합설 의정부의 “문부(文簿) 거행(擧行)” 체계

이근호(Lee, Geun-ho) 한국역사연구회 2015 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.95

The phrase “Processing[擧行] a Document[文簿]” refers to all general actions involving the creation, management and circulation of documents or printed compilations. All offices, in the performance of their duties, are required to process documents. In the Joseon system as well, which aimed for a centralized governing of the country, document processing was the beginning and end of the very governance of the dynasty. In the early half of the 19th century, the power and influence of the Euijeong-bu(議政府) and Bibyeon-sa(備邊司) offices, which were the highest ranking ones in charge, were also reflected in the task of ‘processing documents.’ Primary management was done by the Bibyeon-sa office. The roles and functions of both Euijeong-bu and Bibyeon-sa offices were defined in 「Bunjang Jeolmok(分掌節目)」, issued in February of the first year of king Gojong’s reign, then later in 「Chetong Yeon’hyeok Byeoldan(體統沿革別單)」, which was issued in March of the king’s second year, and then finally in Yukjeon Jorye(六典條例), which was declared in the king’s fourth year. The task of processing documents were overseen by the Bibyeon-sa office during the 「Bunjang Jeolmok」 stage, and later the task was overseen by the Gongsa-saek(公事色) office during the 「Chetong Yeon’hyeok Byeoldan」 stage, when the Bibyeon-sa office was merged with Euijeong-bu. But the late Euijeong-bu was also partially functioning in that regard. In Yukjeon Jorye, it was dictated that all document processing should be overseen by the Yusa Dangsang(有司堂上) officials alone. Such directive was a departure from the 「Chetong Yeon’hyeok Byeoldan」 stage, in which document processing was done by the new office’s Gongsa-saek branch, as it inherited those functions from the late Bibyeon-sa office, as well as the late Euijeong-bu portion. As time passed, the Chanseong(贊成) and Chamchan(參贊) figures(the so-called East and West Walls[東·西壁]) joined the Yusa Dangsang figures in the process, and sometimes even assumed the role of Yusa Dangsang figures themselves. This led to a truly unified process of document processing, and also to the office itself settling down as a unified entity the Merged Euijeong-bu office initially aspired to be. With this evolution, the Merged Euijeong-bu office finally became the highest ranking office inside the Joseon government and the most influential one as well. How it managed to control the government, and shaped things that were to come in the political arena, should be further examined in future studies.

XML-based EDI Document Processing System with Binary Format Mapping Rules

Kim, Chang-Su,Jung, Hoe-Kyung The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2012 Journal of information and communication convergen Vol.10 No.3

Recently, the magnitude of electronic data interchange (EDI) document processing for the handling of port logistics is abruptly being increased. The existing system processes EDI documents in a script mode, but due to a complicated script preparation procedure and low document processing efficiency, it cannot meet the demand as the usage flow of documents increases. In this paper, an EDI electronic document processing system was designed and implemented in a document scanner and mapper, which are binary form electronic document processing tools and do not require script files during the conversion of extensible markup language (XML)-based electronic documents. This new system has the merits of XML features during reading and writing with improved speed, usage convenience, and good portability on systems when compared to the conventional ones.

전자문서 관련법령의 기업친화성 강화방안에 관한 연구

김현경(Kim, Hyun-Kyung) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2012 성균관법학 Vol.24 No.1

A large number of documents generated and distributed by companies is being handled and electronically on the ground of information processing technology development. Electronic document are becoming important not only in terms of convenience and efficiency as well as the company's information resources management and utilization. However, the consumption of paper documents is still increasing and it shows that the face value of electronic document does not reflect on business practices. This unreasonableness is stemming from the legal limit based on paper document. The most basic prerequisition for companies to take advantage of electronic documents is that electronic documents should be able to be submitted to public or freely flowed in private in electronic form. In addition, there should be no uncertainty to acknowledge the validity of electronic document. This study suggests the following amendments of laws related to electronic document. First, it is necessary to prepare a plan on distribution of electronic douments beween the public and private. Most of the document-related activities done in corporate are made in accordance with the provisions of the law. Specifically, licensing, registration and documentation to be submitted to the public sector occupies a significant portion, and various documents should be supplied for confirmation to the public sector. This paper suggests the introduction of government electronic document storage. It needs legal basis for the establishment of the storage. Furthermore, for the convenience of citizens, the storage should be connected to the authorized electronic document provided in the Framework Act on Electronic Commerce Section 2 of Article 31. Second, legal basis for the activation of 'digitalized document' is necessary. Digitalized document has is a charateristic that the original paper documents exist separately. Thus, issues on the identity with the original paper, integrity in the process of creating digitalized documents, and authencity of the digitalized document itself can be discussed. Finally, ensuring consistency of relevant laws and regulations is required. When critical business documents are created in electronic form, the Commercial Code does not have special rules to apply and the Framework Act on Electronic Commerce applies. However, The annex of the Framework Act on Electronic Commerce Act does not comment 'the commercial books and the preservation of important documents on the business under Article 33 of the Commercial Code, the uncertainty exists. Clear legal basis for the storage of commercial documents are needed. If digitalized documents are the same as the original documents in its contents and forms, and meet the reliability requirements, particularly when the documents are notarized, it can be preferably considered that the original document is disposed.

전자소송과 당사자의 절차참여권 보장

유병현(Yoo, Byung-Hyun) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2016 圓光法學 Vol.32 No.3

전자소송은 전자문서를 이용하여 진행하는 소송절차를 말한다. 2010년도에 특허사건부터 시작하여, 2011년 민사본안사건부터 본격적으로 실시되었는데, 2015년도에는 민사 집행사건에까지 확대되어 전 범위에서 실시되고 있다. 전자소송을 이용하기 위해서는 등록과 동의의 이 단계를 거쳐야 한다. 이것은 전자소송을 이용하는 시용자를 보호하기 위한 조치이다. 특정사건에 대하여 전자소송 동의를 하면 소송서류를 전자문서로 제출할 의무와 전자문서로 송달받을 의무가 생긴다. 전자소송을 시행하는 것은 국민의 권리를 더욱 충실하게 실현하려는 것이므로 전자소송환경을 당사자에게 편리하게 구축하여 운영하여야 한다. 전자소송의 주된 이용대상자는 변호사이므로, 소송에 낮선 본인소송자에게 전자소 송을 강요할 수는 없다. 전자송달은 송달서류를 법원의 시스템에 등재하고 그 사실을 이메일과 문자메시지로 통지하고, 통지받은 당사자가 등재서류를 1주 이내에 확인하면 그시점, 확인하지 않고 지나면 1주가 지난 시점에 송달되는 것으로 보는 송달방식인데, 대법원은 이메일과 문자메세지의 통지중 하나라도 전송되지 않으면 송달의 효력이 없다고 본다. 법원의 시스템에 장애가 있으면 그 기간은 1주에 산입하지 않는다. 전자소송규칙은 법원의 시스템 장애로 전자문서를 제출하지 않은 경우 불변기간은 소송행위의 추후보완으로 구제하는 방식을 취하고 있는데, 구체적인 경우에 당사자 권리구제에 어려움이 있으므 로, 당사자가 안심할 수 있는 구제책을 마련하기 위해 노력해야 한다. The Korean Courts adopted electronic procedure since April 26, 2010. Patent court is the first runner which enjoys the most excellent and unique electronic procedure in the world. On May 2, 2011, civil cases on the merits of the first instance are the second runner. On March 23, 2015, civil execution cases join the electronic procedure cases; almost all cases are using electronic documents, except for criminal cases. In the era of electronic procedure, it is very impotent to protect party’s procedural due process rights of participation. A registered user who has agreed to the electronic procedure shall submit documents to be submitted to the court in an electronic format using an electronic data processing system. The court should not apply this rule rigidly to the pro se party, who is novice to civil litigation. A registered party who has agreed in advance to the electronic procedure get court service through an electronic date processing system. The electronic service shall be made in a way in which court clerks put up the electronic documents to be served on an electronic data processing system and electronically by e-mail and by mobile phone text message notify the person who is to be served such documents of such fact. The service shall be made when the person to be served checks the posted electronic documents. If he/she fails to check the posted documents within one week, service shall be deemed made on the day when one week pass from the day the fact of posting is notified. The supreme court ruled that the service is effective only if both of the notice of e-mali and that of text message are transmitted to the party. The period during which the person who is to be served electronic documents is not able to verify electronic documents due to failure in the electronic data processing system shall not be counted in the period of one week. Where the electronic data processing system is malfunctioning, it is very difficult to regulate the proper measure for relief. In conducting electronic procedure, the purpose of electronic procedure act should be always respected: “to enhance swiftness and transparency thereof, thereby contributing to realizing people s rights(Act on the Use, etc. of Electronic Documents in Civil Procedure, etc § 1).”

세법상 전자화문서 보관의 활성화 방안

윤현석(Yoon Hyunseok) 한국세법학회 2013 조세법연구 Vol.19 No.2

정보통신기술의 발전은 컴퓨터 등을 이용하여 전자문서의 생성?유통을 확산시키고 있지만, 종이문서의 사용량은 줄어들지 아니하고 있다. 이에 대해 기업들은 전자화문서가 종이문서와 동일한 법적 효력을 갖지 못하기 때문이라고 한다. 종이문서 원본만을 신뢰하고 인정하는 법?제도적 관행은 종이문서와 전자화 문서의 이중 보관이라는 부작용을 초래할 수밖에 없다. 한편 일부 법률에서는 종이문서 원본을 요구하고 있는데, 그중 대표적인 법이 세법이다. 세법의 종이문서 원본 요구는 기업 등이 종이문서를 전자화문서로 변환하여 보관하지 못하게 하는 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 국세기본법은 장부 및 증거서류 중 위?변조 가능성이 높은 계약서 등 법령에서 정하는 경우에는 변환된 전자화문서가 아닌 원본인 종이문서를 보관하도록 정하고 있다. 그 후 2010년 2월 국세기본법 시행령 개정으로 종전 그 대상에서 제외되었던 재발급이 가능한 소송 및 인허가 관련 서류도 포함시킴으로써 전자화문서 보관대상을 확대하였다. 그러나 전자화문서와 관련하여 세법에서는 거래 관련 증빙서류를 전자화하여 보관할 수 있는지에 대한 기준을 나름대로 제시하고 있지만, 전자화문서 보관대상에서 제외되는 예외사유의 범위가 넓어 납세자들은 이윤을 창출하기 위해 추진하는 거래과정에서 발생하는 과세자료 중 어떠한 자료를 전자화문서로 보관할 수 있는지 여부를 판단하기 어렵다. 따라서 납세자의 입장에서는 전자화문서 보관 후 과세당국으로부터 종이문서 원본을 요구받을 경우를 대비하여야 하므로 종이문서를 쉽게 전자화문서로 변환하여 보관하는 것을 주저할 수밖에 없다. 또한 납세자에게는 전자화과정과 공인전자문서센터 보관, 시스템 교체 등 새로운 비용에 대한 부담도 있을 것이다. 그러나 장기적인 관점에서 본다면 납세자인 기업이 전자화문서로의 보관은 보관비용 절감을, 과세당국은 업무의 효율성과 과표 양성화를 추구할 수 있을 것으로 본다. The development of information and communication technology is spreading radical generation and distribution of electronic documents using computers. But Nor reduce the use of paper documents has not. Companies say because the paper and electronic form document does not have the same legal effect. The current legal framework are accepted as customary the original paper documents. This is bound to result in adverse effects of Dual storage of paper and computerized documents. On the other hand, some laws that require the original document in the paper, of which the tax law is typical. Tax laws are required of the original paper document storage. This requirement is one of the major causes that the companies prevent preservation of the computerized document. Basic Act for National Taxes has set that keep the original paper document if the legislation has set book and documentary evidence including the agreements to be easy to counterfeiting and tampering. Enforcement decree of the Act amended in February 2010 expanded the target of computerized document storage. The litigation and licensing documents to be reissued were also included in the scope. However, with regard to computerized documentation tax law does not provide clear criteria on whether to keep the computerization transactionrelated documents. Therefore, companies Therefore, companies are reluctant which paper documents tax data converted to electronic form. From the perspective of the taxpayer is bound to be afraid to easily convert paper documents into electronic form and keep the document . Computerized storage of documents shall be deemed to be forward reduction of storage cost in taxpayers and business efficiency and broadening tax base in tax authorities. Activation plan for computerized documents in the tax law would be said to alleviating the financial burden the company to store original paper document and to submit a copy as well as a way for environmentally significant.

상업장부등의 전자적 보존 활성화를 위한 상법 제33조의 재검토

김현경(Kim Hyun-Kyung) 한국비교사법학회 2011 比較私法 Vol.18 No.3

The information telecommunication technology has revolutionized the communications world like nothing before. The rapid development of electronic information technologies, including Internet and the World Wide Web, has considerably advanced methods of communication. Electronic Document represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of easy and rapid communication. Electronic document is the principal method of on-line civil service provided by the Government and is the vehicle for the electronic commercial transaction (ECommerce). Korea’s expertise in the digitization of administrative work procedures and civil services through IT applications has been highly recognized and topped in both categories of the e-government readiness index and e-participation index in the United Nations E-Government Survey 2010. the use of the electronic documents also has proliferated as E-commerce is diffused over the Private sectors. However, despite the spread of electronic services and businesses, the paper consumption still grows continuously. The domestic consumption of paper has reached 42.5 billion sheets of paper as of Year 2008, and government agencies in 2008 spent about 10 billion sheets of paper, showing the trend that the average annual growth rate is more than 20%. Corporate annual paper consumption is on average 15.9 per capita in the box and, if 1 box is considered 2,500 sheets of paper, can be also estimated at approximately 39,855 sheets of paper per capita per year. Even if the development of IT technology built the environment for practical use of electronic document, Government has to provide the various policies for the dissemination and diffusion of electronic document in order to reduce the unusual increase of paper consumption and to pursue the Green Information. However, there are concerns that the legal constraints would be the obstacle for implementing these policies and might result in hindering the spread of electronic document. Framework Act on Electronic Commerce prescribes the basic principles for the validity of electronic documents in private transaction and recognizes the custody of electronic documents and documents subjects to conversion to electronic documents. This Act applies throughout commercial transactions in general. However, Commercial Act prescribe that trade books and all important documents relating business shall be preserved for a period of ten years and the slips and similar documents shall be kept for five years, and the books and documents may be preserved by means of the microfilms and other data processing systems. However, the even though these documents can ben preserved by electronic information processing system. However, Enforcement Decree of the Commercial Act prescribes that if books and document required to be signed and sealed by the law, the original with signature and the seal shall be preserved. This legal constraints limits the electronic means of preservation of trade books. In other words, Commercial Act imposes a duty to preserve the orignal paper of balance sheet, articles of association, various kinds of proof of certificate etc and does not clarify whether the documents preserved by the electronic means is deemed as the original document. This article will examine and analysis wether the Commercial Act provisions that premises the preservation of the original paper documents is appropriate for today’s information technology based industrial and business environment and propose an improvement method for invigorating and boosting the preservation of trade book by the electronic means.

텍스쳐 특징과 구조적인 정보를 이용한 문서 영상의 분할 및 분류

박근혜,김보람,김욱현,Park, Kun-Hye,Kim, Bo-Ram,Kim, Wook-Hyun 한국융합신호처리학회 2010 융합신호처리학회 논문지 (JISPS) Vol.11 No.3

본 논문은 문서 영상을 대상으로 표, 그림, 글자 등의 각 구성요소들을 자동으로 분류하기 위한 새로운 텍스쳐 기반의 영상 분할 및 분류 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 문서 영상 분할 단계와 문서 영상 내 구성요소 분류 단계로 이루어진다. 먼저 영상 분할을 수행한 후, 분할된 영역을 대상으로 문서 영상의 구성 요소들을 분류하는데, 이때 각 구성 요소는 서로 다른 텍스쳐를 가지고 있는 영역이라는 특징을 이용한다. 분할된 영역들을 분류하기 위한 텍스쳐 특징을 추출하기 위해 다양한 텍스쳐 분석에 광범위하게 사용되는 2차원 가보필터를 이용한다. 제안한 방법은 구성 요소와 사용 언어에 대한 사전 지식을 이용하지 않으면서 문서 영상의 분할 및 구성요소 분류에서 좋은 성능을 보인다. 제안한 방법은 멀티미디어 데이터 검색, 실시간 영상 처리 등과 같은 다양한 분야에 적용 될 수 있다. In this paper, we propose a new texture-based page segmentation and classification method in which table region, background region, image region and text region in a given document image are automatically identified. The proposed method for document images consists of two stages, document segmentation and contents classification. In the first stage, we segment the document image, and then, we classify contents of document in the second stage. The proposed classification method is based on a texture analysis. Each contents in the document are considered as regions with different textures. Thus the problem of classification contents of document can be posed as a texture segmentation and analysis problem. Two-dimensional Gabor filters are used to extract texture features for each of these regions. Our method does not assume any a priori knowledge about content or language of the document. As we can see experiment results, our method gives good performance in document segmentation and contents classification. The proposed system is expected to apply such as multimedia data searching, real-time image processing.

Beyond SDLC: Process Modeling and Documentation Using Thinging Machines

Al-Fedaghi, Sabah International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.7

The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a procedure used to develop a software system that meets both the customer's needs and real-world requirements. The first phase of the SDLC involves creating a conceptual model that represents the involved domain in reality. In requirements engineering, building such a model is considered a bridge to the design and construction phases. However, this type of model can also serve as a basic model for identifying business processes and how these processes are interconnected to achieve the final result. This paper focuses on process modeling in organizations, per se, beyond its application in the SDLC when an organization needs further documentation to meet its growth needs and address regular changes over time. The resultant process documentation is created alongside the daily operations of the business process. The model provides visualization and documentation of processes to assist in defining work patterns, avoiding redundancy, or even designing new processes. In this paper, a proposed diagrammatic representation models each process using one diagram comprising five actions and two types of relations to build three levels of depiction. These levels consist of a static description, events, and the behavior of the modeled process. The viability of a thinging machine is demonstrated by re-modeling some examples from the literature.

스캐닝 과정에서 발생하는 전자문서의 기하학적 변형감지에 관한 연구

오동열(Oh, Dong-Yeol),오해석(Oh, Hae-Seok),류성열(Rhew, Sung-Yul) 한국산학기술학회 2009 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.10 No.8

기존 종이 문서를 영상 파일로 변환하기 위해서 스캐너와 같은 광학기를 사용하게 된다. 스캐닝 과정에서 문서가 제대로 문서 영상으로 생성되었는지를 판단하기 위해서 이미지 품질 검사 과정을 거치게 된다. 이미지 품질 검사 과정에서는 스캐너 기기의 특성상 스캐닝 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 문서 영상의 기울기, 노이즈 여부, 문서가 접힌 상태로 스캔되었는지의 여부 등을 체크하게 된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 스캐너를 이용하여 문서 영상을 생성 과 정에서 발생하는 기하학적 변형을 평가하기 위한 방법론을 제시한다. 본 연구에서는 품질 검사의 검사 항목에 대해서 영상 처리를 이용하여 각각의 변형 정도를 측정하고 각각의 변형 정도가 실제 문서의 가독성에 얼마나 영향을 미치 는지를 OCR 결과 값과 비교한다. OCR 인식 성공 비율과 각 항목별 변형 정도를 나타내는 측정 값 간에 상관관계를 분석하기 위해서 피어슨 상관 계수(Pearson Correlation Coefficient)를 이용하고 이를 기반으로 실제 문서 영상의 변형 정도를 평가하기 위한 가중치 값을 산정한다. 제시한 방법으로 평가에서 높은 평가 값으로 계산된 영상 문서는 OCR 인식률에서도 높은 인식 결과를 나타내고 있다. Scanner which is a kind of optical devices is used to convert paper documents into document image files. The assessment of scanned document image is performed to check if there are any modification on document image files in scanning process. In assessment of scanned documents, user checks the degree of skew, noise, folded state and etc This paper proposed to how to measure geometrical modifications of document image in scanning process. In this study, we check the degree of modification in document image file by image processing and we compare the evaluation value which means the degree of modification in each items with OCR success ratio in a document image file. To analyse the correlation between OCR success ratio and the evaluation value which means the degree of modification in each items, we apply Pearson Correlation Coefficient and calculate weight value for each items to score total evaluation value of image modification degrees on a image file. The document image which has high rating score by proposed method also has high OCR success ratio.

디지털펜과 필기체인식 기술을 이용한 수기문서 전자화 프레임워크

손봉기(Son, Bong-Ki),김학준(Kim, Hak-Joon) 한국산학기술학회 2011 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.3

아직도 다양한 비즈니스 현장에서는 업무특성이나 법률적 제약 때문에 종이문서로 정보를 취득하고 있다. 이러한 수기문서는 IT 시스템을 통한 실시간 정보 처리와 관리를 위해 전자화 과정을 거쳐 디지털 문서로 변환되어 야 한다. 기존의 문서 전자화 시스템은 수기문서를 스캐닝과 후처리 작업을 거쳐 전자화하기 때문에 연속적인 업무 처리가 어렵다. 이 논문에서는 디지털펜과 필기체인식 기술을 이용한 수기문서 전자화 프레임워크인 LiveForm을 제 안한다. 또한, 제안한 프레임워크의 적용가능성을 보이기 위해 LiveForm 기반 산업특수가스 유통 서비스를 구현하고 적용 효과를 분석한다. LiveForm은 디지털펜으로 절대좌표값이 인쇄된 종이문서를 작성하면 작성문서와 동일한 디지 털이미지를 생성하고, 기록 정보는 필기체인식을 통해 디지털 문자로 변환하여 업무시스템에 자동으로 입력한다. LiveForm 기반 응용시스템은 종이문서 기반 정보 취득이 많은 업무에서 문서 전자화를 위한 스캐닝과 데이터 수동입 력없이 취득한 정보를 업무시스템 자동으로 반영할 수 있어 업무 프로세스를 대폭 개선할 수 있다. Business still relies heavily on pen and paper for legal reasons or convenience. The handwritten document is to be converted into digitalized document for IT system to manage and process in real time. Because the previous document digitalization systems convert the handwritten documents into digitalized documents by scanning and post-processing the documents, it is difficult to seamlessly proceed the work process. This paper proposes the LiveForm, a framework for digitalizing handwritten document using digital pen and handwriting recognition technology. To prove the applicability of the proposed LiveForm, we also implement a LiveForm based service in industrial gas distribution process and analyze effects of the system. The LiveForm generates the same digital image as the handwritten document by writing up the paper with absolute coordinates by digital pen and converts the handwriting data to digital text to insert the information into back-end system. The LiveForm based system eliminates scanning for document digitalization and data input with keyboard into back-end system in paper-based information gathering. Therefore, it is possible for the LiveForm to improve work process in various business areas.