APR1400 NRC DC 원전 냉각탑 설계특성

이재호(Jaiho Lee),김광홍(Kwanghong Kim) 대한기계학회 2018 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.42 No.2

미국 표준설계인증을 위해 개발된 APR1400 NRC DC 원전의 최종열침원과 순환수계통은 미국 포괄부지변수를 적용하여 기계통풍식 냉각탑으로 개념 설계되었다. 본 연구에서는 APR1400 NRC DC 최종열침원 냉각탑 수조 크기를 결정하기 위해서 US-APWR 및 US-EPR 원전의 냉각탑 설계특성을 정성적으로 비교 분석하였다. APR1400 NRC DC 냉각탑은 미국 규제지침서 1.27에 따라 소외전원상실 및 원전부지의 최악의 기상조건하에서 외부로부터 보충수 공급 없이 30일 동안 안전정지 및 냉각재상실사고에 대해 충분한 냉각수를 공급할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 냉각탑 수조의 용량은 30일 동안의 냉각수 증발과 비산율을 기반으로 필요한 냉각수량을 계산하여 결정되었다. APR1400 NRC DC 원전의 순환수계통은 각각 28개의 셀을 가진 두 개의 냉각탑으로 설계되었다. The ultimate heat sink (UHS) and circulating water system (CWS) of the APR1400 NRC DC plant developed for US NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) standard design certification were conceptually designed as a mechanical draft cooling towers by applying input parameters enveloping all sites of United States. In this study, the cooling tower design characteristics of the US-APWR and US-EPR plants were qualitatively compared and analyzed to determine the size of UHS cooling towers of the APR1400 NRC DC. The capacity of the basins for the UHS cooling towers was determined by calculating the required cooling water capacity (CWC) based on the cooling water evaporation and the drift loss rate for 30 days. The CWS of the APR1400 NRC DC plant was designed with two cooling towers each with 28 cells

냉각수 계통의 운전변수가 중앙냉방시스템의 에너지소비량에 미치는 영향

안병천 한국 지열 · 수열에너지학회 2017 한국지열에너지학회논문집 Vol.13 No.4

The effects of operational conditions of cooling water system on energy consumption for central cooling system are researched by using TRNSYS program. Cooling tower water pump flow rate, cooling tower fan flow rate, and condenser water temperature with various dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are varied and their effects on total and component power consumption are studied. If the fan maximum flow rates of cooling tower is decreased, cooling tower fan and total power consumptions are increased. If the cooling tower water pump maximum flow rates is decreased, chiller and total power consumptions are increased. If condenser water set-point temperature is increased, chiller power consumption is increased and cooling tower fan power consumption is decreased, respectively.

Water-side economizer의 Free cooling 운전 기간 확대를 위한 냉각탑 Fan 풍량 제어에 관한 연구

김유진,송영학,김환용 한국건축친환경설비학회 2023 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.17 No.3

Recently, various strategies have been proposed to reduce energy of Water-side economizer (WSE), and in particular, due to the increase in the construction of data centers, many studies have been conducted to reduce cooling energy. Therefore, in this study, a strategy to expand full-free cooling according to the decrease in the cooling tower outlet temperature of the cooling tower was established by increasing the cooling tower air volume for the WSE system. In addition simulation calculations were performed to analyze the effectiveness of the strategy to analyze the energy savings. According to the simulation calculation of the cooling tower fan air volume at intervals of 5% in the range of 50% ~ 100%, the energy was saved from 100% to 22.4% compared to the cooling tower fan ratio of 50%, during the representative week of partial load, a total of 100 hours of full-free cooling operation time was increased. Therefore, in order to implement the efficient operation of the WSE system, it is necessary to first consider increasing the cooling tower fan air volume as much as possible.

냉각탑과 반도체장비의 진동소음 측정 및 영향성 평가

이진갑 한국기계기술학회 2016 한국기계기술학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.05

Cooling towers have been widely applied to control the indoor temperature in the residential area and the living space. At operating the cooling towers, motor, fan and dropping water produce noise and vibration, which diffuse through the air or the solid object, polluting the environment. The standards can be used at estimating noise and vibration emission by showing remarkable economic or social benefits. The purpose of this study is to show the vibration and noise measurement and influence evaluation between cooling towers and semiconductor equipment.

직교ㆍ대향류 하이브리드 냉각탑의 성능특성에 관한 연구

장걸(G. Chang),김은필(E. P. Kim),전철호(C. H. Jeon),이호생(H. S. Lee),문춘근(C. K Moon),윤정인(J. I. Yoon) 한국동력기계공학회 2005 한국동력기계공학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The performance of cooling tower is dependent on the thermal performance of the packings. It's assessed by measuring packing characteristic values and pressure drops. In this study, a hybrid fill packing cooing tower is developed by combining the counter flow type fill packing with the cross flow type fill packing. Numerical investigation on the hybrid fill packing cooling tower has been done preliminary to experimental investigation. The result shows that cooling capacity on the hybrid fill packing cooling tower is higher than existing counter and cross flow type cooling tower as the experimental study. But The pressure drops on hybrid fill packing cooling tower are about 20% higher than other type cooling towers.

선형 전산해석을 이용한 자연 습식 냉각탑의 기하형상에 대한 평가

노삼영,이상윤,허동현 한국공간구조학회 2012 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.12 No.3

In the design procedure of the cooling tower the form-finding of the shell is the most important process, because the shape of the shell determines the sensitivity of dynamic behaviour of the whole tower against wind excitation. In engineering practice, geometric parameters of the shell are generally determined based on natural frequency analysis. 32 cooling tower shell geometries were selected through variation of the geometric parameters of an existing cooling tower shell. They were evaluated based on the first natural frequency. From the result three representative cooling towers are selected for the analysis of the structural behaviour by means of linear FE-method. As a result, a hyperbolic rotational shell with the small radius overall will yield the shell geometry with a higher first natural frequency and thus a wind-insensitive structure. 하이퍼볼릭 쉘로 구성된 냉각탑에서 쉘의 형상은 풍하중에 대하여 냉각탑 전체의 동적 거동에 민감하게 응답한다. 이에 따라 냉각탑 설계 시 기하형상의 결정은 매우 중요하며 일반적으로 고유진동수를 기반으로 하여 산정한다. 본 연구의 목적은 냉각탑 쉘의 구조적 거동에서 형상변수가 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 기존의 냉각탑 형상변수를 변화시켜 32개의 모델을 선정하였고 이를 1차 고유진동수를 기반으로 하여 분석한 후, 3개의 대표적인 형상을 선택하여 선형 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 전체적으로 작은반지름을 가지는 기하형상이 높은 1차 고유진동수를 나타내고 풍하중에 대하여 덜 민감한 시스템이 되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

20RT급 외기이용 하이브리드 냉각탑의 성능특성

김성일(Sung Il Kim),이욱현(Wook Hyun Lee),전원표(Won Pyo Chun),정찬일(Chan Il Jung) 대한기계학회 2011 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

통신시설을 비롯한 산업용 설비냉방을 위한 냉방장치는 연중 24시간 가동 되며 여름철은 물론 겨울철에도 냉방장치를 가동한다. 이러한 장치들은 냉동기의 부하를 대부분 냉각탑에 의존하고 있다. 이에 따른 설비의 연중 운전비 부담은 매우 크다. 외기를 이용하는 하이브리드 냉각탑은 압축기의 가동률을 대폭 줄일 수 있으므로 에너지소비량을 절감할 수 있다. 하지만, 하이브리드 냉각탑이 잘 알려진 기술임에도 불구하고 부하에 따른 운전특성 및 시스템 설계의 체계적인 연구는 국내에서 미미하다. 본 연구에서는 20RT 급 냉방장치에 사용되는 공냉식 열교환기를 수치적 방법을 이용해 설계하였다. 또한, 실험에서 얻어진 데이터를 이용해 외기이용 하이브리드 냉방장치와 기존 압축기형 냉방장치의 에너지소비량을 기상청의 주요도시별 평년기온을 바탕으로 비교하였다. 연구결과 외기이용 하이브리드 냉방장치의 에너지소비량은 압축기형 냉방장치의 54.3%이었으며 최대오치는 3.93%이었다. Industrial air-conditioning systems are in full operation all year around even in winter. The annual operating cost of this equipment is very big burden. A hybrid cooling tower can reduce the energy consumption due to the low operation of compressors, especially in winter. However, despite hybrid cooling towers are a well-known technology, many studies on operation characteristics and system design about the cooling load have to be done in the country. In this study, an air-cooled heat exchanger used in a 20RT hybrid cooling tower has been designed by numerical methods. In addition, the energy consumption obtained from experimental data between hybrid cooling towers and conventional cooling towers has been compared on a basis of the average temperature of major cities. The results demonstrated that the energy consumption of the 20RT hybrid cooling towers was 54.3% as compared with conventional cooling towers and its maximum error was 3.93%.

알루미늄 전기응집을 이용한 냉각탑 배출수 구리 제거

김진수,신총수,이상일 대한환경공학회 2018 대한환경공학회지 Vol.40 No.1

본 연구에서는 전기응집을 이용하여 냉각수의 구리를 제거하고자 하였다. 전기응집 실험에 앞서 냉각탑 가동에 따른냉각수의 구리 농도, 경도, pH, 전기전도도를 모니터링 하였다. 냉각탑이 가동될수록 구리 및 경도 물질이 농축되는 현상을확인할 수 있었으며 전기전도도와 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 전기응집은 전극 17쌍, 전극간격 0.3 cm, 전류밀도 0.0167 A/cm2으로 진행하였으며, 냉각수가 일정수준의 전기전도도를 나타내기 때문에 별도의 전해질은 추가하지 않았다. 실험결과HRT (hydraulic retention time)가 증가할수록 구리 제거율이 증가하였다. pH는 별도의 약품주입 없이도 pH 8 부근으로 조정되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 전기전도도의 경우 처리 후 감소함을 확인할 수 있었으나 그 수준은 미미하였다. 생태독성을 확인해 본 결과, 냉각수는 처리 없이 배출하기에는 다소 높은 독성값을 나타냈으며, 전기응집 처리 후에는 독성이 크게 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. This study was conducted to treatment of copper in cooling water by using electrocoagulation. Before the electrocoagulation experiment, monitored concentration of copper, hardness, pH and conductivity in cooling water for operating cooling tower. As the cooling tower was operated, it was confirmed that copper and hardness were concentrated, and it showed a high correlation with conductivity. Electrocoagulation operation condition was 17 pairs of electrodes, 0.3 cm of electrode gap and 0.0167 A/cm2 of current density. Electrolyte need not add because the cooling water has conductivity. Electrocoagulation experiment results were showed that the copper removal efficiency increased with increasing hydraulic retention time (HRT). It was confirmed that pH was adjusted to about 8 without additional chemical injection. Conductivity decreased after electrocoagulation treatment but, the decreasing trend was insignificant. Checking the toxicity, the cooling water showed high toxicity and the toxicity decreased after the electrocoagulation treatment.

건물의 냉각탑 제어 변경에 따른 연간 냉방 에너지 사용량 절감에 관한 연구

하주완,박경순,김환용,송영학 한국건축친환경설비학회 2019 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.13 No.6

The purpose of this study is to find out the efficiency improvement of the cooling system and cut-off of cooling energy consumption by changing the design method of the cooling tower system applied in Korea. The quantitative analysis was carried out on the cooling energy consumption saved by changing the Korea Standard design temperature of cooling tower system through EnergyPlus simulation. As a result of the simulation, when the condenser water temperature difference from the existing cooling tower design standard is 5K to 7K, the annual cooling energy consumption is reduced by 27,084 kWh, approximately 7.6%. Also, additionally, when the condenser water leaving temperature form the existing cooling tower design standard is 32°C to 23.9°C according to ASHRAE 90.1, the annual cooling energy consumption was reduced by 59.419 kWh, and approximately 16.7%.

냉각탑 백연방지의 성능 향상에 관한 실험적 연구

정순영,이병천,김성 한국수소및신에너지학회 2019 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.30 No.6

The occurrence of white plume in the cooling tower is phenomenon that the steam in the air through the cooling tower fan is condensed again by the cold ambient air to become saturated moist air. Accordingly, this can cause many problems like spoiling landscape around the cooling tower, odor of ambient air, falling accident by frozenness in the winter, and traffic accident, etc. This study was to install the heat exchanger in the inside of the cooling tower in order to prevent the white plume phenomenon in the cooling tower without affecting the performance of cooling tower. In addition, this study was to discharge the part of cooling water into the atmosphere through the recirculation of heat exchanger after creating dry air by heating the saturated moist air to the dew point temperature. At that time, this study was to conduct the experimental study in order to secure the optimal design data to prevent the white plume in the cooling tower because it checked the dry·moist temperature and relative humidity in the inside·outside of cooling tower on the moist air, and evaluated the performance of the heat exchanger.