Preparation and Characterization of Poly(butyl acrylate)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composite Latex by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

In-Ho Ju,Jin-Ho Hong,Min-Seok Park,Jong-Pyo Wu 한국유화학회 2002 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.19 No.2

As model waterborne acrylic coatings, mono-dispersed poly(butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate) copolymer latexes of random copolymer and core/shell type graft copolymer were prepared by seeded multi-staged emulsion polymerization with particle size of 180~200 nm using semi-batch type process. Sodium lauryl sulfate and potassium persulfate were used as an emulsifier and an initiator, respectively. The effect of particle texture including core/shell phase ratio, glass transition temperature and crosslinking density, and film forming temperature on the film formation and final properties of film was investigated using SEM, AFM, and UV in this study. The film formation behavior of model latex was traced simultaneously by the weight loss measurement and by the change of tensile properties and UV transmittance during the entire course of film formation. It was found that the increased glass transition temperature and higher crosslinking degree of latex resulted in the delay of the onset of coalescence of particles by interdiffusion during film forming process. This can be explained qualitatively in terms of diffusion rate of polymer chains. However, the change of weight loss during film formation was insensitive to discern each film forming stages-I, II and III.

개항도시의 근대문화 유입과 형성- 부산과 상하이의 영화를 중심으로

곽수경 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2019 인문사회과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

동북아해역을 구성하는 한중일 3국은 개항과 더불어 근대를 시작했고 근대문물을 받아들이기 시작했다. 이때 개항장은 새로운 문화가 유입되고 유통되는 주요한 통로 역할을 했다. 부산과 상하이는 각각 한국과 중국을 대표하는 개항도시로, 이런 역할을 톡톡히수행했다. 대표적인 근대문화양식인 영화 역시 이들 도시를 통해 유통되고 영화문화를형성하는데 있어 선도적 역할을 했다. 하지만 양국의 개항과 정치 상황의 차이로 인해 영화의 유입과 발전, 속성, 소비형태 등의 면에서 차이가 존재한다. 즉 조선은 일본의 독점적 지배구조 하에 있었던 반면 중국은 서구열강들이 각축을 벌이는 상황이었기 때문에조선은 일본의 영향력이 절대적이었지만 중국은 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 독일을 비롯한 다양한 국가가 영향력을 행사했다. 더군다나 일본과 바다를 사이에 두고 마주 바라볼 정도로가까이 있고 15세기부터 왜관을 설치하여 일본과의 교류가 활발했던 부산은 개항 후에는 더욱이 일본의 영향력이 지배적이었다. 한편 상하이는 미국과 영국이 통합한 공공조계와 프랑스조계가 형성되어 미국과 유럽의 영향력이 컸던 반면 일본의 영향은 미미했다. 여기에서는 조선과 중국에 영화가 어떤 경로를 통해 유입되었고, 자국 내에서 유통(배급)되었는지를 살피고자 했다. 영화의 유입과 발전 과정을 보면, 세계적으로 영화는프랑스에서 탄생한 후 유럽, 미국, 아시아로 전파되었는데, 초기에는 상하이를 거쳐 조선으로 유입되다가 차츰 일본에 외국영화 배급사가 설립되고 조선에 그 지사가 생기면서일본을 통해 영화가 유입되는 형태로 전환되었다. 반면 중국은 일찍부터 상하이가 영화의 중심도시가 되어 영화는 대부분 상하이로 유입되었다. 비록 부산이 일본의 영향을 가장 직접적으로 받는 도시로서, 조선에서 극장문화가 가장 먼저 꽃피었고 최초의 영화제작사도 설립되는 등의 모습을 보여주기는 했지만, 영화는 경성에서 가장 먼저 선보였고, 필름의 유통에 있어서도 경성에서 먼저 상영된 다음 지방도시를 순회했으며 영화인들또한 경성에서 활동하여 영화 제작이 이루어졌다. 오히려 전국적으로 조선영화 붐이 일어났을 때도 부산은 그런 현상이 나타나지 않아 식민성을 보여주었다. 반면 상하이는 적어도 1940년대까지 줄곧 중국영화의 중심도시로 성장하여 영화의 전국적 배급과 유통에 있어서 선도적 역할을 한 것은 물론이고 중국영화 제작이 활발히 이루어졌다. 따라서개항장들의 역할과 성격은 일괄적으로 보기 어려우며 다양한 관계와 상황 속에서 개별적 특수성을 살펴야함을 알 수 있다. The modern age for the three countries about the seas of Northeast Asia, Korea, China, and Japan, began with the opening of ports and started to accept modern civilization. Open ports acted as critical pathways for the inflow and distribution of new culture. Busan and Shanghai were representative open port cities of Korea and China and the cities successfully carried out their roles as open port cities. These cities also played a leading role in distributing and establishing the culture of film, which is a representative element of modern culture. However, differences in the port opening and political situations of the two countries resulted in differences in aspects such as the inflow, development, characteristics, and consumption of films. Since Joseon was under the exclusive governance of Japan while Western powers competed over China, the influence of Japan over Joseon was absolute whereas various countries including the US, UK, France, and Germany exerted influence over China. Also, the influence of Japan became all the more dominant after the port opening of Busan where exchange with Japan was active through the establishment of the Waegwan in the city since the 15th century as Busan is located so close to Japan with only a sea in between. On the other hand, the influence of the US and Europe were significant in Shanghai due to the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement, that brought together the US and UK, and the French Concession while Japanese influence was minor.Here, I investigated that pathways Joseon and Chinese films were brought in and distributed within the country. Looking at the process of inflow and development for films, cinema was born in France and was then spread to Europe, US, and Asia. Initially, films flowed into Joseon through Shanghai and then foreign film distributors were gradually established in Japan. Branches of such distributors were then established in Joseon and the inflow of films to Joseon turned to Japan. As for China, Shanghai became a central city for films early on and so most of the films were brought in through Shanghai. Although Busan first saw the blooming of theater culture in Joseon and the establishment of the very first film production companies as the city that was directly influenced by Japan, films were shown for the first time in Kyungsung. The distribution of films also started at Kyungsung where films were shown first followed by the provincial cities. Moreover, cineastes and filmmakers participated in the making of films in Kyungsung. When a nationwide Joseon film boom occurred, this phenomenon did not occur in Busan, revealing the coloniality. On the other hand, Shanghai grew as a central city of Chinese film up until at least the 1940s and played a leading role in the nationwide distribution of films as well as the active making of Chinese films. So it was found that the role and characteristics of the opening of ports are can hardly see in a lump, and need to look at individual specificities in various relationships and situations.

Direct formation of continuous multilayer graphene films with controllable thickness on dielectric substrates

Akiba, Sachie,Kosaka, Masaki,Ohashi, Kei,Hasegawa, Kei,Sugime, Hisashi,Noda, Suguru Elsevier 2019 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.675 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Direct formation of graphene films on dielectric substrates is investigated by the “etching-precipitation” method which converts metal-carbon mixed films to graphene films by etching metal away by Cl<SUB>2</SUB> at 600–650 °C. Here we report a new approach for improved control of the layer number and continuity of the graphene films. Reactive sputtering of Fe in C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>/Ar enabled fine control of the carbon concentrations and thicknesses of the initial Fe-C films, which yielded continuous multilayer graphene films of controllable average layer numbers of ~10–40, low resistivity down to ~240 μΩ cm, and high Raman G-band to D-band intensity ratio up to 16 directly on SiO<SUB>2</SUB> substrates. We also show that the carbon concentration of the initial Fe-C films determines the film continuity and crystallinity of the graphene.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Continuous films of multilayer graphene are formed directly on SiO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Average layer number is controlled for a wide range of ~10–40. </LI> <LI> Raman G-band to D-band intensity ratio up to 16 shows the high graphene quality. </LI> <LI> Such films are obtained by removing Fe from Fe-C films using Cl<SUB>2</SUB> at 600–650 °C. </LI> </UL> </P>

Deterministic surface roughness effects on elastic material contact with shear thinning fluid media

장시열 한국CDE학회 2023 Journal of computational design and engineering Vol.10 No.6

The formation of lubrication films is described using the hydrodynamic lubrication theory, which is based on the Reynolds equation that includes shear thinning behaviors of lubricant. Contacting surfaces are considered to undergo elastic deformation owing to concentrated contact pressures that exceed 1.0 GPa in most engineering applications. Under the contact condition of a high load on a relatively small contact area, elastic deformation of contacting bodies directly influences the formation of the lubricated film. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis is applied to correctly analyze the lubricated contact. Under an EHL contact, the scale of the lubrication film thickness is frequently less than that of the surface roughness that results from either the manufacturing or running-in processes. In this work, surface roughness is considered in detail, and two-dimensional surface roughness is measured as that characterizing general engineering surface roughness. The deterministic method regarding the surface roughness is considered for computing EHL film formation under several contact conditions such as load, contact velocity, and elasticity of contacting materials.

멀티그레이드 윤활유의 탄성유체윤활 유막 측정 연구

장시열(Siyoul Jang),김승재(Seungjae Kim),김재홍(Jaehong Kim),배대윤(Daeyoon Bae),유성춘(SungChoon Yoo) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2004 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.39 No.-

It is important to decide the minimum film thickness and viscosity variations of a multigrade lubricant in the contact surface under the high pressure conditions. By carrying out acceleration, deceleration, and various sliding-rolling ratio movement between two contact bodies, it is experimented that film formation variations in the contact surface are captured with multigrade lubricants in order to exactly investigate the variations of film formations. Optical interference images are continuously captured with high resolution CCD camera during the captured period of acceleration, deceleration. The friction forces between the contacting bodies are also measured simultaneously with the film formation.

영화의 역사 구성에 관한 언론의 담론 형성 과정 고찰: 5,18 광주민주화운동을 다룬 영화의 담론분석을 중심으로

강승묵 ( Seung Mook Kang ),황인성 ( In Sung Whang ) 한국지역언론학연합회 2009 언론과학연구 Vol.9 No.1

본 연구는 영화와 영화가 구성한 역사에 대해 보도된 언론의 기사텍스트를 분석함으로써 역사와 영화에 대한 담론의 형성 과정과 그 결과가 갖는 함의를 고찰하고자 했다. 이를 위해 국내 일간지 2개사와 영화전문잡지 1개사가 5·18 광주민주화운동을 다룬 세 편의 영화와 관련해 보도한 기사텍스트를 분석했다. 구체적으로, 영화들이 개봉된 이후부터 1년 동안 보도된 기사텍스트를 정치경제적·사회문화적 측면에서 각각 유목화한 후 그 분포도를 분석했고 역사와 역사성, 영화의 역사 구성, 담론, 담론의 형성 체계 등과 관련된 이론과 방법론을 적용했다. 연구결과에 의하면, 5·18 광주민주화운동과 같은 과거의 특정 사건을 역사로 재현한 영화들에 대한 언론보도는 정치경제적 측면에서는 현실 정치권력의 지배 담론을 강화하는 이데올로기의 재생산과 영화자본 중심의 성장담론을, 사회경제적 측면에서는 국가 주도의 폭력을 정당화하고 역사적 해석을 배제한 망각의 담론을 각각 형성하는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 담론들은 영화와 언론으로 하여금 과거의 역사적 사실을 유물로 박제화해 사유화의 도구로 기능하도록 작용함으로써 자본권력과 정치권력의 유지 또는 강화를 위해 새로운 지식을 생산하고 그 지식이 진실임을 주장하도록 작용하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. This study has attempted to explore how media contribute to the formation of discourse regarding the issue of the relationship between particular films and history and its implications. In so doing, this paper has analysed the articles of two Korean dailies and one film magazine in which some commentaries are included with regard to three controversial films that deal with the historical issue of `May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement`. The articles were classified into two major categories, that is, the politico-economic and the socio-cultural ones, and then the study has discussed the discursive formation processes of historical reality of `May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement` in both categories of the selected articles. First of all, according to the findings, the selected media reports tend to contribute to the formation of the discourse of growth that reproduces the dominant ideology serving the dominant political power regime. Secondly, they are found to contribute to the formation of the discourse of oblivion that justifies the violence initiated by the nation and removes the possibility of alternative interpretation of the given history while naturalizing it into fossil as a relic.

Analysis of vertical cracking phenomena in tensile-strained epitaxial film on a substrate: Part I. Mathematical formulation

Lee, S.,Choi, S.T.,Earmme, Y.Y. Elsevier 2006 International journal of solids and structures Vol.43 No.11-12

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This paper presents an analysis of a single vertical crack and periodically distributed vertical cracks in an epitaxial film on a semi-infinite substrate where the cracks penetrate into the substrate. The film and substrate materials have different anisotropic elastic constants, necessitating Stroh formalism in the analysis. The misfit strain due to the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate serves as the driving force for crack formation. The solution for a dislocation in an anisotropic trimaterial is used as a Green function, so that the cracks are modeled as the continuous distributions of dislocations to yield the singular integral equations of Cauchy-type. The Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature formula is adopted to solve the singular integral equations numerically. Energy arguments provide the critical condition for crack formation, at which the cracks are energetically favorable configurations, in terms of the ratio of the penetration depth into the substrate to the film thickness, the ratio of the spacing of the periodic cracks to the film thickness, and the generalized Dundurs parameters between the film and substrate materials.</P>

Engineering of CIGS nanoparticle inks for colloidal stability, uniform film formation and application as HTL for perovskite solar cells

Rouhollah Khosroshahi,Nastaran A. Tehrani,Mozhdeh Forouzandeh,Fatemeh Behrouznejad,Nima Taghavinia,Mojtaba Bagherzadeh 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.106 No.-

In this work, synthesis of CuIn0.75Ga0.25S2 (CIGS) nanoparticles, the formation of stable dispersion, depositionof high-quality films and, fabrication of thin-film Perovskite solar cells are reported. The stability ofnanoparticle ink is crucial in the formation of device-quality films. The chalcogenide-based materials arewidely used in thin-film solar cells; in particular, Cu(In,Ga)S2 are used as an absorber and hole transportinglayer. In the present study, the nanoparticles of about 20 nm size and bandgap of 1.5 eV are synthesizedusing a heat-up method. A variety of solvents are used as dispersing media and the stability of theinks is evaluated by precise optical monitoring. We observe a clear dependence of ink stability to thepolarity index of the solvent, where the best stability occurs at a polarity index of about 0.26–0.36, correspondingto a range of solvents including chloroform. The thin films that are spin-coated using CIGSchloroform ink show large cracks, presumably due to the high vapor pressure of chloroform andevaporation-induced stress in the film. We resolve this problem through low-temperature deposition,which resulted in highly uniform pin-hole and crack-free films. Finally, the optimum deposition conditionis used to fabricate perovskite solar cells having about 16.5% efficiency with CIGS as a hole transportlayer.

Quest for Self in Zeffirelli’s The Taming of the Shrew

전병석 성균관대학교 인문학연구원 2013 人文科學 Vol.0 No.51

Franco Zeffirelli’s The Taming of the Shrew, upon its release in 1967, received both academic and public attention not only because it starred Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, the then-married star couple, as Katherine and Petruchio, but also because it optimized the advantage of film for a creative adaptation of Shakespeare. In this paper, I explore how Zeffirelli uses Shakespeare’s induction of the play to invite the spectators to the world of the filmed Padua. I argue that, by using four different kinds of inductions, Zeffirelli elevates the spectators’ expectation and prepares them for an exciting fantastic turnover of the Paduan society. The four inductions-invitation to the energetic and idyllic Paduan society, studio realism producing picturesque images and scenes, a carnival that provokes and encourages overthrow of the preexisting order, and the starring of Taylor and Burton, famous enough to even overshadow Zeffirelli and Shakespeare- welcome the spectators to a pleasingly vivid screen where Taylor and Burton would certainly commit an act of disruptive idiosyncrasy. Also, by closely examining selected shots in the film, I demonstrate how Zeffirelli illustrates the issue of identity formation: how Katherine transforms herself from a socially defined shrew to an independent entity.

Tribofilm formation in ultrananocrystalline diamond film

Rani, R.,Sankaran, K.J.,Panda, K.,Kumar, N.,Ganesan, K.,Chakravarty, S.,Lin, I.N. Elsevier 2017 Diamond and related materials Vol.78 No.-

Friction and wear properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films are found to be superior, and therefore it could be useful for various applications. However, understanding of the tribological properties with respect to boundary phase composition in this material is not yet well understood. Here, the grain boundary phases such as graphite and amorphous carbon (a-C) of UNCD films were tailored during the chemical vapor deposition process by altering the Argon and Nitrogen gases in CH<SUB>4</SUB> plasma medium. The significance of these grain boundary phases in UNCD film was discussed to explain the tribological properties. In run-in, friction coefficient was high in UNCD<SUB>Ar</SUB> film deposited in CH<SUB>4</SUB> (1%)/Ar plasma condition and it was decreased to lower value after longer sliding distance. However, ultrahigh wear resistance of this film was observed. Here, graphite and a-C phases were insignificant in the grain boundary region as evident from high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Further, chemical bonding of these phases was quantitatively described by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). In contrast, ultralow value of friction coefficient with significantly shorter run-in high friction regime was observed in UNCD<SUB>N</SUB> film deposited in CH<SUB>4</SUB> (6%)/N<SUB>2</SUB> plasma. Such a unique characteristic was described by the nanographite phase encasing the needle-like diamond grain of UNCD<SUB>N</SUB> film, forming core-shell granular structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed nucleation of two dimensional (2D) nanographite particles in the deformed wear track after run-in. This was possible due to the presence of core-shell granular structure in UNCD<SUB>N</SUB> film. Graphitic nature of the shell for needle-like diamond grains in the wear track was investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, graphite and a-C tribofilm phase in the wear track was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) having spatial resolution micrometer scale. Needle-like diamond grains and graphite phase of tribofilm could be one of the primary reasons for the marked reduction in the friction coefficient.