A Study on Fostering Reserve Forces Capable of Demonstrate the Ability to Immediately Respond of the Korean Armed Forces

Jiwon Yun(Jiwon Yun),Ilsoo Bae(Ilsoo Bae) J-INSTITUTE 2022 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to explore the plan to foster the experts in reserve forces of the Korean armed forces based on a review of the operation of reserve forces in foreign countries, such as the United States and Germany, in consideration of the rapidly changing international situation and security changes on the Korean Peninsula following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It is intended to examine the relevant development, and at the same time, while there are differences in terms of policy and implementation aspects, it is intended to make suggestions regarding policy development by deriving implications through the comparative analysis of the reserve forces system of Korea and the United States. Method: Considering the characteristics of this study, it was primarily composed of literature studies such as official documents, research papers, and related degree dissertations of the Korean and U.S. governments, Inter-net materials. As examples of the development of reserve forces in foreign countries, including the United States, case analysis of the reserve forces service system and organization method, reserve forces training, etc., were used. Based on which, various implications were drawn for fostering the reserve forces experts for Korea's elite reserve force. Result: For emphasis purposes, the U.S. and Germany legally maintain the same status as active duty and reserve forces. This is because budgeting and policy establishment for reserve forces are applied in the same manner as in active duty. In particular, the U.S. develops and applies the AGR and ADOS systems based on the legal basis and budget, and operates the reserve force as a unit from the peacetime. However, Korea is currently conducting a short mobilization call training for three days and two nights. In case of emergency, after the gen-eral mobilization order is issued, the unit enters into the relevant unit to increase the mobilization and establish the unit. Moving forward, it is necessary to train the reserve forces experts who can contribute to shortening the gap between peacetime and when the general mobilization order is issued. Conclusion: The lessons learned from the Russo-Ukraine war are the spirit of armed struggle from the leader to the people, the strategy and tactics to operate the weapon system, and above all, the very importance of mobilizing the reserve force that can demonstrate practical combat power in the battlefield in case of emergency. As such, it is very important to prepare a plan for fostering the reserve forces experts in consideration of changes in the international order in the 21st century, declining population, changes in war patterns such as hybrid war-fare shown in the Russo-Ukraine war, and Korea's future defense environment, among the key tasks of the De-fense Reform 4.0.

Developing Indonesia’s Basic Defense Forces

( Purnomo Yusgiantoro ) 한국국방연구원 2017 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.29 No.4

The national resources of Indonesia have a major influence in developing the nation’s basic defense forces. The state’s capacity to provide budgetary and human resources is a major determining factor in building the nation’s basic defense forces. Indonesia is currently not able to leapfrog into the development of ideal defense forces directly due to constraints on national resources. Thus, the first step is to focus on developing basic defense forces until the national resources are sufficiently able to support the development of ideal defense forces. Basic defense forces should be able to counteract not only fundamental threats (e.g. open warfare), but also increasingly non-traditional threats, current and potential, to the nation. An assessment of these non-traditional threats, namely terrorism, cyber attacks, maritime security and internal disturbances, is important in order to design basic defense forces, and it begins with a look at the dynamics of the strategic environment that results in changes in the shape and spectrum of threats. A key geopolitical concern is that the development of basic defense forces is not meant to bring the region into an arms race situation. Rather, pursuing multilateralism and building regional security architecture through international bodies such as ASEAN are crucial to designing basic defense forces to successfully eliminate non-traditional threats, as these are increasingly racing to the forefront of not just national, but also regional, security concerns. This paper will explore how Indonesia builds its basic defense forces with a focus on countering common non-threat traditional threats. In order to build basic defense forces, the strategic environment, the state’s budgetary constraints, the progress of regional defense cooperation and the anatomy of common threats must be understood first.

이스라엘의 안보환경과 국방정책

김강녕 ( Kang-nyeong Kim ) 미래군사학회 2014 한국군사학논총 Vol.3 No.1

This paper is to analyze Israel``s security environment and defense policy. For the purpose of that, this paper searches for Israel``s history and changing security environment, Israel``s defence policy and military strategy, its implications and lessons for Korea, and conclusion. Israel borders Lebanon in the North, Syria in the Northeast, Jordan in the East, Egypt in the Southwest, and the Palestinian territories(or State of Palestine) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the east and southwest respectively. Jordan and Egypt are the only Arab countries to have made peace with Israel. Israel is a republic in Southwest Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea: established in 1948, in the former British mandate of Palestine, as a primarily Jewish state; 8 disputes with Arab neighbours (who did not recognize the state of Israel), erupted into full-scale wars in 1948, 1956, 1967 (the Six Day War), and 1973 (the Yom Kippur War). The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The Israel Defense Forces(founded during the 1948 Arab.Israeli War) is the military forces of the State of Israel, and consists of the army, air force and navy. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with the Mossad and Shabak. The IDF has been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world. The IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists. The nation``s military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons. Israel has about 400 nuclear bombs secretly, and Israel prefers not to discuss the nuclear issue at all. Israel is one of the best equipped militaries in the world and its weapons industry is responsible for many technological advancements in modern warfare. It should come as no surprise, then, that Israel has the capacity to strike its targets with extreme precision. Deterrence also means restoring the standing of the Israel Defence Forces. Israeli military doctrine and its offensive, defensive and deterrence strategies are identified as the most important subcomponents of the security policy. Military service is compulsory in Israel, with men serving three years and women two. Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve three years and women two to three years. In particular, since military service is compulsory in Israel, many young people get a high-tech education unlike any other Although the regional security environment has deteriorated, Israel remains a strong state. Israeli society has displayed remarkable resilience in the past when faced with severe national security tests. Despite the impressionistic reports of a divided Israel, nowadays it is more united than ever, ready to continue to live by its sword. With the right leadership, Israel can make the right choices and weather the current crisis. We should learn many lessons and implication from major features of Israeli defense policy(①Self-reliant national defense posture, ②Reinforcement of military force that value quality over quantity, ③Maintenance of solid deterrence, ④Efficient management of integrated forces and constant reserve forces) and major features of Israeli military strategy(①Preemptive strike, ② Transferring the battlefield to the enemy’s territory, ③Promoting the quickest decisive victory). History may repeat itself if we do not learn our lessons from the sore past that we should be strong enough to repel aggression from any nation. The moment we forget, history will repeat itself. We always should keep in mind the universal lesson of history that we have to prepare for war if we really want peace.

미래 예비군 운용 혁신 방향 고찰 연구

윤준업(Jun-Up Yun),윤천성(Chun-Sung Youn) K-콘텐츠학회(구 한국평생교육리더십학회) 2023 평생교육리더십연구 Vol.10 No.2

본 논문은 미래의 예비군 운용 혁신 방향에 대한 문헌 고찰을 통해 우리나라의 예비군 체제를 미래 안보 환경에 최적화시키기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 연구 방법으로는 국내외의 예비군 관련 논문과 서적, 정부 보고서 등을 분석하여, 미래예비군 업무 혁신 방향에 대한 이론적 근거와 사례를 제시하고 있다. 연구 결과, 미래의 예비군은 현대 기술을 적극 활용하여 전투력을 강화해야 하며, 이를 위해 인공지능, 자율 로봇, 드론과 같은 기술의 효과적인 운용 방안과 전략을 모색해야 한다는 결론을 내리고 있다. 또한, 빠르게 변화하는 안보 환경에 대응하기 위해 예비군은 신속한 대응능력과 유연성을 키워야 하며, 인구 감소 시대에 있어 예비군 병력을 확보하기 위해 비상근 예비군 확대와 여성 예비군 퇴역 제도 개선 등을 통해 인력을 보강하는 노력이 필요하다는 것을 강조하고 있다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 미래의 예비군 업무 혁신을 위한 정책 수립과 제도 개선에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 다만, 미래의 안보 환경과 기술 발전에 따라 신종 위협이 등장할 가능성이 높기 때문에, 이에 대한 대비책과 전략을 개발하고 효과적으로 운용할 수 있는 방법을 탐구해야 한다. This study aims to present a direction for optimizing the reserve forces system of Korea in the future security environment through a literature review of the innovation direction of reserve forces in the future. The study method analyzes domestic and foreign papers, books, and government reports related to reserve forces to provide theoretical grounds and cases for the future innovation direction of reserve forces work. The study concludes that the reserve forces of the future should strengthen their combat power by actively utilizing modern technology, and that effective operation methods and strategies of technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous robots, and drones should be sought. In addition, it emphasizes the need to strengthen the reserve forces' ability to respond quickly and flexibly to rapidly changing security environments, and to secure reserve forces personnel in an era of declining population through expansion of part-time reserve forces and improvement of the retirement system for female reserve forces. Based on these findings, it is expected that the results of this study can be utilized to establish policies and improve systems for the future innovation of reserve forces work. However, since new threats are likely to emerge due to future security environments and technological advancements, it is necessary to explore ways to develop and effectively operate countermeasures and strategies against them.

위성시스템 진동시험을 위한 힘-모멘트 계측 시스템 개발

임종민,우성현,은희광,전종협 한국항공우주학회 2023 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.51 No.11

발사 환경에서 위성의 구조적 건전성을 검증하기 위해 진동시험 시설을 이용하여 진동시험을 수행하게 된다. 진동시험 과정에서 과도한 시험으로 인한 위성의 위험성 문제를 최소화하고 비행 환경을 보다 실제와 유사하게 지상에서 모사하기 위하여 위성 인터페이스에서의 반력 및 모멘트를 측정하여 제한하는 방법이 사용된다. 이를 힘 제한 진동시험이라고 한다. 일반적으로 힘 제한 진동시험을 위해 사용되는 힘-모멘트 계측 시스템은 인터페이스 링, 힘 센서 및 신호 합산을 위한 장치로 구성된다. 여러 지점에서 측정된 국부적인 반력을 이용하여 최종적인 힘과 모멘트를 계측하는 구성은 매우 복잡하고 또한 각각의 힘 센서 상태와 국부적으로 작용하는 힘의 분포를 알 수 없다. 한국항공우주연구원에서는 간단한 시험 장비의 구성과 진동시험 과정에서 힘의 분포에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 힘-모멘트 계측 시스템을 개발하였다. 최대 72채널의 힘 신호에 대한 실시간 처리 및 모니터링을 구현하기 위해 힘 신호 계산 장치와 모니터링 소프트웨어를 개발하였다. 본 논문에서는 개발된 힘-모멘트 계측 시스템의 설계 및 개발 과정을 소개하고자 한다. 또한 개발된 시스템을 적용한 성능검증 과정 및 다누리호에 적용된 실제 사례를 소개하고자 한다. In order to verify the structural integrity of satellite during launch environment, vibration test is performed using vibration facility. In addition, to reduce the over-testing problem and to simulate the flight environment more actually, the method of measuring and limiting the reaction forces and moments at satellite interface has been used, which is called as force limited vibration testing. Generally the force measurement system in the vibration testing is composed of interface ring, force sensors and signal summation electronic. So the measurement configuration for resultant forces and moments is very complicate. In addition, the status and local distribution of each force sensor can’t be known. For the simple configuration and more insight on force distribution during vibration, KARI developed force measurement system. To realize the real time processing and monitoring for 72ch force signals, force signal calculation unit and monitoring software are developed. In this paper, the design and development of new force measurement system are introduced. Also the verification process and the test results of force limited vibration are presented.

지속가능한 발전과 심층생태론, 풍수의 환경관

김병주 ( Kim Byung Ju ) 대한풍수연구학회 2019 대한풍수연구 Vol.7 No.-

1987년 유엔 세계환경발전위원회(WECD) 보고서 『우리 공동의 미래』에서 처음으로 사용한 용어인 “지속가능한 발전”은 자연의 희생을 최소화하면서 산업화를 계속 추진해야하는 모순된 배경 속에서 출현한 개념이다. 본질적으로 지속가능한 발전은 인간의 생존과 번영에 초점을 맞추어 지구환경 문제를 진단하는 인간중심주의 환경관에 바탕을 두고 있다. 또한, 아르네 네스가 주장하는 “심층생태론”은 인간중심주의 환경관을 비판하는 자연중심주의 환경관의 대표적 견해라고 할 수 있다. 한편, 풍수고전 『금낭경』 「기감편」은 생기론, 순환론, 감응론의 연결된 체계로 구성되어 있다. 땅, 자연 속에는 생기가 내재되어 있는데, 이것은 여러 형태로 순환하고 있으며, 인간과 상호 감응할 수 있다는 내용으로 요약된다. 여기서 개체에 주목하기보다는 그것들 사이의 관계를 중요하게 여기는 풍수의 환경관의 가치를 읽을 수 있다. 오늘날 환경위기의 문제와 맞물려 인간중심주의와 자연중심주의의 갈등이 심화되고 있다. 이런 상황에서 풍수의 환경관은 인간과 자연 사이의 균형을 추구하는 “제3의 환경사상”으로 자리매김할 수 있다. This study, based on the Feng-shui(風水, Pung-su in Korean) theory, examines the sustainable development, deep ecology and ecological environmental friendliness of traditional world-view in East asia. Today, discussion about ecology and modern environmental studies are spread vigorously. The ecological thought is not limited only present situation of environmental problems. The metaphysical philosophical system of Feng-shui can be summarized as vital force, environmental circulation system, and sympathy with nature. The value of Feng-shui as traditional environmental thought can find in alive things and relation of physical environment. Because, the ecology must start from place and space of life.

미래 안보환경 변화를 고려한 지역예비군 최적화 운영에 관한 연구

양승봉 광운대학교 방위사업연구소 2021 선진국방연구 Vol.4 No.3

1968년 창설된 예비군은 사회적⋅정책적 변화에 순응하면서 법령 및 제도 개선, 조직⋅편성 최적화 등 지속적인 변화를 통해 오늘에 이르고 있다. 그러나 국방개혁 추진에 따른 상비전력의 감축, 작전환경 변화, 작전 수행에 필요한 예비군 자원의 감소는 지역예비군 운영개념에 대한 재정립을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구는 지역예비군의 현상을 진단하고 변화되는 미래 안보환경 변화를 고려하여 지역예비군 최적화 운영방안을 도출하기 위해 지역예비군에 대해 운영체계, 작전지속지원체계, 법과 제도 세 가지 측면에서 분석하고 개선해야 할 소요를 도출하였다. 운영체계에서는 작전환경에 맞는 지역예비군의 임무와 미래를 대비한 조직⋅편성 정비 그리고 교육훈련을 통한 전투력 유지 및 발전에 대해서 제시하였고 작전지속지원체계에서는 장비 및 물자의 현대화, 급식지원체계의 시스템 보완을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 법과 제도에서는 지역예비군을 운영 및 건설하고 재정립된 임무를 고려한 법령 개정방안을 제시하였다. The Republic of Korea Reserve Forces (ROKRF), established in 1968, continue to function through continuous changes such as improving laws and systems and optimizing organizations while complying with social and policy changes. However, the reduction of standing forces, changes in the operating environment, and the reduction of reserve forces required to carry out operations require the re-establishment of the concept of operation of regional reserve forces. In this study, we aimed to diagnose the phenomenon of regional reserve groups and derive an optimized operation plan for regional reserve groups in consideration of changes in the future security environment, operation support system, and law and order system. The operating system presented the mission of establishing local reserve forces suitable for the operating environment, organization, and organization maintenance for the future as well as maintenance and development of combat power through education and training. Finally, in the law and order system section, a plan to revise laws was proposed in consideration of the task of operating and constructing regional reserve forces and re-establishing them.

한국 예비전력의 현주소와 효율적 운영방안 연구

이원희 ( Weon Hee Lee ) 한국군사학회 2015 군사논단 Vol.84 No.-

The purpose of this study is to present the efficient operating method of the reserve force suitable for the circumstances of the Republic of Korea(ROK). Subjects for this paper are “Hwarang-do” and “Gyeong-dang” of the Three Kingdom age, “Gwang-gun” of the Goryeo dynasty, “Jabsack-gun”, “Soko-gun”, “Minbo system” of the Chosun dynasty and “Dokrip-gun”, “Kwangbok-gun”, “Hogook-gun”, “Gookminbangwi-gun” of the Modern times. The reserve force’s operating system and cases of the other countries such as The United States, Israel, Switzerland, North Korea are also analyzed and it merits are benchmarked. Results of this study are as follows. First of all, resetting the mission and role of the ROK reserve force is required. Establishment of the Reserve Force Command under the ROK Ministry of National Defense(MND) is also needed to set up an efficient control system for the reserve force. Second, preparation for the North Korea’s asymmetric threat is required. For this, training the reserve force specialized in the cyber warfare, bringing up snipers and utilizing the special warfare reserve force volunteer system to respond the North Korea’s cyber terror and special warfare force are also suggested. Third, in the field of the defense policy, allocating enough budget for the reserve force, improving mobilization and training reservation system and reforming the compensation system are required. Finally, the elite reserve force should be created through improvement of the mobilization capability. For this, procurement of the optimal size of the reserve force, reinforcement of the performance oriented training and quality improvement and fulfillment of requisition in parts of weapon, equipment and material are suggested.

비평지 및 먼지 환경에서 1차원 가상힘장 알고리즘의 실험적 검증

최덕선,주상현,박용운,박진배,Choe, Tok Son,Joo, Sang-Hyun,Park, Yong-Woon,Park, Jin-Bae 한국군사과학기술학회 2017 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.20 No.5

In this paper, we deal with the experimental verification of 1D virtual force field algorithm based reflexive local path planning on uneven and dusty environment. The existing obstacle detection method on uneven and dusty environment and 1D virtual force field based reflexive local path planning algorithm simply are introduced. Although the 1D virtual force field algorithm is verified by various simulations, additional efforts are needed to verify this algorithm in the real-world. The introduced methods are combined with each other, installed to real mobile platforms and verified by various real experiments.

Electric power consumption predictive modeling of an electric propulsion ship considering the marine environment

Lim, Chae-og,Park, Byeong-cheol,Lee, Jae-chul,Kim, Eun Soo,Shin, Sung-chul The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2019 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.11 No.2

This study predicts the power consumption of an Electric Propulsion Ship (EPS) in marine environment. The EPS is driven by a propeller rotated by a propulsion motor, and the power consumption of the propeller changes by the marine environment. The propulsion motor consumes the highest percentage of the ships' total power. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the power consumption and determine the power generation capacity and the propeller capacity to design an efficient EPS. This study constructs a power estimation simulator for EPS by using a ship motion model including marine environment and an electric power consumption model. The usage factor that represents the relationship between power consumption and propulsion is applied to the simulator for power prediction. Four marine environment scenarios are set up and the power consumed by the propeller to maintain a constant ship speed according to the marine environment is predicted in each scenario.