여성 노인 1인 가구의 실태 및 정책적 개선방안

송영신 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2015 이화젠더법학 Vol.7 No.2

급속한 1인 가구의 증가 및 고령화의 진행에 따라 우리 사회의 노인 1인 가구의 증가율은 가파른 상승곡선을 그려 2014년 기준 전체 노인인구 중 23%를 차지한다. 그 중 여성 노인 1인 가구는 약 104만 명으로 전체 노인 1인 가구의 3/4을 차지하는 것으로 추산할 수 있다. 그런데, 여성 노인 1인 가구는 여성, 노인, 독거라는 사회적 약자로서의 인자를 모두 갖춘 계층으로, 특히 혼자 사는 데 있어서 아플 때 간호문제, 경제적 불안감, 심리적 불안감・외로움을 가장 힘든 점으로 들고 있다. 이것은 각 건강 영역, 경제 영역, 사회 영역으로 대별되는데, 본 연구의 목적은 이와 같이 각 영역별로 나타난 구체적 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고 그 정책적 개선방안을 찾는데 있다. 먼저 건강 영역에서, 주로 치매 등 정신적 제약으로 인해 의사능력이 결여 내지 부족한 경우의 수발자 문제이다. 정부지원정책의 주요 골자는 치매 검진사업, 치매 치료관리비 지원사업, 노인장기요양보험제도를 통한 치매노인의 생활안정 등 대부분 의료・생활지원의 범주에 속한다. 하지만, 양질의 의료・생활지원서비스라도 이를 이용하고 관리할 능력이 부족하다면 무용지물이 될 수 있기 때문에, 그 효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 법률지원이 병행되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 성년후견제도를 활용할 수 있도록 법적・사회적 연계시스템이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 즉, 치매여성 노인 1인 가구의 대상자 발굴 및 연계, 절차구조, 공공후견서비스 제공이 이루어져야 하고, 공공후견인 양성 교육 및 인프라 구축, 예산편성과 기금 조성 등이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 그리고 치매노인의 생활안정에 긍정적 효과를 거두고 있는 노인장기요양보험제도에서도 성별・가구형태별・질환유형별로 장기요양급여 및 돌봄서비스의 양과 질에 차이 둔 다각적인 지원시스템을 마련하여 여성 노인 1인 가구에 적합하도록 조정이 이루어져야 한다. 다음으로, 경제 영역에서 여성 노인 1인 가구는 남성보다 2배가량 더 경제적 불안감을 호소한다. 실제 여성노인의 빈곤율은 41.2%로 남성노인의 빈곤율 31.2%보다 10%p 높다. 소득원천을 비교해도, 남성노인은 근로활동에 의한 소득이 1순위인 반면, 여성노인은 남성노인 근로활동소득의 절반에도 못 미치고 사적 이전소득에 많이 의존하고 있기 때문에 경제적 독립성이 낮고 재정적으로 불안정한 구조이다. 이를 공적 이전소득으로 보완해야 할 터인데, 대표적인 공적연금제도인 국민연금제도는 본질적으로 연금가입자의 과거 직업력과 소득력(job and earning history)에 근거하기에 여성 노인 1인 가구는 수급 혜택의 범위가 제한적일 수밖에 없다. 즉, 수급자 수가 적고, 급여수준도 낮은 중첩적 취약성을 보인다. 따라서 독자적 수급권 확보를 위해, 현재 및 장래 여성 노인 1인 가구의 국민연금 가입률을 높여야 하고, 그 전제로 여성의 노동시장 진입이 용이해야 하며, 여성노동의 특성에 맞춰 임금수준이 현실화되어야 한다. 뿐만 아니라, 남성보다 1.8배 많은 여성노인의 기초연금 수급현황에서 볼 수 있듯이, 여성 노인 1인 가구의 노후소득보장제도로서 기능하고 있는 기초연금제도에 대하여도 보완이 필요하다. 즉, 현재 국민기초생활보장 생계급여 산정을 할 때 기초연금을 개인별 소득인정액에 포함시키고 있는 것은 「국민기초생활보장법」과 「기초연금법」의 입법취지를 희석시킬 위험이 있으므로, 그 포함 여부 및 범위에 대한 조속한 조치가 필요하다. 무엇보다 가장 중요한 것은, 저소득 여성 노인 1인 가구에게 괜찮은 거처를 마련해주는 ‘Housing First’ 정책의 수립이다. 이는 소득빈곤을 해소함에 있어 가장 효과적인 사회복지 지원책으로 평가되고 있다. 그리고 이러한 정책은 모두 여성 노인 1인 가구를 위한 노인 일자리 우선지원 정책을 병행해야 그 효과를 극대화할 수 있다. 끝으로, 사회 영역에서의 심리적 불안감 내지 외로움의 문제이다. 노인 1인 가구는 남녀를 불문하고 ‘심리적 불안감 또는 외로움’을 공통적으로 토로하는데, 그 영향요인에는 상당한 차이가 있다. 즉, 남성 고령자는 직장유무, 경제수준이 주된 요인이지만, 여성 고령자의 경우 사회적 관계로부터 소외되는 것이 가장 중요한 영향요인이다. 여성 노인 1인 가구는 동거하는 가족 없이 혼자 생활을 하고 있기 때문에, 사회적 관계로부터 소외・단절될 가능성이 높아 심리적・정서적 불안감 내지 외로움을 경험할 확률이 매우 높고, 이러한 사회적 고립의 문제 ‘고독사’ 또는 ‘자살’ 등 매우 극단적인 사회문제로 악화될 수 있다. 따라서 이를 극복하기 위해서 ‘사회적 가족’이라는 새로운 사회적 관계망 모델을 제시한다. 정부차원의 지원정책이 있으나, 민간부문에서의 자발적인 시도와 노력이 그 효과를 배가시킬 수 있다. 한 예로, 사단법인 시니어희망공동체의 조부모세대, 부모세대, 형제자매세대 등 4인 이상 3세대로 구성된 ‘소셜팸(Social Family, 사회적 가족)운동’이 있다. 또한, 다양한 형태의 공동생활가정, 즉 코하우징(Co-Housing)도 추진해야 한다. 이는 여성 노인 1인 가구의 안전과 더불어 안정적인 사회적 관계망을 형성・유지할 수 있는 방안이기에 정부와 지자체, NGO, 협동조합 등을 중심으로 민・관이 협력할 필요성이 크다. 위의 각 영역별 정책적 개선방안은, 상호간에 유기적으로 영향을 미치는 관계에 있다. 예컨대, 성년후견제도는 여성 노인 1인 가구에게 치매발병시 수발자 기능을 할 뿐만 아니라, 그로 하여금 장기요양보험・기초연금 등 사회복지서비스를 이용할 수 있도록 하여 공적 노후소득보장에 기여하는 순기능을 한다. 따라서 각 영역별 현황에 따른 정책을 수립・시행하는 데 있어, 상호 유기적 관련성 및 연관효과 등에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. Korean society has witnessed rapid increase in population of elderly forming one-person household(hereinafter referred to as “single-household elderly”) amid an increase in single-person household and aging. In 2014, the number of single-household elderly comprised 23% of entire elderly population. Among them, the number of single-household female elderly stands at 1.04 million which accounts for 3/4 of whole single-household elderly population. Single-household female elderly represent the class with whole elements of socially-disadvantaged, including elements of women, elderly, and solitary life, and encounter the greatest difficulty in connection with nursing care for illness, economic insecurity, and psychological anxiety/loneliness. Such issues are considered to fall under health realm, financial realm, and social realm. The objective of this study was to examine specific conditions and problems which were manifested in each realm and to explore measures for mitigating such problems at policy level. In the health realm, there are problems of benefit recipients who have little or inadequate communication ability primarily due to mental constraints such as dementia(Alzheimer’s disease). Government’s supportive policy mostly relates to medical and livelihood support, such as dementia examination project, dementia treatment & management support project, livelihood support project including long-term recuperation insurance system designed to help stabilize lives of elderly with dementia, etc. However, such supportive policy of government needs to be pushed forward in tandem with legal support in order to maximize desired effect, considering that even excellent medical and livelihood support services may become useless if the ability to use and manage such services is inadequate. For that, legal and social inter-connective system needs to be buttressed to ensure that adult guardianship system can be fully leveraged. In other words, it is deemed necessary to identify and connect to eligible single-household female elderly with dementia, establish procedural structure, and provide public guardian service, and furthermore, the support needs to be provided to underpin education for development of public guardians, establishment of infrastructures, budget preparation and fund-raising process, etc. In addition, even elderly long-term recuperation insurance system, which has positive effect in stabilizing the lives of elderly with dementia, needs to map out multi-faceted supportive system differentiated in terms of quality of care service and long-term recuperation allowance based on gender, type of household, and type of disease, thus ensuring adjustment tailored to situations of single-household female elderly. Meanwhile, single-household female elderly experience financial instability twice as much as their male counterparts in economic realm. In fact, poverty rate of female elderly stands at 41.2% which is 10%p higher than that of male elderly who are reported to have poverty rate of 31.2%. Female elderly has higher reliance on private transfer income with their labor income level remaining below half that of male elderly, which results in low economic independence and high financial instability of female elderly, in stark contrast to male elderly who earn the largest portion of their income from labor income. Such problem needs to be addressed by public transfer income. National pension plan system, the most typical public pension system, has unavoidably limited scope of pension benefit disbursements to single-household female elderly because such benefit disbursements are based on past job and earning history of pension holders. In short, the system has double vulnerability which means small number of recipients and low level of allowance such as recuperation allowance. Therefore, it is considered necessary to increase the ratio of present and future single-household female elderly covered by national pension plan in order to ensure that pensionable right can be secured independently. Based on that, the access of women to labor market should be made easy, and the wage level should be aligned with reality in light of characteristic of labor provided by women. Furthermore, an improvement is needed for basic pension system that functions as Old-Age Income Security System for single-household female elderly as witnessed by the supply-demand status of basic pension for female elderly whose population is 1.8 times larger than that of their male counterparts. In other words, legislative purpose of National Basic Livelihood Security Act and Basic Pension Act can be attenuated if basic pension is included in individual countable income when the livelihood benefit under National Basic Livelihood Security Act is estimated. Actions need to be taken swiftly with respect to such inclusion or exclusion and related scope. Above all, the priority is to map out ‘Housing First’ policy that provides good housing first to low-income single-household female elderly. That is deemed to be the policy that underpins social welfare most effectively in helping address low-income poverty. Moreover, such policy can produce the greatest impact when it is accompanied by policies designed to bolster job creation for the elderly, particularly single-household female elderly. Finally, it relates to issues of psychological anxiety or loneliness in social realm. Single-household elderly commonly express psychological anxiety or loneliness, whether they are men or women, and related influential factors differ significantly. In other words, employment status and financial conditions are most influential factors for men of advanced age while disconnection from social relationship is the most influential factor for women of advanced age. Single-household female elderly tend to experience alienation and disconnection from society because they are living alone without any co-habitating family member. Consequently, single-household female elderly are very likely to encounter psychological or emotional anxiety or loneliness, and such social isolation may lead to very serious social problems such as lonely death, suicide, etc. Thus, a new social relational network model, called ‘social family’, is presented to overcome such problems. Despite supportive policies of government, spontaneous attempts and efforts of private sector may redouble the effects. For instance, Senior Hope Community has proceeded with a movement called Social Fam(Social Family) consisting of more than 4 persons from 3 generations such as grandparent generation, parent generation, and sibling generation. In addition, various types of community life households, i.e., co-housing, needs to be pushed forward. Co-housing represents a measure that can help form and maintain stable social relationship and networking among single-household female elderly, along with their safety, and therefore, there is an increasing need for cooperation between government and private sector, spearheaded by central government, local governments, NGOs(Non-Governmental Organizations), cooperatives, etc. Aforesaid measures, which are designed to achieve improvement for each realm at policy level, have inter-relational systematic effect. For example, adult guardianship system helps provide single-household female elderly with access to social welfare services such as long-term recuperation insurance/basic pension, etc., as well as medical treatment, when they have dementia, thus contributing to guaranteeing public old-age income security. Thus, analysis of systematic interrelationship and related effect, etc., needs to take precedence in establishing and enforcing policies associated with conditions of each realm.

고령자 가구의 소비특성 및 소비패턴 결정요인

김진훈(Kim, Jinhun) 한국노년학회 2016 한국노년학 Vol.36 No.3

고령에 대한 개념은 학자와 법령 등에 따라 다양하게 정의되고 있으나, 본 연구의 특성상 소비지출이 소득과 관련이 깊으므로, 고령자고용촉진법에서 기준으로 하고 있는 55세를 고령자의 기준연령으로 설정하였으며, 고령자 가구는 고령자 1인가구와 고령자부부가족만으로 제한하여 연구를 진행하였다. 소비특성은 욕구의 반영이라는 표출된 욕구로 파악될 수 있어 사회복지 측면에서도 의미 있는 분석 대상이라 사료된다. 따라서 본 연구는 고령자 가구의 소비형태를 유형화해서 소비특성을 파악하고, 소비패턴을 결정하는 요인을 찾아 고령자 가구의 표출된 욕구를 통해 관련 정책 수립에 기여하고자 하였다. 조사대상인 고령자 가구 소비 패턴의 내재적 구조 유형을 살펴보기 위해 고령자 가구의 소비지출 항목을 투입하여 군집분석(Cluster analysis)의 K-means법을 실시하였으며, 결과 4개의 군으로 유형화 되어 각각 ‘보건의료 중심형’, ‘저축 중심형’, ‘생계 중심형’, ‘식비중심형’으로 명칭을 부여하였다. 고령자 가구의 소비패턴 결정에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하기 위하여 이항 로지스틱 분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 고령자 가구는 서로 다른 욕구와 문제에 직면해 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 접근방법도 다양해야 할 필요성이 있었다. 특히 지금까지 노인하면 경제적 빈곤자로 인식되어 왔으나, 연구에서는 저축을 통해 준비된 가구들도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 전반적으로 생계 중심형이 가장 많았으며,이에 영향을 주는 요인으로 혼인여부와 가계소득이 중요한 역할을 하고 있었다. 따라서 고령자 가구의 소득확대에 대한 노력이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. 또한 연령, 주택소유, 주관적 건강상태 등도 유의미한 영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 결론 부분에서는 보건의식에 대한 고령자 스스로의 인식 개선, 노년기의 건강 상태에 대한 표준화된 기준 제시, 고령자의 문화생활에 대한 접근성 확보, 삶의 질을 높이기위한 재정관리 코디, 고령자에게 맞는 일자리 개발과 보급, 협동주거형태인 공동생활가정 보급 등을 제도적 과 제로 제언하였다. Although the concept of the elderly varies depending on scholars and laws, as consumption expenditure is deeply associated with income due to the nature of this study, 55 years old was set as the low limit standard for the elderly according to Prohibition of Discrimination on Age in Employment and Employment Promotion for the Aged Act and the elderly households were limited to single-elderly person household and an elderly couple family household for this study. It is considered consumption characteristics as a significant analysis subject in terms of social welfare because it could be understood as an expressed need which was a reflection of desire. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the consumption characteristics of the elderly households by stereotyping the consumption pattern of the elderly households, and find the determining factors for consumption patterns and thus contribute to the establishment of related policies through the expressed needs of the elderly households. K-means of cluster analysis was performed by putting the consumption expenditure of the elderly households to investigate inherent structural type of consumption pattern of the elderly households, which were the investigation subjects. As a result, four groups were stereotyped and named as below: ‘health care-centered type’, ‘saving-centered type’, ‘livelihood-centered type’, and ‘food expenses-centered type’ Binary Logistic Regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence the decision of consumption pattern of the elderly households. The result of study showed that the elderly households faced all different needs and problems and thus there is a need for various approach plans to solve this situation. In particular, although the elderly have been viewed as economically poor people so far, the study showed that there were also kind of prepared households through saving. Overall, livelihoodcentered type accounted for the highest portion and, as a factor that influenced this, marital state and household income played an important role. Therefore, it is considered that more active efforts to increase the income of the elderly households are needed. In addition, age, owning of house and subjective health state were found to also have significant influence. Through these results of the study, the elderly’s own improvement of awareness on health, presentation of overall standard for health state of the elderly, securement of the elderly’s access to cultural life, and financial management coordination for improvement of quality of life, development and dissemination of jobs suitable for the elderly, and dissemination of communal life household, which is a cooperation residential type, were presented as institutional task in the conclusion.

고령가계의 은퇴 여부에 따른 소득유형 구분과 유형별 소비함수 분석

한지형 ( Han Jihyung ),고대균 ( Ko Daekyun ) 한국소비자학회 2019 소비자학연구 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구에서는 국민노후보장패널 4차년도부터 6차년도까지 자료를 바탕으로, 고령가계를 은퇴 여부와 소득 원천에 따라 2단계로 구분하여 유형별로 살펴보고, 유형별 소비함수를 추정함으로써, 고령가계의 경제적 상태를 정확하게 이해하고 진단함으로써, 효과적인 지원정책을 모색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국민노후보장패널 중 최종적으로 총1,002가구의 자료를 분석하였다. 잠재프로파일분석을 통해 고령가계를 유형별로 구분하고, 교차분석, 집단별 평균차이 분석을 통해 유형별 특성을 살펴보았다. 또한, 유형별 소비함수를 분석하기 위해 패널회귀분석을 실시하였고, 확률효과모형을 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고령가계는 은퇴 여부와 소득 원천에 따른 2단계구분을 통해 6개의 유형으로 세분화할 수 있으며, 비은퇴가계는 근로소득형 가계가 많은 반면, 은퇴가계는 사전이 전중심형 가계가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 유형별 고령가계의 특성이 서로 다르게 나타나, 유형별 맞춤형 진단과 대응이 요구된다. 비은퇴가계 중 근로·연금소득형 가계는 근로소득형보다 상대적으로 연령은 높고, 근로소득의 수준은 낮은 것으로 나타나 소일거리를 포함한 경제활동에 지속적으로 참여하고 있으며, 은퇴가계 중 사적이전소득형 가계는 부채가 소비지출에 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 일부 부채를 통해 소비지출을 충당하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 개별 유형의 가계가 경험하는 경제적 문제를 해결하기 위해 세분화한 맞춤형 해결방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 고령가계의 유형별 경제 수준의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 은퇴 전 충분한 노후준비가 되어야 얻을 수 있는 소득원인 재산소득과 연금소득을 중심으로 한 은퇴가계 유형의 경제적 복지 수준이 높게 나타나 은퇴 전 충분한 노후준비의 중요성을 확인하였다. 따라서 아직 은퇴하지 않은 젊은 세대에게 은퇴준비의 중요성을 끊임없이 강조하고, 교육을 제공하는 노력과 함께 가계의 은퇴준비를 지원하기 위한 정책적 대안을 마련할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 고령가계를 대상으로 한 근로소득의 창출은 가계의 경제적 복지에 상당히 중요한 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다섯째, 고령가계의 소비지출은 가계의 유형별로 다른 소득원천에 의해 영향을 받으며, 그 영향력도 유형별로 다르게 나타났다. 특히 고령가계의 소비지출은 가계의 유형을 결정하는 주된 소득원천보다 근로소득이나 연금소득과 같은 정기적 성격을 갖는 소득원천에 의존하는 경향이 나타나 정기적인 소득의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 공적연금을 통한 노후소득 보장 수준이 취약한 현실을 고려하여 고령가계를 대상으로 한 일자리 정책을 적극적으로 지원하는 한편, 근로기간을 연장함으로써, 은퇴 시기를 상대적으로 늦추는 방안을 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. In this study, based on the data from the 4th to the 6th year of the KReIS, the elderly households were classified two stages, according to retirement status and income sources and consumption functions were estimated. The purpose of this study is as follows. First, it is intended to distinguish the elderly households by disaggregating them by using their retirement status and income sources step by step. Specifically, the types were identified by dividing the elderly households into retirement and non-retirement households according to their retirement status and classifying them again according to income sources. Second, it is intended to identify the key characteristics of each type of elderly households according to their retirement status and income sources. Third, through the panel regression analysis, the consumption function is estimated for each type of elderly household according to their retirement status and income source to identify the impact of each source of income on consumer spending. Through this study, the problems that can ultimately be experienced by the elderly households in economic terms were diagnosed in advance and solutions were sought. This study has the following implications: First, the KReIS data suitable for research purposes were used and, in particular, the three-year data were analyzed using the 4-6th (2011-2015) data to include differences in individual households and differences over time. Besides, this study classified the entire elderly households into more granularity by phasing out the elderly household through two axes: retirement status or income source. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to assess the condition more accurately and find effective countermeasures by estimating consumption functions differently by looking at the types of sources of income and their influence on consumer spending. We analyzed 1,002 households in the KReIS. Of the total KReIS data, households that meet all three conditions were analyzed and the data were extracted. First, a balanced panel was established for households that responded to all three numbers until 4th and 6th years and used in the analysis. Second, only single-person and married-person households were studied. This is because households that live together with their actual sons and daughters may overstate their income and consumption expenditure. Third, only households whose retirement status remained the same were studied from the 4th to 6th years of the KReIS. In other words, only households that have not been retired or have been retired continuously for 4th and 6th years are included in the analysis data. Households who experienced retirement within the period(4th and 6th years) were excluded from the analysis. This is because if one experienced retirement within the period, there could be a big change in economic conditions, including income and consumer spending. Therefore, it excluded cases where it was difficult to analyze the differences in characteristics of elderly households depending on whether they retired or not. In this study, the latent profile analysis was performed using Mplus to distinguish types of elderly households based on the data extracted. Also, STATA 13 was used to cross-tabulation and analyze the average difference between groups to examine the characteristics of each type based on the type of elderly households. For analysis of consumption function by type, panel regression analysis was performed and the random-effects model was used in detail. This study focused on the elderly households whose life span is increasing after retirement and the importance of that period is becoming increasingly important to them, looking at the economic characteristics of the elderly households and diagnosing problems to find appropriate solutions. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, elderly households can be subdivided into 6 types. Non-retirement households have more labor-oriented households, while retirement households have more private transfer-centered households. It can be seen that many elderly households now rely on private transfer income, and when studying elderly households in the future, it provides suggestions that analysis is needed considering type-specific characteristics. Second, the characteristics of elderly households by type were different. In the non-retirement households, the labor and pension types are relatively older and the level of earning an income is lower than the labor-oriented type. They can be seen as continuing to engage in economic activities. Besides, private transfer-centered types in retirement households show that debt affects consumption expenditure positively, indicating that some debts cover consumption expenditure. This required a tailored solution to address the economic problems experienced by individual types of elderly households. Third, types focused on property income and pension income that can be accumulated in advance of retirement are higher than other types of economic welfare. Therefore, there is a need to emphasize the importance of retirement preparation for younger generations who have not yet retired, and to provide policy alternatives to support the retirement preparation along with the efforts to provide education. Fourth, it can be seen that the generation of earned income for elderly households has a considerable influence on economic well-being. As the elderly population, which is still motivated and capable of working, is likely to increase with changes in its future demographic structure, efforts need to be made not only in re-employment policy but also in matching legal and social retirement age with actual retirement age. Fifth, the consumption expenditure of elderly households is influenced by other income sources, and its influence is also different by type. Especially, their consumption expenditure tends to depend on the income source having regular characteristics such as earned income or pension income rather than the main income source that determines the type of households. Therefore, considering the reality that the level of guarantee of old-age income through a public pension is low, it is necessary to consider a way to delay the retirement period relatively by proactive supporting the employment policy for elderly households and extending the working period.

50대 이상 중고령자 가구의 부동산자산 보유 영향요인 연구

이호정(Yi, Ho Jung),김재태(Kim, Jae Tae) 한국주거환경학회 2017 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.15 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explore important factors of middle-elderly aged Estate asset. After entering into an aging society in Korea, the number of middle-elderly aged single-households has increased rapidly, and social problems such as die-alone and poverty of the elderly have been rising. This implies that identifying and resolving the current status of the middle-elderly aged households needs to be identified. Many of the Precedent research, including the elderly, female single-households and single-person households, have a limited number of subject limited regional boundaries and limited subdivision. Therefore, in this research, data of middle-elderly aged households of 50s or older are constructed by using the 6th data of KREIS, divided into single-person households, multi-households, As a result of empirical analysis using multiple regression analysis, the following meaningful research results were derived. It is found that middle-elderly aged single households has different characteristics of real estate and assets compared to the other households. Especially, the proportion of the Residential housing price in the real estate property is high, It is highly likely that the property will be disposed of and the housing stability will deteriorate. In addition, the middle-elderly aged single-person households showed significant differences in gender, indicating that the assets and real estate assets of the middle-elderly aged female single-person households were different from those of male single-person households. It was shown that the characteristics of the middle-elderly aged single-households are different from those of the multi-person households and the whole households. Especially, the proportion of the Residential housing price in the real estate property is high, And middle-elderly aged single-person households showed a significant difference in gender. The assets and real estate assets characteristics of a female single-person households are found to differ from to differ from those of male one. On the other hand, the standardized beta coefficient indicates that financial assets have the greatest impact on the assets of middle-elderly aged single households, and generally the total liabilities have the greatest impact on assets or real estate assets, it is considered that the problem of the middle-aged households needs an approach and solution from various viewpoints.

단독가구의 부채 유형이 가계재정만족도에 미치는 영향

김시월(Kim, Si-Wuel),조향숙(Cho, Hyang-Sook) 한국소비문화학회 2014 소비문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

근간 고령사회 및 가족관계의 변화, 그리고 사회 환경변화는 중년과 노인 단독가구의 심리 상태, 객관적인 경제 상태에 대한 실태파악과 보다 심층화된 재정문제 파악을 위하여 부채유형과 재정만족도에 관한 다양한 접근과 연구가 요구된다. 이에 본 연구는 국민연금연구원의 제4차 패널조사 자료(2011년)를 활용하여 중ㆍ고령자 단독가구의 가계부채 수준, 부채 유형과 재정 만족도 수준을 알아보았으며, 부채유형이 가계재정만족도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 전체 중ㆍ고령자 단독가구의 평균 총부채는 6,293천원이었으며, 부채의 유형별로 살펴보면 금융기관 부채가 약 57.7%로 가장 많았고, 전세금, 임대보증금 받은 것 31.4%, 비금융기관 및 사채 8.4%, 기타 2.5% 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부채와 가계재정만족도의 인과관계를 살펴본 결과, 중년 단독가구의 경우 금융기관 부채와 비금융기관 및 사채의 경우 부적효과를 보이고, 전세금, 임대보증금 받은 것은 정적인 효과를 보였다. 반면에 노인 단독가구의 경우 금융기관부채는 총효과에서는 정적인 효과를 보여 중년과 차이를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과는 동일한 부채라도 부채 유형에 따라 중ㆍ고령자 단독가구에 미치는 효과가 달라, 각기 다른 접근 방식으로 정책이나 교육 방안을 모색해야 함을 함의한다. Now, it is being fundamental changes in the aging society and family relationships, and social and environmental change and health psychology of the middle-aged and elderly single households, the objective economic conditions and a more in-depth understanding about the situation tues understand the financial issues and financial satisfaction for the debt burden on the various approaches and research is required. And specially, it is need to analysis the effective factors on financial satisfaction by the type of household debt of the middle-aged and elderly single households. And so, the purpose of this study is analyse the household debt pattern of the elderly alone households, to finding out the type of debt of the elderly alone households, analyse the financial satisfaction level of the elderly single households, and the financial liability of the causal relationship satisfaction of the elderly single households. And for the this purpose KReIS (2011)data was used. The result of this research was follows; First, the total debt of elderly single households was 6,293 thousand won, and the type of debt was approximately 57.7% at the financial institution most common type, rental deposits, a personal debt, and so on. In contrast, the income of elderly households debt alone (DTI) examining the results of the 1.5 total household debt held by households was 10.5. Debt income ratio greater than three times the debt classified as vulnerable households considering a recent study, the debt of households was very high debt. In addition, the elderly alone, in order to examine the burden of household debt to disposable income on debt payments a result of examining the 3.11% total household debt as households showed a 25.32%, of all households had a 13.9% share of household debt. Second, household debt and the financial results of examining the causal relationship between satisfaction, in the case of a middle-aged single households and non-financial institutions and financial institutions debt in the case of four amulets showing the effect, rental fee, rental deposits received is a static effect. Elderly households on the other hand, if the total effect of financial liabilities are shown in the middle-aged and effect of static differences. These findings have the same liability, depending on the type of debt, the different effects on the elderly single households, with different approaches and educational policy implications that you should be looking for ways.

노인가구의 부채부담과 부채상환가능성 분석

정다은(Da-Eun Jung),차경욱(Kyung-Wook Cha) 한국FP학회 2017 Financial Planning Review Vol.10 No.3

본 연구에서는 노인가구의 유형을 부부노인가구, 여성노인가구, 남성노인가구로 구분하여, 부채보유 여부와 부채보유액이 유의한 차이가 있는지 검증하고, 유형별 노인가구를 대상으로 부채보유 여부에 따른 가계 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 부채를 보유한 노인가구를 대상으로 가구유형별 가계 특성을 비교하였고, 부채부담지표와 부채상환가능성을 비교하였다. 2014년 노인실태조사 원자료를 사용하였고, 동거 가구원이 없는 노인가구 6,340가구의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부부노인가구의 33.7%, 남성노인가구의 24.1%, 여성노인가구의 16.8%가 부채를 보유하고 있었으며, 부채보유액 평균은 각각 8,616만원, 5,829만원, 4,184만원이었다. 둘째, 부채보유가구는 부채미보유가구 보다 평균연령이 낮고, 교육수준은 높았다. 부채보유가구는 부채미보유가구 보다 연간소득, 연간소비지출, 총자산, 부동산자산이 유의하게 많았다. 여성노인가구와 남성노인가구의 경우, 부채보유가구의 소득 대비 소비지출의 비중이 부채미보유가구 보다 높아, 부채상환의 여력이 부족함을 보여주었다. 모든 유형의 부채보유가구에서 총자산 대비 부동산자산의 비중이 90%에 이르러, 유동성이 취약한 구조를 나타냈다. 셋째, 부부노인가구의 79.1%가 총자산 대비 총부채의 준거기준을 총족한 반면, 남성노인가구는 57.1%만이 충족하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 현재의 근로․사업소득, 연금소득, 사적, 공적이전소득을 유지한다고 가정할 때, 부부노인가구의 65.3%, 여성노인가구의 63.3%, 남성노인가구의 70.5%가 총자산을 처분하여 부채상환이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 근로․사업소득이 중단되는 경우를 가정하면, 부부노인가구의 44.9%, 여성노인가구의 53.3%, 남성노인가구의 55.2%가 부채상환이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. This study compared the percentage of debt holdings and the amount of debt by elderly household types - elderly couple household, female-elderly household, and maleelderly household, and compared socioeconomic, financial characteristics, and the level of life satisfaction between debt holding households and the others. Also, this study analyzed debt burden index (total asset to total debt ratio, financial asset to total debt ratio), and the possibility of debt repayment. Using the 2014 Survey of the Elderly, data from 6,340 elderly households were analyzed. The findings are as follows. About 33.7% of elderly couple households, 24.1% of male-elderly households, and 16.8% of female-elderly households had debt, and average amount of debt was 86.2million won, 58.3million won and 41.8 million won, respectively. Elderly householders who had debt were older, highly educated than those who did not, and had significantly higher income, consumption expenditure, total assets and real estates than the others. For all types of elderly households, the proportion of real estate in total assets reached 90%. About 79.1% of elderly couple households met the guideline of total asset to total debt ratio, while 57.1% of male-elderly households did. Assuming that the current labor and business income, pension income, private and public transfer income were maintained, it would be possible to repay the debt by disposing of their total assets for 65.3% of elderly couple households, 63.3% of female-elderly households, and 70.5% of male-elderly households. If they lost their labor and business income, 44.9% of the elderly couple households, 53.3% of female-elderly households and 55.2% of male-elderly households could repay the debt.

노인독거가구의 삶의 질 연구

김시월 한국소비자정책교육학회 2023 소비자정책교육연구 Vol.19 No.1

This study attempted to propose an implementation direction of consumer policy to emphasize consumer support for elderly single households in the upcoming super-aged society. In order to carry out the research purpose, the characteristics of elderly single households were examined, the health status (physical and psychological health status) and economic status of elderly single households were considered, and the factors affecting the quality of life of each type of elderly single household were examined. Specifically, it was intended to suggest that it is necessary to diversify consumer policies of elderly single-family households through the analysis of the quality of life by type of elderly. As a result of categorizing them into two groups to understand the characteristics of elderly single households in detail, they showed that they were mentally and physically sick and in poor economic conditions, had a lot of non-employment, low household income and total expenditure, and mainly lived in metropolitan cities. In addition, consumers with a healthy mind and body, high total household income and total expenditure, low age, somewhat higher education, more education, but distributed in Seoul, while total expenditure was higher than total household income. Based on these results, it is proposed that it is necessary to change the consumer policy direction and paradigm suitable for the characteristics of elderly single households. And when considering the variables, degree of influence, and direction that affect the quality of life of elderly single households. It is necessary to understand gender differentiation, characteristics of family relationships, and characteristics of residential areas of elderly single households. Specifically, it is a group that should pay attention to elderly single-family households who are sick and in poor economic conditions, and the role and responsibility of the consumer protection system should be strengthened by suggesting the necessity of social education related to consumption. 본 연구는 다가올 초고령사회에서 노인독거가구의 소비자 지원을 강조하기 위하여 소비자정책의 실행 방향을 제안하고자 하였다. 연구 목적을 수행하기 위하여 노인독거가구의 특성을 살펴보고, 노인독거가구의 건강상태(신체적, 심리적 건강상태), 경제적 상태 등을 고려하여 유형화하고자 하였으며, 그리고 노인독거가구의 유형별 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 살펴보았다. 구체적으로 노인의 유형별 삶의 질 분석을 통하여 노인독거가구의 소비자정책 다양화가 필요하다는 것을 제안하고자 하였다. 노인독거가구의 특성을 세밀하게 파악하고자 두 집단으로 유형화한 결과, 심신이 아프고 경제상태가 좋지 않은 소비자로 비취업이 많고 가계 총소득과 총지출이 적으며, 학력이 낮고, 주로 도와 광역시에 거주하는 특성을 보였다. 그리고 심신이 건강하고 경제상태가 좋은 소비자로 마음과 몸이 건강하고 가계 총소득과 총지출이 높으며, 연령이 낮고, 어느 정도는 취업 군이며, 학력도 보다 높고, 거주지역은 도가 많으나, 서울에도 분포하고 있으며, 반면에 가계 총소득보다 총지출이 높은 특성을 보였다. 노인독거가구의 유형별 삶의 질은 심신이 아프고 경제상태가 좋지 않은 노인독거가구는 주거․여가․경제․친구 만족도, 자녀․형제 자매 가족관계 만족도 모두 타 군집보다 낮았으며, 심신이 건강하고 경제상태가 좋은 노인독거가구는 주거․여가․경제․친구 만족도, 그리고 자녀․형제․자매 가족관계 만족도 모두 높았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로, 노인독거가구의 특성에 맞는 소비자정책 방향과 패러다임의 전환이 필요한 점을 제안한다. 그리고 노인독거가구의 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 변수와 영향 정도 및 방향을 고려할 때에. 노인독거가구의 성별 차별화, 가족관계의 특성, 그리고 거주지역 특성 파악이 필요하다. 구체적으로는 심신이 아프고 경제상태가 좋지 않은 노인독거가구를 주목해야 할 집단이며, 이들의 소비 관련 사회교육의 필요성을 제안하고, 그 외에 노인독거가구의 유형별 세분화를 통하여 소비자보호 체계의 역할과 책임이 강화되어야 할 것이다.

이전소득의 독거노인가구 빈곤경감 효과 비교

김수영(Kim, Sooyoung),이강훈(Lee, Kanghoon) 한국노년학회 2009 한국노년학 Vol.29 No.4

2008년 기초노령연금제도가 시행되면서 공적 노후소득보장의 근거가 마련되었다. 하지만 아직 기초노령연금은 보조수당의 범위를 벗어나지 못하고 있어 소득보장제도로서의 핵심적인 역할을 하기에는 미흡한 수준이며, 경제적 자립이 어려운 노인들은 총소득 중 여전히 사적이전소득 의존율이 높을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 경제활동이 원활하지 못하거나 공적소득보장제도의 적용을 제대로 받지 못하는 노인가구의 빈곤율은 노인이 아닌 가구에 비해 더 높을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 공적이전소득이 노후 생활보장의 핵심적인 수단이 되어야 한다는 전제에서 공적이전소득과 사적이전소득이 노인가구의 빈곤을 어느 정도 경감시키는가를 비교해 보았다. 특히 노인인구 중에서도 상대적으로 더 취약한 독거노인가구를 대상으로 하여 공적 및 사적 이전소득의 빈곤경감 효과를 비교분석함으로써 공적 소득보장제도의 중요성을 검증하였다. 연구대상은 65세 이상 혼자 사는 독거노인가구이며, 분석자료는 통계청의 가계조사 중 2006년-2008년의 자료를 활용하였다. 독거노인가구의 빈곤정도와 이전소득의 빈곤경감 정도를 상대적으로 파악하기 위해 우리나라 전체인구 및 전체 노인가구의 빈곤율과 비교하였고, 독거노인가구에 속한 하위집단의 빈곤정도와 이전소득의 빈곤경감 효과를 살펴보기 위해 성별, 연령, 경제활동 여부 등 인구사회학적인 특성별로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인가구 전체의 빈곤율은 기초노령연금 및 장기요양보험제도가 시행된 2008년 이후에도 전년대비 감소하지 않았다. 둘째, 독거노인가구를 포함한 노인가구에서 두 가구 중 한 가구는 절대빈곤상태에 놓여 있으며, 특히 독거노인가구 중 여성, 비근로, 저학력, 고령, 농어촌 노인가구의 빈곤율이 상대적으로 더 높았다. 셋째, 독거노인가구의 빈곤감소에서 공적이전에 의한 빈곤감소효과가 조금씩 증가하는 추세이지만, 여전히 사적이전에 의한 빈곤감소가 공적이전에 의한 빈곤감소보다 더 크게 기여하였다. 넷째, 공적이전효과 중에서는 생계비 지원 등의 사회보장 수혜효과가 공적연금효과보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. As the basic old-age pension system was enforced in 2008, the base for old-age income security was founded. However, due to the basic old-age pension played a minor role as assistant allowance, it did not reach to sufficient level to cover full income security system. It is estimated that the dependency on private transfer income among the elderly who are difficult to be economically independent is still high. Therefore the poverty rate of the elderly households, who are not economically active or who are not protected by old-age income security system, is more likely to be higher than that of non-elderly households. Based on the assumption that public transfer income system should become a central means of old-age life guarantee, this study examined the poverty mitigation effects among the elderly households by comparing the private transfer income and the public transfer income. For this purpose, we selected single-elderly-households who have been considered the most vulnerable to poverty. We used 2006- 2008 Household Income and Expenditure Survey dataset that contained single-elderly who were older than 65 years old. To understand the conditions of poverty among single-elderly-households and the degree of poverty-reducing effect originated from income transfer system, we compared the poverty rates of total households and the whole elderly households. Next, we analysed the poverty of the single-elderly-households by social demographic factors such as gender, age, and economic activity. Our major findings are as follows: First, the poverty rate of the whole elderly households were not reduced, even though the basic old-age pension and long-term care management system were enforced in 2008. Second, half of the elderly households including single-elderly-households belonged to the absolute poverty line. Relatively higher level of poverty among the single-elderly-households was found especially those who were female, unemployed, low-educated, older, and rural single-elderly-households. Third, the effect of the public transfer income on mitigating the single-elderly-households poverty showed a little progress. However, even greater poverty reducing effect was found by the private transfer income system. Fourth, in a group of the public transfer systems, the public assistance such as supporting living costs contributed more to reduce poverty of the elderly population than the public pension system did.

노인가구 노인의 삶의 만족도 변화에 미치는 영향 요인-잠재성장모형을 이용한 종단연구

김진훈 한국콘텐츠학회 2019 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influential factors on the change in life satisfaction of elderly households. In this study, single and couple elderly households were defined as elderly households and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th data of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Ageing (KLoSA) provided by the Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS) were used. And 677 respondents aged 65 and over who had replied to all 3 sessions were included in the final subjects. multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the influential factors on life satisfaction by the type of elderly households according to consumption pattern and the result showed that there were common influential factors such as house owning status and subjective health status and the factors that influence specific types such as expectancy of standard of living. In addition, in the longitudinal analysis of life satisfaction of elderly households, individual satisfaction level was confirmed to reduce with time and the factors that influence the longitudinal change in the level of life satisfaction of elderly households was analyzed through the conditional model of a latent growth model. The analysis results showed that household type, house owning status, and subjective health status influenced the initial value of life satisfaction of elderly households while household type and expectancy of living standard influenced the change rate of life satisfaction of elderly households. Based on the results of this study, the followings are suggested. There is a need to improve the life satisfaction of old age by increasing the opportunity for self-realization of elderly households and also policy approach should be made selectively taking various types into consideration. 본 연구는 노인가구 노인의 삶의 만족도 변화에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석하는데 연구 목적이 있다. 연구를 위해 노인 1인가구와 노인 부부가구를 노인 가구라고 정의하여, 한국고용정보원이 제공하고 있는 고령화연구패널자료(Korean Longitudinal Survey of Ageing: KLoSA)의 2, 3, 4차 자료를 활용 했으며, 65세 이상 3차시 모두 설문에 응답한 677명을 최종 분석대상으로 활용하였다. 노인가구의 삶의 만족도 수준의 종단적 연구에서 시간이 지날수록 개인별 만족도 수준이 낮아지고 있음을 확인하였고, 잠재성장모형의 조건부 모형을 통해 노인가구의 삶의 만족도 수준의 종단 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 가구유형, 주택소유유무, 주관적 건강상태 등이 노인가구의 삶의 만족도 초기값에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 가구유형, 생활수준 기대감 등이 노인가구의 삶의 만족도 변화율에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 노인가구의 자아실현 기회를 높여 노년 시대의 삶의 만족도 향상이 필요하며, 정책적 접근에 있어 다양한 유형을 고려한 선별적 접근이 필요함 등을 제언하였다.

고령자 가구소득과 노동 및 가구소비에 관한 연구

최은영 ( Choi Eunyoung ) 한국사회보장학회 2017 사회보장연구 Vol.33 No.1

This study estimated the effects of elderly households` assets, household income and labor on elderly households` consumption by using Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA) of Korea Employment Information Service. As the analysis method, we used OLS(Ordinary Least Squares) to verify a causal relationship between the variables in the form of a structural equation of Fully Recursive Model. The analysis results are as follows: First, elderly households` assets and household income are in a complementary relationship and the level of household assets affects the level of household income. Second, the level of household assets reduces the incentives for the elderly`s participation in economic activities but the level of household income attracts the elderly`s participation in economic activities. Third, the level of household assets and household income of the elderly affects the level of household consumption but the direct effect of the elderly`s participation in economic activities on household consumption was not shown. These results suggest that population aging policy considering the financial factors and labor and environmental factors of elderly households is required.