배양조건에 따른 Schizochytrium mangrovei 의 성장 및 Docosahexaenoic acid의 생산특성

정우철,강석중,최병대 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.2

Both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) have attracted increasing at- tention since the first epidemiological report on the importance of n-3 essential fatty acids. Lipids in microbial cells play various biological roles and, consequently, much research has been carried out on their role in cell physiology. The lipid composition of microorganisms can exhibit considerable variations depending on environment. The effects of culture conditions, temperature (15, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36℃), salinity (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 psu), pH (pH5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), rotation speeds (50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm), carbon sources, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on the production of docosahexaenoic acid, fatty-acid profiles, and acids secreted to the broth culture by the oleaginous microorgan- ism, Schizochytrium mangrovei (KCTC 11117BP), were studied. Temperature (initially 28℃), salinity (20 psu), pH (pH7), rotation speeds (100 rpm), organism fatty acids, and secreted acids in the broth were varied during cultiva- tion of S. mangrovei . At pH 7.0, S. mangrovei was able to accumulate lipids up to 40% of its biomass, with 13% (w/w) DHA content. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose, and yeast extract were suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The primary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid produced was docosahexaenoic acid.

조현병 치료보조제로서 오메가-3 지방산에 대한 국내외 논문분석

차현수(Hyun-su Cha) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.9

본 연구의 목적은 조현병 치료 보조제로 오메가-3 지방산을 사용하기 위하여 오메가-3 지방산이 조현병 환자와 조현병이 유도된 동물에게 미치는 효과를 파악하는 것이다. 문헌 검색은 ‘오메가-3 지방산’ ‘Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, ‘Docosahexaenoic Acids’, ‘Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester’, ‘조현병’, ‘schizophrenia’ 등을 검색어로 하여 한국 교육 학술 정보원, 국회 도서관, Pubmed, CINAHL 등을 통해 2001년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 발표된 연구논문을 검색하였다. 연구자가 원본을 확인한 후, 선정한 9편의 논문을 최종 분석하였다. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network의 체크리스트로 논문의 질적 평가를 실시한 결과 10점 만점에 9점인 연구가 3편, 8점인 연구가 5편, 7점인 연구가 1편 이었다. 오메가-3 지방산 투여량은 1g/일 - 4g/일 이었고, 투여 횟수는 1회/일 - 2회/일 이었고, 투여 기간은 12주, 16주, 26주, 2년 동안 또는 조현병이 재발할 때까지 이었다. 분석한 연구 결과에 의하면 오메가-3 지방산은 정신 증상, 뇌 , 혈액 등에 변화를 일으켜 조현병 증상을 감소시키는 효과가 있었다. 향후 조현병 치료보조제로 오메가-3 지방산이 이용되기를 바란다. This study identifies the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on patients with schizophrenia and animals induced by schizophrenia, in order to use omega-3 fatty acids as a supplement for treating schizophrenia. Literature searches included articles from January 2001 to December 2020, and search terms included the terms “Omega-3 fatty acids”, “Docosahexaenoic Acids”, “Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester”, and “Schizophenia”. After the original articles were reviewed by the researcher, nine papers selected by me were finally analyzed. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network’s checklist was applied for a qualitative evaluation of the papers. From a total of 10 points, three studies scored 9, five studies scored 8, and one study scored 7. Omega-3 fatty acid dose administered was 1g/day-4g/day for a duration of 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 26 weeks, 2 years, or until schizophrenia recurred. Our analysis revealed that administering omega-3 fatty acids reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by altering the psychological symptoms, and the physiology of the brain and blood. We believe that omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to be used as supplements to treat schizophrenia.

Low Plasma Proportion of Omega 3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Predicts Poor Outcome in Acute Non-Cardiogenic Ischemic Stroke Patients

Song, Tae-Jin,Cho, Hyun-Ji,Chang, Yoonkyung,Choi, Kyungsun,Jung, A-Reum,Youn, Minjung,Shin, Min-Jeong,Kim, Yong-Jae Korean Stroke Society 2015 Journal of stroke Vol.17 No.2

<P><B>Background and Purpose</B></P><P>Alterations in blood fatty acid (FA) composition are associated with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether plasma FA composition was related to stroke severity and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We prospectively enrolled 156 patients with first-episode cerebral infarction, within 7 days of symptom onset. The proportion of FAs was analyzed using gas chromatography, and the summation of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFA), 18:3 ω3 α-linolenic acid, 20:3 ω3 eicosatrienoic acid, 20:5 ω3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 22:6 ω3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reported as Σω3-PUFAs. Stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission. Poor functional outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≥3 at three months after the index stroke.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Lower proportions of EPA (β=-0.751), DHA (β=-0.610), and Σω3-PUFAs (β=-0.462) were independently associated with higher NIHSS score, after adjusting for stroke subtype, hemoglobin, high density lipoprotein, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, 16:0 palmitic acid, and Σsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, a lower proportion of DHA (odds ratio [OR]: 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04-0.88), and Σω3-PUFAs (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.84) showed an independent relationship with poor functional outcome after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, NIHSS score, stroke subtype, and 16:0 palmitic acid.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Our results demonstrate that ω3-PUFAs correlated with stroke severity on admission and functional outcomes at 3 months. ω3-PUFAs are potential blood biomarkers for prognosis of acute non-cardiogenic ischemic stroke patients.</P>

심혈관계질환의 위험지표로서Omega-3 Index에 대한 올바른 이해 및 한국인에의 적용

박용순 대한비만학회 2010 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.19 No.1

오메가-3 다가 불포화지방산인 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5)와 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6)는 심혈관계질환으로 인한 사망을 예방하는 영양소로 잘 알려져 있다. 최근에는 오메가-3 지방산이 심혈관계질환뿐 아니라 뇌졸중을 예방하는데도 도움이 된다는 연구결과가 보고되고 있으며, 이러한 오메가-3 지방산의 효과는 항부정맥, 항염증, 혈액응고 억제, 지단백질 농도 저하 등과 관련이 있다고 한다. Omega-3 Index는 오메가-3 지방산의 체내 수준을 나타내는 유일한 표준 혈액 검사로 적혈구의 EPA와 DHA 수준을 의미한다. Omega-3 Index는 섭취한 오메가-3 지방산과 비례할 뿐 아니라, 심장근육의 오메가-3 지방산 농도와도 비례함하고, 심혈관계질환의 위험도와 음의 상관관계를 가진다고 알려져 심혈관계질환의 위험지표로 활용되고 있다. 권장섭취량인 1g의 오메가-3 지방산으로 얻을 수 있는 8-10% Omega-3 Index가 심혈관계질환의 예방을 위한 적정 목표치로 설정되었다. 한국인에게도 Omega-3 Index는 활용가능하나 목표치는 상향 조정이 필요하다고 사료된다. Of all known dietary factors, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) may be the most protective against death from cardiovascular disease. Evidence continues to accrue for benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke. Anti-arrhythmogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and hypolipidemic effects of omega-3-fatty acids are emerging as the most likely explanation. New evidence has confirmed and refined the cardioprotective risk factor of Omega-3 Index, the only standardized blood test of omega-3 fatty acids measuring content of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Current evidence suggests that individuals with coronary artery disease may reduce their risk of sudden cardiac death by increasing their intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids by approximately 1 g per day and achieving a target range of 8-10% Omega-3 Index. However, target range of Omega-3 Index for Koreans may be higher than 10%.

Effects of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 Fatty Acid Diets on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Mesenteric and Subcutaneous Fat of Lactating Rats

Chung, Hae-Yun,Chung, Eun-Jung,Lee, Yang-Cha-Kim The Korean Nutrition Society 2001 Nutritional Sciences Vol.4 No.1

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

고품질의 Rotifer와 Artemia의 생산을 위한 해양세균 이용과 대량생산에 따른 환경인자에 관한 연구 1. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$에 의한 Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis의 배양시 지방산과 아미노산 조성의 변화

이원재,박유수,박영태,김성재,김광양,LEE Won-Jae,PARK You-Soo,PARK Young-Tae,KIM Sung-Jae,KIM Kwang-Yang 한국수산과학회 1997 한국수산과학회지 Vol.30 No.3

연안해역에서 호기성 광합성 세균 Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$I를 분리 및 동정하여 rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis의 먹이로 투여하였을 때 개체수, 체장, 체중 및 지방산 조성과 아미노산 조성을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ 은 지방산의 함량중 $C_{18:1\omega9}$가 $36.5\%,\;C_{18:1\omega7}$이 $13.3\%\;C_{18:3\omega3}\;8.6\%$ 함유하였고 아미노산은 glutamic acid가 $61.6\;mg\%$, aspartic acid가 $45.2\;mg\%$, alanine이 $43.7\;mg\%$, lysine이 $28.7\;mg\%$ 등 높은 함량을 보였다. 2. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$을 rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis에 투여했을 때 (초기 개체수 5개체/$m\ell$) 개체수는 5일째 9개체/$m\ell$, 9일째 20개체/$m\ell$, 13일째는 43개체/$m\ell$로 증가하였다. 또한 체중은 초기 140ng/개체에서 5일째 280ng/개체, 9일째 560ng/개체, 13일째 610ng/개체로 증가하였으며, 체장은 초기 $150{\pm}7{\mu}m\;(length),\;85{\pm}14{\mu}m\;(width)$에서 5일째 $160{\pm}18{\mu}m\;(length),\;92{\pm}15{\mu}m\;(width)$, 9일째 $170{\pm}17{\mu}m\;(length),\;94{\pm}14{\mu}m\;(width)$, 13일째는 $184{\pm}17{\mu}m\;(length),\;100{\pm}12{\mu}m\;(width)$로 성장하였다. 3. Rotifer 개체당 24시간내에 $10^4\~10^5$개체의 세균을 섭취하였다. 4. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$을 rotifer에 먹이로 투여했을때 EPA, DHA가 증가하였다. 비교실험에 사용한 Chlorella sp. PSB, yeast에 비하여 EPA와 DHA의 함량이 높았다. 특히DBHA는 $S\;\pi-I$과 Chlorella sp.에서만 분석되었으며 $S\;\pi-I$이 높았다. 5. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$과 비교로서 PSB, Chlorella sp., yeast를 rotifer에 먹이로 투여했을 때 $S\;\pi-I$에서 lysine이 가장 높았고, PSB, Chlorellaal sp. 순으로 분석되었다. yeast에서는 검출되지 않았다. To develop a beneficial microbial feed for the cultivation of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ was isolated from marine structure at Haeundae beach in Pusan, Korea. Feeding effects of Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ on the growth of rotifer were analyzed comparing to other feeds such as PSB (purple nonsulfur bacteria), Chlorella sp. and baker's yeast. Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ contained more linoleic acid $(C_{18:3\omega3})$ and oleic acid $(C_{18:1\omega9})$ and amino acids than PSB (purple nonsulfur bacteria), Chlorella sp. and baker's yeast. The rotifer fed on Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ showed better effects than those fed on other feeds in the individual growth, size and weight. Also, the rotifer especially contained more eicosapentaenoic acid $(C_{20:5\omega3})$ and docosahexaenoic acid $(C_{22:6\omega3})$ in case of Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ feeding than the other feeds. In case of the feed of PSB and baker's yeast docosahexaenoic acid $(C_{22:6\omega3})$ did not show. In amino acid analysis, the rotifer fed on Erthrobacter sp, $S\;\pi-I$ showed more amino acid content comparing to those fed on other diets. Especially, arginine, isoleucine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, which are essential amino acid for fish growth, showed high contents. These results suggested that the aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. $S\;\pi-I$ would be a beneficial microbial teed for the cultivation of rotifer.

Effects of α-Linolenic, Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on the Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Brain Phospholipid in Rats

Cha, Jae-Young,Cho, Young-Su 한국응용생명화학회 1999 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.42 No.2

The effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), on brain phospholipid content and fatty acid composition were compared in rats fed with a diet containing constant ratios of saturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3/n-6. The dietary fat in each diet was added at the level of 10%. In each diet, n-3 PUFA comprised two-thirds of the PUFA and the remaining one-third was linoleic acid (18:2). Dietary fat containing linoleic acid as the sole source of PUFA was also given to the control group. The content of brain phospholipid in the three n-3 PUFA groups was significantly lower than that of the linoleic acid group. This reduction was greater in the EPA and DHA groups than in the ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid group. The decrease in phospholipid content in rats fed n-3 fatty acid-rich diets was largely due to the decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Each dietary n-3 PUFA was found to affect the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; the most pronounced alteration was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Furthermore, the proportion of DHA in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction tended to be higher in the DHA group than in other PUFA groups. In conclusion, dietary ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA can influence the phospholipid content, phospholipid subclass, and fatty acid composition in rat brain.

Development of Hydrophobically Modified Casein Derivative-Based Delivery System for Docosahexaenoic Acids by an Acid-Induced Gelation

하호경,우단비,이미령,이원재 한국축산식품학회 2023 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.43 No.2

Although omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contain various health-promoting effects, their poor aqueous solubility and stability make them difficult to be induced in dairy foods. The aims of this research were to manufacture casein derivative-based delivery system using acid-induced gelation method with glucono-σ-lactone and to investigate the effects of production variables, such as pH and charged amount of linoleic acid, on the physicochemical properties of delivery systems and oxidative stability of DHA during storage in model milk. Covalent modification with linoleic acid resulted in the production of casein derivatives with varying degrees of modification. As pH was reduced from 5.0 to 4.8 and the charged amount of linoleic acid was increased from 0% to 30%, an increase in particle size of casein derivative-based delivery systems was observed. The encapsulation efficiency of DHA was increased with decreased pH and increased charged amount of linoleic acid. The use of delivery system for DHA resulted in a decrease in the development of primary and secondary oxidation products. An increase in the degree of modification of casein derivatives with linoleic acid resulted in a decrease in the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products than of free DHA indicating that delivery systems could enhance the oxidative stability of DHA during storage in model milk. In conclusions, casein derivatives can be an effective delivery system for DHA and charged amount of linoleic acid played a key role determining the physicochemical characteristics of delivery system and oxidative stability of DHA.

오메가-6 대 오메가-3 비율의 기능의학적 의의

정수지(Susie Jung) 대한기능의학회 2023 Journal of Korean Institute for Functional Medicin Vol.6 No.2

오메가-6 지방산과 오메가-3 지방산은 필수 지방산이며 이는 우리 몸의 기능을 위해서 필연적으로 섭취하고 보충해야 한다. 절대적인 필수 지방산은 리놀렌산과 알파리놀렌산이지만 생체 내 저조한 전환율 및 개별적 유전형 및 신체 상태에 따른 효소 활성도를 고려할 때에 감마리놀렌산, 에이코사펜타엔산, 도코사헥사엔산의 직접적 섭취는 필수지방산 못지 않게 중요할 것으로 보인다. 오메가-6 지방산과 오메가-3 지방산의 경로는 서로 경쟁적으로 동일한 효소를 쓴다는 점, 현대인의 식사 구성이 오메가-6 지방산에 치중되어 있고 에이코사펜타엔산, 도코사헥사엔산의 실제 섭취를 맞추기에는 어렵다는 점, 다른 지방산들의 섭취 및 스트레스 및 노화, 폐경, 조효소의 상대적 결핍 등으로 발생하는 효소 활성 저하 및 저등급이나 만성적으로 염증이 증가된 질환들을 고려할 때에 개개인마다 필요한 필수지방산의 요구량은 달라질 수 있다. 중요한 것은 어느 한 지방산을 보충하기보다는 지방산을 균형 있게 섭취하거나 보충하는 것이다. 지방산 불균형은 하나의 문제이기보다는 복잡하게 서로 유기적으로 얽혀 있기 때문에 일반적으로 복합적 문제를 발생시킨다. 어느 한 지방산의 과도한 보충이 일어날 경우 다른 지방산의 결핍을 악화시킬 수 있기 때문에 적절한 근거가 될 수 있는 검사 및 임상적 증거를 확인하여 보충을 하는 지혜가 필요하겠다. Omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, which should be consumed and supplemented for the functioning of our bodies. The absolute essential fatty acids are linolenic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. However, considering the low conversion rate in vivo and their enzyme activity depending on individual genotype and disease condition, direct intake of gamma-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid is important. Requirements for essential fatty acids may vary from person to person. This means that the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid pathways compete to use the same enzymes, the modern Western diet focuses on omega-6 fats, and stress, aging, menopause, and relative deficiencies cause increased inflammation and decreased enzyme activity. The important thing is to consume or supplement fatty acids in a balanced manner rather than supplementing just one kind of 'healthy' fatty acid. Fatty acid imbalance is not a single problem but is complex and organically intertwined, so it usually causes complex problems. Excessive supplementation of one fatty acid can worsen the deficiency of other fatty acids, so wisdom is needed to supplement by checking blood omega-3 index and clinical evidence that can provide appropriate evidence.

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance — A review

Saini, Ramesh Kumar,Keum, Young-Soo Elsevier 2018 Life sciences Vol.203 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Linoleic acid (LA) (n−6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n−3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n−6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n−3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n−3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n−3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n−3 and n−6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>