세계의 구제역 전파,확산역학 모델 개발 현황과 Davis Animal Disease Simulation 모델 국내 적용 연구

윤하정 ( Ha Chung Yoon ),김한 ( Han Kim ),윤순식 ( Soon Seek Yoon ),김연주 ( Youn Ju Kim ),김병한 ( Byoung Han Kim ),( Jack Coleman ),( Tim Carpenter ) 한국예방수의학회(구 한국수의공중보건학회) 2011 예방수의학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Epidemic models on disease spread attempt to simulate disease transmission and associated control processes. This study reviewed published papers on epidemiological models for the management of foot-and-mouth disease in the world. In addition, an individual animal-based, spatially-explicit, stochastic disease transmission model, the Davis Animal Disease Simulation (DADS) model, was described in the frame of an international collaborative research project participating three countries: Republic of Korea, USA, and New Zealand. In this project, the Korean team is aiming at developing the most appropriate parameters for livestock and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. On the other hand, the purpose of foreign counterparts is validating their models: DADS (USA) and InterSpread Plus (New Zealand). Classification of farm types and preliminary estimations on the frequency of intra-herd contacts were also presented. This research project is expected to provide precious information to plan a strategy that will facilitate the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease from Korea.

QS-21 enhances the early antibody response to oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle

Can Çokçalışkan,Tunçer Türkoğlu,Beyhan Sareyyüpoğlu,Ergün Uzunlu,Ayca Babak,Banu B. Özbilge,Veli Gülyaz 대한백신학회 2016 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: One of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle. Materials and Methods: After vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre. Results: The results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group. Conclusion: Strong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.

Age-dependent immune response in pigs against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro

( Jae-hee Roh ),( Ngoc Anh Bui ),( Hu Suk Lee ),( Vuong Nghia Bui ),( Duy Tung Dao ),( Thanh Thi Vu ),( Thuy Thi Hoang ),( Kyoung-min So ),( Seung-won Yi ),( Eunju Kim ),( Tai-young Hur ),( Sang-ik Oh 한국축산학회 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.6

Foot-and-mouth disease, one of the most contagious diseases in cloven-hoofed animals, causes significant economic losses. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is known to differ with age of the animals. In this study, we aimed to reveal the difference in immunological response in the initial stage of FMDV infection between piglets and adult pigs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 3 piglets (8 weeks old) and 3 pigs (35 weeks old) that were not vaccinated against FMDV. O-type FMDV (2 × 10² median tissue culture infectious dose) was inoculated into porcine PBMCs and the cells were incubated at 37.0℃ under 5% CO₂ for various time periods (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The total RNA was obtained from the FMDV-inoculated PBMCs after each time point, and the virus titer was investigated in these RNA samples. Furthermore, dynamics of mRNA expression of the six tested cytokines (interferon [IFN]-α, IFN-γ, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in FMDV-inoculated porcine PBMCs were evaluated by time-series analysis to determine the differences, if any, based on the age of the pigs. The PBMCs of piglets contained the highest quantity of FMDV mRNA at 6 hours post-inoculation (hpi), and the PBMCs of pigs had the highest quantity of FMDV mRNA at 3 hpi. The mean cycle threshold-value in the PBMCs steadily decreased after the peak time point in the piglets and pigs (6 and 3 hpi, respectively). The dynamics of mRNA expression of all cytokines except TNF-α showed age-dependent differences in FMDV-inoculated PBMCs. The mRNA expression of most cytokines was more pronounced in the piglets than in the pigs, implying that the immune response against FMDV showed an age-dependent difference in pigs. In conclusion, within 48 hpi, the 8-week-old piglets responded more rapidly and were more sensitive to FMDV infection than the 35-week-old pigs, which could be associated with the difference in the pathogenesis of FMDV infection among the pigs. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the age-dependent differences in immune response in pigs against FMDV infection.

열화상 카메라를 이용한 구제역 대응 소 발굽 온도 검출 알고리즘 개발

유찬주(Chan-Ju Yu),김정준(Jeong-Jun Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2016 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.17 No.9

구제역 발생에 따른 피해는 매우 크기 때문에 구제역의 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는 선제적인 구제역 진단 및 대응이 필수적이다. 주요 구제역 증상은 소의 체온 상승, 식욕 부진, 유량 감소, 입⋅발굽⋅유방에 물집 형성 등이며, 이중 확인하기 가장 쉽고 빠른 방법은 체온을 검사하는 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 선제적 구제역 대응을 위해 소 발굽 검출 알고리즘을 개발․구현하고, 축사에 고해상도 카메라 모듈과 열화상 카메라, 온습도 모듈 설치하여 발굽 검색 테스트를 시행하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 알고리즘과 시스템을 통해 구제역 의심 가축의 조기 상황 대처를 할 수 있으며, 가축의 최적 성정 환경을 조성할 수 있다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 기존의 휴대용이 아닌 열화상 카메라를 활용한 구제역 대응 시스템은 축사에 고정으로 부착하여 별도 인력을 필요로 하지 않고 이미지 알고리즘을 통하여 가축의 발굽 온도를 자동 측정하는 기능과 스마트 폰을 활용한 자동 경고 기능을 가지고 있다. 이러한 시스템은 실시간을 구제역 가능성 예측을 가능케 하며, 별도의 인력이 없이 가축 질병에 대한 초동 방역 대응을 할 수 있다. Because damages arising from the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are very great, it is essential to make a preemptive diagnosis to cope with it in order to minimize those damages. The main symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease are body temperature increase, loss of appetite, formation of blisters in the mouth, on hooves and breasts, etc. in a cow or a bull, among which the body temperature check is the easiest and quickest way to detect the disease. In this paper, an algorithm to detect FMD from the hooves of cattle was developed and implemented for preemptive coping with foot-and-mouth disease, and a hoof check test is conducted after the installation of a high-resolution camera module, a thermo-graphic camera, and a temperature/humidity module in the cattle shed. Through the algorithm and system developed in this study, it is possible to cope with an early-stage situation in which cattle are suspected as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease, creating an optimized growth environment for cattle. In particular, in this study, the system to cope with FMD does not use a portable thermo-graphic camera, but a fixed camera attached to the cattle shed. It does not need additional personnel, has a function to measure the temperature of cattle hooves automatically through an image algorithm, and includes an automated alarm for a smart phone. This system enables the prediction of a possible occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease on a real-time basis, and also enables initial-stage disinfection to be performed to cope with the disease without needing extra personnel.

A study on the spatial quarantine system for pig quarantine and prevention of cross-infection:Focusing on pig foot-and-mouth disease

기정훈,성민기,김태엽,김지혜 중앙대학교 국가정책연구소 2023 국가정책연구 Vol.37 No.4

The regulatory and quarantine measures mandated by South Korean legal protocols pertaining to livestock enclosures are deemed inadequate in mitigating the spread of pig foot-and-mouth disease. This inadequacy arises from the deficiency in comprehensive urban and land use planning, particularly in relation to road control and the spatial organization of farms and villages. Therefore, this study aims to prevent astronomical economic losses and psychological damage of pig foot-and-mouth disease to farmers by investigating the elements of livestock construction and spatial design as a strategic approach for pig foot-and-mouth disease control. Additionally, it seeks to underscore the imperative of implementing a novel on-site prevention system, with a pronounced focus on airborne preventive measures. The elements of livestock construction and complex design for pig foot-and-mouth disease control were examined through literature review. Moreover, interviews with related experts and on-site investigation were carried out to improve the existing prevention system and introduce a new spatial prevention system on-site. If both spatial preventive measures regarding construction and complex design and ventilation-oriented air preventive measures are considered simultaneously, it could effectively prevent large-scale livestock diseases and damage due to the lage-scale infectious disease such as pig foot-and-mouth disease. Consequently, this study highlights that the design of complexes of livestock pens need to be designed in connection with air preventive measures centered on ventilation so that financial, legal, and institutional support in the policy arena need to support this new preventive design system.

Molecular characterization of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2009

Le, V.P.,Nguyen, T.,Lee, K.N.,Ko, Y.J.,Lee, H.S.,Nguyen, V.C.,Mai, T.D.,Do, T.H.,Kim, S.M.,Cho, I.S.,Park, J.H. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2010 Veterinary microbiology Vol.144 No.1

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major cause of endemic outbreaks in Vietnam in recent years. In this work, six serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), collected from endemic outbreaks during January and February of 2009 in four different provinces in Vietnam, were genetically characterized for their complete genome sequences. Genetic analysis based on the complete viral genome sequence indicated that they were closely related to each other and shared 99.0-99.8% amino acid (aa) identity. Genetic and deduced aa analysis of the capsid coding gene VP1 showed that the six Vietnamese strains were all classified into the genotype IX from a total of 10 major genotypes worldwide, sharing 98.1-100% aa identity each other. They were most closely related to the type A strains recently isolated in Laos (A/LAO/36/2003, A/LAO/½006, A/LAO/6/2006, A/LAO/7/2006, and A/LAO/8/2006), Thailand (A/TAI/2/1997 and A/TAI/118/1987), and Malaysia (A/MAY/2/2002), sharing 88.3-95.5% nucleotide (nt) identities. In contrast, Vietnamese type A strains showed low nt identities with the two old type A FMDVs, isolated in 1960 in Thailand (a15thailand iso43) and in 1975 in the Philippines (aphilippines iso50), ranging from 77.3 to 80.9% nt identity. A multiple alignment based on the deduced amino acid sequences of the capsid VP1 coding gene of type A FMDV revealed three amino acid substitutions between Vietnamese strains and the strains of other Southeast Asian countries (Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines). Alanine was replaced by valine at residue 24, asparagine by arginine at residue 85, and serine by threonine at residue 196. Furthermore, type A FMDV strains recently isolated in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Malaysia all have one amino acid deletion at residue 140 of the capsid VP1 protein compared with the two old type A FMDV strains from Thailand and the Philippines as well as most other type A representatives worldwide. This article is the first to report on the comprehensive genetic characterization of type A FMDV circulating in Vietnam.

시험 가축 매몰지 토양 및 침출수 내에서의 구제역 바이러스 검출

조호성 ( Ho Seong Cho ) 한국동물위생학회 2012 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, particularly cattle, sheep, pigs and goats. Last outbreak reported in November, 2010 induced the enormous social and eco-nomical impacts. Culling of infected animals, movement control, and vaccination are the major control measures of FMD. The aim of this study was to detection foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the soil and leachate from modeling burial for pig carcass as measured by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FMDV and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) were detected in soil by week 16 and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) by weeks 12, respectively. FMDV and CVB1 also detected by weeks 8 in the leachate. Results from this study provides an evidence that FMDV could be inactivated for safe of pig carcasses infected with FMDV within 4 month in the carcass burial site.

Requirements for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease epidemics

The Korean Vaccine Society 2013 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.2 No.1

<P>Inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently used worldwide. With the emergence of various FMD virus serotypes and subtypes, vaccines must become more suitable for field-based uses under the current circumstances in terms of the fast and proper selection of vaccine strains, an extended vaccine development period for new viruses, protecting against the risk of virus leakage during vaccine manufacture, counteracting the delayed onset of immune response, counteracting shorter durations of immunity, and the accurate serological differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals and multiple vaccination. The quality of vaccines should then be improved to effectively control FMD outbreaks and minimize the problems that can arise among livestock after vaccinations. Vaccine improvement should be based on using attenuated virus strains with high levels of safety. Moreover, when vaccines are urgently required for newly spread field strains, the seed viruses for new vaccines should be developed for only a short period. Improved vaccines should offer superior immunization to all susceptible animals including cattle and swine. In addition, they should have highly protective effects without persistent infection. In this way, if vaccines are developed using new methods such as reverse genetics or vector vaccine technology, in which live viruses can be easily made by replacing specific protective antigens, even a single vaccination is likely to generate highly protective effects with an extended duration of immunity, and the safety and stability of the vaccines will be assured. We therefore reviewed the current FMD vaccines and their adjuvants, and evaluated if they provide superior immunization to all susceptible animals including cattle and swine.</P>

Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease during 2010–2011 Epidemic, South Korea

Park, Jong-Hyeon,Lee, Kwang-Nyeong,Ko, Young-Joon,Kim, Su-Mi,Lee, Hyang-Sim,Shin, Yeun-Kyung,Sohn, Hyun-Joo,Park, Jee-Yong,Yeh, Jung-Yong,Lee, Yoon-Hee,Kim, Min-Jeong,Joo, Yi-Seok,Yoon, Hachung,Yoon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013 Emerging infectious diseases Vol.19 No.4

<P>An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype O virus occurred in cattle and pigs in South Korea during November 2010–April 2011. The highest rates of case and virus detection were observed 44 days after the first case was detected. Detection rates declined rapidly after culling and completion of a national vaccination program.</P>

Effect of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease on growth performance of Korean native goat (<i>Capra hircus coreanae</i>)

Jo, N. C.,Jung, J.,Kim, J. N.,Lee, J.,Jeong, S. Y.,Kim, W.,Sung, H. G.,Seo, S. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.6

<P>The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the effects of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematological parameters, and behavior in a ruminant animal and 2) to investigate a possible strategy for reducing its adverse effect. A total of 12 Korean native goats (<I>Capra hircus coreanae</I>; 19.8 ± 2.9 kg) were used in a crossover design with 3 experimental periods and 3 treatments, randomized and balanced for counteracting possible carry-over effects. The treatments were 1) control, 2) co-injection with a commercially available dipyrone (CADI), and 3) supplementation with γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) at 10 g/kg in concentrate mix. Each period lasted 4 wk, and the vaccination against FMD was performed at 2 wk after the start of each period. The goats were individually housed in a metabolic cage and fed ad libitum with a diet consisting of bermuda grass and commercial concentrate mix (6:4, wt/wt). Dry matter intake, ADG, nutrients digestibility, hematological parameters, and behavioral activities of the goats were measured before and after vaccination. Although DMI was not decreased (<I>P</I> > 0.05), ADG was decreased by the vaccination to the goats (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The total number of leukocytes was increased while that of erythrocytes was decreased by the FMD vaccination (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The vaccination shortened standing time while extended lying time and the time spent in drinking (<I>P</I> < 0.05). The treatment by CADI reduced the adverse effect of vaccination on ADG and goat behavior compared with control and GABA treatment (<I>P</I> < 0.05). We concluded that the FMD vaccination decreased ADG of the goats without depression of diet intake, and CADI may attenuate the adverse effect of the FMD vaccination.</P>