term sentence should be decided within the scope of not significantly violating the necessity for punishment. In the end, it is reasonable to assume that the sentence that meets the responsibility in the indeterminate sentence is the long-term sentence, and that the short-term sentence has been prepared in criminal policy considerations. Eventually, considering the principle of responsibility, the purpose of the principle of prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant, and the purpose of the indeterminate sentence system, it is reasonable to compare the long-term and determinate sentence to determine whether violating the principle of prohibition of judgment disadvantageous to defendant, it is regrettable that the target judgment, which saw the intermediate-term between long and short-term sentences as a reasonable standard, is simply a compromise between long-term and short-term theories.

Indeterminate lupus anticoagulant results: Prevalence and clinical significance

Khaldoun Alkayed,Kandice Kottke-Marchant 대한혈액학회 2011 Blood Research Vol.46 No.4

Background :Reports of indeterminate lupus anticoagulant (LAC) results are common; however, no published data on their prevalence or clinical significance are available. We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with indeterminate LAC. Methods :We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and serologic characteristics of 256 unselected patients with LAC results. Results :Indeterminate results were observed in 32.7% of LAC profiles that were least frequent (25.4%) when activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was normal, most frequent (39.8%) when aPTT was elevated, and were observed in 35% of patients taking warfarin. The final indeterminate LAC cohort included 65 patients with a mean follow-up of 18 months. Malignancy and autoimmune disease were present in 29% and 25% of patients, respectively. The most common thrombotic events were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (28%), cerebral ischemic stroke (14%) and pulmonary embolism (14%). Patients with indeterminate results were more likely to be men, older, and with a history of DVT, superficial thrombosis, or myocardial infarction than patients with negative tests (N=106). Concurrent warfarin therapy was more prevalent in the indeterminate group, but was not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, none of the variables showed statistical significance. During follow-up, 10 of 16 patients with indeterminate results showed change in classification upon retesting. Conclusion :Patients with indeterminate LAC results were common, and their clinical characteristics differed from those with negative results. There is a need for a prospective study of the clinical history of patients with indeterminate LAC results.

Management and Clinical Outcomes of Indeterminate Hepatic Nodules Detected by Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

( Mizelle Dsilva ),( Jai Young Cho ),( Ho Seong Han ),( Yerlan Taupyk ),( Yoo-seok Yoon ),( Hae Won Lee ),( Jun Suh Lee ),( Boram Lee ),( Junyub Kim ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: Some liver nodules remain indeterminate despite hepatocyte-specific contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with CRLM. Our objective was to study the natural course and evaluate possible treatment strategies for indeterminate nodules in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients who underwent liver resection for synchronous or metachronous CRLM in whom MRI revealed ‘indeterminate’ or ‘equivocal’ nodules between January 2008 and October 2018. Patients were followed up until October 2019 or until death (median, 18 months; range, 1-130 months). Results: The incidence of patients with indeterminate nodules on MRI was 15.4% (60 of 389). Synchronous lesions were found in 60% (n=36) and solitary indeterminate nodules were found in 71.67% (n=43). The sensitivity and specificity of IOUS for detecting indeterminate nodules were 73.68% and 93.75%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 96.6%. Over half of the patients followed up had benign nodules (58.8%). On comparing characteristics of patients with benign or malignant nodules in the follow up group, the ratio of positive lymph nodes to total number of lymph nodes resected (pLNR) was significantly greater in patients with malignant nodules (P=0.006). Conclusions: IOUS could be considered as an adjunct to MRI in patients with indeterminate nodules owing to its high positive predictive value. The pLNR could be used to help select which patients can undergo conservative therapy, at least in metachronous CRLM.

불확실 세포병리결과를 보이는 갑상선 결절에서 초음파 진단

하종근,김동욱,강태우 대한초음파의학회 2011 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.30 No.3

Purpose: We wanted to assess the diagnostic efficacy of thyroid ultrasound (US)for evaluating thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Materials and Methods: Among 1865 nodules in 1278 patients who received a prospective US diagnosis of their thyroid nodule(s) and who subsequently underwent US-guided fine-needle aspiration, 130 nodules with indeterminate cytology were enrolled in the study. Each thyroid nodule was prospectively classified by a single radiologist into 1 of 5 diagnostic categories: “benign”, “probably benign”, “indeterminate”,“suspicious for malignancy” and “malignant.” The solid nodules were classified using all 5 categories and the partially cystic nodules classified using 4 categories (“indeterminate”was omitted). We calculated the diagnostic efficacy of thyroid US by comparing the US diagnoses with the pathology results. Results: Of 130 nodules with indeterminate cytology (130/1865, 7.0%), 62 nodules were surgically removed. Nineteen nodules were assigned to the indeterminate category on US. The malignantly rate of the US-indeterminate category was 56.5%(35/62). The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were 81.0%, 81.8%, 81.0%, 81.8% and 81.4%, respectively, when US-indeterminate nodules were excluded. There was no significant difference of diagnostic efficacy when these nodules were reclassified as malignant, but there was a significant difference of diagnostic efficacy when these nodules were reclassified as benign. Conclusion: Our US classification may be a feasible method for managing thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology.

제1심에서 소년법이 적용되어 부정기형을 선고받은 피고인이 항소심에 이르러 성년에 도달하여 정기형을 선고하여야 하는데, 피고인만이 항소를 한 경우, 불이익변경금지 원칙 위반 여부를 판단하는 기준

조은경 사법발전재단 2021 사법 Vol.1 No.55

In a case where a determinate sentence ought to be handed down as majority is attained by the criminal defendant in the appellate trial where the criminal defendant alone appealed after the criminal defendant, who corresponded to a juvenile at the time when the judgment of the first instance was rendered, had been sentenced to an indeterminate sentence, the appellate court cannot render a determinate sentence which is more severe than the indeterminate sentence in accordance with the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration. In such a case, how to determine the upper limit of a determinate sentence that may be rendered by the appellate court comes into question. In other words, how to establish the standard for determining whether the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration is violated when the appellate court ought to change an indeterminate sentence rendered by the first instance court into a determinate sentence becomes the issue of this case. The previous decisions rendered by the Supreme Court took a stance that short term of an indeterminate sentence ought to be the standard on the grounds that it obviously corresponds to advantageous alteration in that a chance to be released is given if short term has passed where an indeterminate sentence was rendered, and such chance is lost where a sentence exceeding short term is rendered. However, it is alleged that the previous decisions rendered by the Supreme Court ought to be changed to the effect that it is unfair in that, if the appellate court cannot hand down the sentence exceeding short term on the grounds that majority is attained by the criminal defendant in this case, this is inconsistent with the purpose of the Juvenile Act, stipulating that special measures under criminal dispositions, which is advantageous and flexible, shall be applied only to juveniles at the time of sentencing the judgement; leads to violation of the principle of the balance of crime by excessively constraining sentencing discretion of the appellate court; and causes unconditionally advantageous result to the criminal defendant to be guaranteed beyond the purpose of the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration, which was introduced for a policy-level purpose of preventing the exercise of right of appeal from being discouraged. In response, the Supreme Court, through the subject case, examined whether the previous decisions rendered by the Supreme Court, which have taken a stand supporting the short term standard theory, are reasonable as the legal doctrine appropriate to regulate current changing situation in various aspects. The Dissenting Opinion (short term standard theory) and Concurring Opinion (long term standard theory), each of which was quite convincing, were suggested, but the Majority Opinion assessed what extent of sentence among them is relatively superior as a standard which may be in tune with the purpose of the Juvenile Act, responsibility principle, principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration by viewing long term and short term of an indeterminate sentence and all kinds of sentences from short term to long term of an indeterminate sentence as being coextensive, and, as a consequence, determined that the middle term sentence, corresponding to the center between long term and short term of an indeterminate sentence, can be the relatively superior standard. It has great significance in that the subject case made up for irrationality, which may occur when being based on the short term standard theory and long term standard theory, by establishing the middle term sentence as a standard for determining whether to constitute violation of the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration, and adopted a practical way in which the purpose of various institutions surrounding the instant issue can be most appropriately harmonized. 피고인이 제1심판결 선고 시 소년에 해당하여 부정기형을 선고받았고, 피고인만이 항소한 항소심에서 피고인이 성년에 이르러 정기형을 선고하여야 하는 경우, 항소심은 불이익변경금지 원칙에 따라 제1심에서 선고한 부정기형보다 무거운 정기형을 선고할 수 없다. 이때 항소심이 선고할 수 있는 정기형의 상한을 어떻게 정할 것인지가 문제 된다. 즉, 항소심이 제1심의 부정기형을 정기형으로 변경해야 할 때 불이익변경금지 원칙 위반 여부를 판단하는 기준을 어떻게 설정할 것인지가 이 사건의 쟁점이다. 종전 대법원판결은 부정기형이 선고된 경우 단기가 지나면 석방가능성이 부여되므로 단기를 초과하는 형을 선고하는 경우 이러한 석방을 받을 기회를 상실케 하는 점에서 불이익변경이 명백하다는 이유로, 부정기형의 단기가 기준이 되어야 한다는 입장이었다. 그런데 이 사건에서 피고인이 성년에 도달하였다는 이유로 항소심에서 단기를 초과하는 형을 선고할 수 없다고 한다면, 유리하고 탄력적인 형사처분상의 특별조치를 판결 선고 당시 소년에게만 적용하도록 한 소년법의 취지와 조화되지 않고, 항소심의 양형재량을 과도하게 제약하여 죄형균형의 원칙에 위배되는 결과를 초래하며, 상소권 행사가 위축되는 것을 방지하기 위한 정책적 목적으로 도입된 불이익변경금지 원칙의 취지를 넘어 피고인에게 무조건 유리한 결과를 보장하는 결과가 초래되어 부당하다는 취지에서, 종전 대법원판결이 변경되어야 한다는 주장이 제기되었다. 이에 대법원은 대상판결을 통하여 단기 기준설을 취한 종전 대법원판결이 현시점의 변화된 현상을 규율하기에 적합한 법리로서 타당한지 여부를 다양한 측면에서 심사하였다. 각각 충분한 설득력이 있는 반대의견(단기 기준설)과 별개의견(장기 기준설)도 제시되었지만, 다수의견은 부정기형의 장기와 단기, 부정기형의 단기부터 장기에 이르는 수많은 형 모두를 동일한 선상에 두고, 그중에서 어느 정도의 형이 소년법의 취지, 책임주의 원칙과 불이익변경금지 원칙 사이에서 조화를 이룰 수 있는 기준으로서 상대적으로 우월한지 여부를 평가하였고, 그 결과 부정기형의 장기와 단기의 정중앙에 해당하는 중간형이 상대적으로 우월한 기준이 될 수 있다고 판단하였다. 대상판결은, 중간형을 불이익변경금지 원칙 위반 여부를 판단하는 기준으로 정하여, 단기 기준설과 장기 기준설을 취하였을 때의 불합리를 보완할 수 있도록 절충하고, 이 사건 쟁점을 둘러싼 여러 제도의 취지가 가장 적절하게 조화될 수 있는 실용적인 방식을 채택하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.