Host Plant Management Techniques for the Cultivation of Viscum album var. coloratum (Kom.) Ohwi

Bo Duck Lee,Hyeong Min Seo,Cheol Ho Park 한국자원식물학회 2016 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.29 No.6

Research has found that the management of the host plant is essential to mistletoe cultivation. A Trunk injection test on the host plant that contained a mixture of indole-3-butryc acid (IBA) and liquid fertilizer was conducted with respect to the improvement of the one year survival rate of mistletoe. As a result, the trunk injection experiments showed the effect of the IBA and liquid fertilizer mixture in all treatments. This mixture was effective to increase the survival rate of mistletoe by 20% with the IBA at 100 ㎎/L and Hyponex at 100 ㎎/L. The examination proved that the host plant fertilizer effect was the most effective treatment for organic fertilizer with 60% added NPK (4-2-1). Its effects were higher compared to the control at the length and diameter of one-years-old branches in the host plant, even when the parasitic mistletoe improved its growth in length, diameter, and number of branches. Comparing the control and host plant fertilizer, the latter was the most effective way to process 20 ㎏ per a treatment effect in the experimental site and to process at any time after the inoculation. This treatment is effective to improve the growth of mistletoe by watering the host plant three times per week. Therefore, the management of the host plant is an essential element in the successful cultivation of mistletoe, not only to supply fertilizer and plant hormones to the host plant in the initial inoculation time but also to provide organic fertilizer and irrigation for the host plant.

Predicting the Host Range of Quarantine Pests with Olfactory Receptor Neuron Profiling

Kye Chung Park 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

Phytophagous insects detect volatile compounds produced by host and non-host plants, using species-specific sets of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). To investigate the relationship between the range of host plants and the profile of ORNs, single cell recordings were carried out to identify ORNs and corresponding active compounds in female Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), an oligophagous eucalypt feeder. Based on the response profiles to 39 plant volatile compounds, 13 classes of sensilla containing 40 classes of ORNs were identified in female U. lugens. More than 95% (163 out of 171) of these sensilla contained 16 classes of ORNs with narrow response spectra, and 62.6% (107 out of 171) 18 classes of ORNs with broad response spectra. Among the specialized ORNs, seven classes of ORNs exhibited high specificity to 1,8-cineole, (±)-citronellal, myrcene, (±)-linalool and (E)-β-caryophyllene, major volatiles produced by eucalypts, while nine other classes of ORNs showed highly specialized responses to green leaf volatiles, germacrene D, (E)-β)-farnesene and geranyl acetate that are not produced by most eucalypts. We hypothesize that female U. lugens can recognize their host plants by detecting key host volatile compounds, using a set of ORNs tuned to host volatiles, and discriminate them from non-host plants using another set of ORNs specialized for non-host volatiles. The ORNs with broad response spectra may enhance the discrimination between host and non-host plants by adding moderately selective sensitivity. Based on our finding, it is suggested that phytophagous insects use the combinational input from both host-specific and non-host specific ORNs for locating their host plants, and the electrophysiological characterization of ORN profiles can be used for predicting the range of host plants in phytophagous insects.

Evolutionary host shifts across plant orders despite high host specificity in tree stem surface-living Stomaphis aphids inferred from molecular phylogeny

Matsuura Takumi,Yamamoto Tetsuya,Matsumoto Yoshiyuki,Itino Takao 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.4

We reconstructed Stomaphis phylogeny and analyzed evolutionary host-plant shifts. The molecular phylogeny revealed 23 well-supported lineages, each specialized to use specific host plant family, whilst host plants of Stomaphis aphids ranged across 6 orders, 11 families, 21 genera, and 28 species. This combination of high host specificity with evolutionarily distant host shifts is exceptional in herbivores. To explain this pattern, we propose one hypothesis among several possibilities: Stomaphis aphids are generalists with respect to the defensive chemicals produced by the plant, but specialists with respect to the stem surface structure of the host tree. This hypothesis predicts that tree taxa having stem surface structures preferred by Stomaphis would be used again and again by genetically distinct Stomaphis lineages. Consistent with this prediction, we found that different (occa sionally phylogenetically distant) Stomaphis lineages shared the same host plant genera such as Alnus and Betula. This result suggests that, in the course of their evolutionary history, Japanese Stomaphis aphids have repeatedly colonized a limited number of host plant genera.

Effect of a non‐host plant Phaseolus vulgaris on larval performance and oviposition of the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

임현주,강택준,김형환,양창열,김익수,김동환,안승준 한국곤충학회 2016 Entomological Research Vol.46 No.2

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is a specialist herbivore feeding on a few plants of the Solanaceae family including tobacco. Larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta were investigated in a non‐host plant, Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) in comparison with two solanaceous host plants, Nicotiana tabacum and Datura stramonium. Larvae provided with the P. vulgaris leaf died off at day 15, whereas 50% and 40% of larval populations fed on the leaves of N. tabacum and D. stramonium, respectively, survived at day 15. Larval growth upon feeding showed significant difference between the non‐host plant (P. vulgaris) and the host plants (N. tabacum and D. stramonium), but it was not significantly different between the two host plants. In the no‐choice experiment of oviposition, gravid females laid more eggs in N. tabacum and D. stramonium than in P. vulgaris. When the most likely acceptable host plant, N. tabacum, and the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, were subjected to the choice experiment of oviposition, H. assulta females preferred to lay eggs in N. tabacum, where eggs were continuously laid during the whole experiment period. However, eggs in P. vulgaris were hardly detected throughout the period. This study showed that the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, had a negative influence on the larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta, implying neonate stage is critical for larval survivorship, and ovipositional preference by the female is highly specialized to host plants. Further investigation is required to identify non‐host factors, which could be applied to the development of alternative pest management strategy against H. assulta.

Effective Combination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strains and Ti Plasmids for the Construction of Plant Vector System

Kim, Mi Suk,Park, Jeong Ku,Eum, Jin Seong,Sim, Woong Seop 한국식물학회 1996 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.39 No.3

The purpose of this study is to obtain the most efficient combination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains and Ti plasmids for the construction of dicotyledonous plant vector system. Ti plasmid-curing A. tumefaciens A136 and KU12C3 were transformed with four kinds of Ti plasmids, pTiBo542, pTiA6, pTiKU12 and pTiAch5, respectively. The stems of 28 species of dicotyledonous plants were then inoculated with these transformants and examined for crown gall formation. The different combination of A. tumefaciens strains and Ti plasmids showed quite a difference in terms of the crown gall formation. Agrobacterium strains A136 and KU12C3 have a same plant host range in case that both strains barbour the same kind of Ti plasmid, pTiBo542 or pTiAch5. However, the above-mentioned both strains have quite different host range in the event of containing the same Ti plasmid, pTiKU12 or pTiA6. In case that KU12C3 contains pTiA6 or pTiKU12, this strain has a wider plant host range than A136. The plant host range of pTiBo542 is the widest, followed by pTiA6, pTiKU12 and pTiAch5. Twelve plants among 28 tested plants are not transformed by any virulent Agrobacterium strains used in this study. In conclusion, A. tumefaciens KU12C3 and A136 harboring pTiBo542 showed the widest host range for transforming dicotyledonous plants. Also, it was acertained that the host range of Ti plasmids is affected by chromosomal level.

Comparative genomics of 151 plant-associated bacteria reveal putative mechanisms underlying specific interactions between bacteria and plant hosts

Hongsheng Cai,Yan Bai,Changhong Guo 한국유전학회 2018 Genes & Genomics Vol.40 No.8

Although much work has explored how microbes can benefit plant growth, the mechanisms underlying this intriguing process remain largely unknown, especially considering the diversity of bacteria that surrounds plants. The objective of the present study was to identify bacterial genes contributing to plant–microbe associations, beneficial effects, and host specificities. For this purpose, comparative genomics investigation of 151 plant-associated bacteria was performed. A principal component analysis of seven key genomic features revealed patterns in the specific properties of these bacteria: N2- fixing bacteria were more closely related to pathogenic ones than to beneficial bacteria. A common set of genes over-represented in these plant-associated bacteria were found to be remarkably similar in terms of (1) genetic information processing, (2) amino acid metabolism, (3) metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, (4) nucleotide metabolism, (5) human diseases, and (6) metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Although we did not detect a common genetic basis for these beneficial effects, further in-depth analysis revealed that each of five beneficial bacterial groups shared specific gene sets. Functional annotation showed that environmental information processing, genetic information processing and cellular processes predominated in these beneficial groups. Hypothesizing that plant-associated bacteria may have overlapping strategies to colonize their plant hosts, we successfully identified many putative genes that determine host specificities. Most of these genes were classified as transcription factors, enzymes, transporters, and chemotaxis regulators. Comparative genomics provides a powerful tool for helping to identify genes that are common among species. Genome-based views of plant-associated bacteria reveal specific interactions between bacteria and plant hosts.

Biochemical Adaptation of the Oriental Tobacco Budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, to Host-plant Defensive Compounds

안승준 한국응용곤충학회 2022 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.61 No.1

Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in insect-plant interactions. Herbivorous insects have various strategies to cope with the plant defensive compounds. Polyphagous insects feed on a wide variety of plant species, and their detoxification mechanisms are more complex since they tend to respond to a large array of different plant-derived chemicals. Alternatively, oligophagous insects specialize on only a few related plant species and may be expected to have a more efficient form of adaptaton. This adaptation could involve either the production of large quantities of enzymes to detoxify their defensive compounds or the sequestration of the compounds or their metabolites. The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is a specialist herbivore, feeding on a few plants of Solanaceae, such as tobacco and hot pepper. Understanding its host-plant adaptation not provides an important insight on physiology, ecology and evolution of specialist herbivores, but also gives a clue to develop management strategies of the pest species such as H. assulta. This paper briefly reviews the specialist, H. assulta, focusing on its host range, larval associations with the host plants, and detoxification mechanisms to nicotine and capsaicin, two characteristic defensive compounds derived from its two major host plants, tobacco and hot pepper, respectively. It summarizes the relevant research over the last half century and provides a future perspective on this subject

Volatiles from host plant brinjal attract the brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer -Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee

Nusra Mohammed Siddeek Fathima,Udukala Dinusha Nishani,Amarasinghe Lalithanjalie Deepika,Paranagama Priyani Ashoka 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.3

Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer- Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is a major insect pest on brinjal- Solanum melongena worldwide. An effective strategy used in developing pest controlling agents is the synergism between insect pheromones and host plant volatiles, which can increase the attraction of insect pest. The present study was aimed at investigating the chemical constituents and attractant effects of the volatiles extracted from different parts of the host plant brinjal on the behavior of adult L. orbonalis. Bioassay using Y-shaped olfactometer revealed that the one-day old virgin female, gravid female and male insects respond positively to the host plant volatiles extracted from fruits, leaves and shoots but not to that of flowers. It was shown that the gravid females were significantly attracted to all three volatiles (p < 0.05). Bioassay using X-shaped olfactometer identified that all three types of insects highly preferred the volatiles from fruits (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spec trometry analysis of volatiles indicated that brinjal plant produces volatile secondary metabolites, which include 2,2 ′ -(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate (12.11%), 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol (22.38%), Benzyl alcohol (22.9%) and Benzyl alcohol (27.06%) as major constituents from fruits, shoots, leaves and flowers respectively. Responses of insects to the volatiles from host plant in the absence of visual cues direct us to focus on the importance of host plant volatiles to locate the plant. Results of this study emphasize the major role that host plant volatiles play in the attraction of insect pests towards the plant.

보문 : 전남 완도에 서식하는 동백나무와 그 주변 식물의 근권에 분포하는 수지상균근균의 다양성

이은화 ( Eun Hwa Lee ),가강현 ( Kang Hyeon Ka ),엄안흠 ( Ahn Heum Eom ) 한국균학회 2014 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.42 No.1

In this study, the community structures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in rhizospheres of Camellia japonica and neighboring woody plants in Wando, Korea were investigated. Rhizospheres of C. japonica and other woody plants were dominated by the same species, Acaulospora mellea, but Shannon`s index, species richness and total spore numbers of the AMF communities were higher in non-C. japonica than in neighboring plants. Regardless of host plant species, the frequency of A. mellea was significantly high comparing with other AMF species. The community similarity of AMF within C. japonica was significantly higher than between C. japonica and neighboring plants or neighboring plants (p<0.005). Results showed that AM fungal communities in rhizospheres of C. japonica have unique community structure and are different from that of neighboring host plants, suggesting that community structure of AMF could be influenced by host plant species.

한국산 겨우살이과 식물의 형태와 기주별 흡기 특징

최경,박광우,김혁진,이재동,구자춘,황성수 한국식물분류학회 2009 식물 분류학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Anatomical features of both leaves and stems of the four mistletoes in Korea (Viscum album var. coloratum, Korthalsella japonica, Loranthus yadoriki, L. tanaka) and of their secondary haustorial structure within several host plants were investigated. Among the four mistletoes, there were diagnostic characters of the anatomy of leaves and stems which enabled us to distinguish the four taxa. Leaves were observed to have three distinct characters including unifacial or bifacial leaves, the number of vascular bundles in the midveins, and the level of development of sclerenchyma cells. There were four diagnostic characters of stems: overall morphology of stems in transverse view, degree of cuticle development, arrangement of vascular bundles, and features of the sclerenchyma and pith. In order to determine secondary haustorial traits, the research focused on the seven host plants of L. yadoriki and on the five host plants of K. japonica. The following features were found to be important: presence or absence of an aerial runner root, the shape of the haustorial strand and flange, the degree of penetration into host tissues, and their development of shaft in transverse view, the development both of secondary haustorial cells and short tracheid in hyphae. Korthalsella japonica and L. yadorki were clearly distinguished by these characters. The secondary haustorial forms in each host were somewhat different, due to varying degrees of development in the strength of the host plants’ wood. However, qualitative characters like the final position of the secondary haustorial penetration into host tissues and the development of short tracheid cells were not only affected by the degree of development of the host plants, but also useful for the systematic study. 한국에 자생하는 겨우살이과 4종, 겨우살이, 참나무겨우살이, 동백나무겨우살이, 꼬리겨우살이 등에 대해 잎과 줄기의 해부학적 특징과 기주식물별 2차 흡기구조의 해부학적 특징을 조사하였다. 그 결과 잎과 줄기의 해부학적 특징으로 한국산 겨우살이과 4 분류군을 종과 속 수준에서 구별할 수 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 잎에서는 향축면과 배축 면의 축, 중앙맥에 발달된 유관속 형태, 후벽세포의 발달 여부 등이, 줄기에서는 횡단면에서 줄기의 전체적인 형태, 큐 티클층의 발달 정도, 유관속의 배열, 후벽세포와 수의 발달 여부 등이 표징형질로 조사되었다. 기주별 2차 흡 기의 특징을 확인하기 위해 참나무겨우살이와 동백나무겨우살이에서 각각 7종류 및 5종류의 기주식물을 대상으로 지 상부 흡기 발달 정도, 종단면에서 2차 흡기의 모양과 플랜지 발달 여부, 기주내 침투 지역과 흡기 축의 발달 여부, 2 차 흡기에서 흡기세포의 위치와 짧은 흡기 가도관의 발달 여부 등 형질을 조사하였다. 조사된 형질에서 참나무겨우 살이와 동백나무겨우살이는 뚜렷하게 구별되었다. 한편, 기주식물의 강도와 흡기의 발달 정도에 따라 2차 흡기의 전체적인 형태가 기주별로 다소 차이가 있었으나, 침투 지역, 흡기 짧은 가도관 세포의 발달 등 정성적인 형 질들은 기주와 발달 정도에 영향을 받지 않고 항상 일정하여 계통학적으로 의미 있는 특징으로 파악되었다.