탄소배출권 시장과 연동된 전력시장에서의 시장가격 분석모형 연구

이광호 대한전기학회 2022 전기학회논문지 Vol.71 No.6

Emissions allowance trading has been used to assist in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The scale of emissions from thermal power plants accounts for a large proportion of the total, so power generations in an electricity market play an important role in an emissions trading market. It is well known that competitive generations exercise market power in the oligopolistic electricity market. The competitive generations affect to exercise market power even in the emission trading market due to the coupled markets with the electricity market. This study proposes a coupled model for analyzing the competitive operation of power generation in terms of supply and demand for emissions allowance. According to case studies, it is shown that market power of power generations appears in the emissions trading market through the calculation of the Nash equilibrium in the proposed model.

이산선태모형을 이용한 주거용수용가의 전력서비스 전환비용 추정

이종수,박유리,이정동,이동헌 한국환경경제학회 2004 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.13 No.2

Generally, electricity market has monopoly market structure because of need of enormous investment for infrastructure. However, the introduction of competition in network industry as electricity is a tendency of the world with decreasing the effects of economy of scale due to the advancement of technology. Now, electricity industry restructuring is in progress but the competition in electricity retail market is not in force yet in Korea. Whether a effective competition exist or not is very important to policy decision maker who drive restructuring, but there are small numbers of quantitative researches on that. In this study, we estimated the effectiveness of competition in the electricity retail market through switching costs. If switching costs are high, consumers actually can be locked in incumbent firm in spite of introduction of competition. Therefore switching is a critical factor to determine effectiveness of competition and to estimate the size of switching costs quantitatively can proffer the information about whether the competition in the electricity retail market is effective or not in the future. We estimated switching costs using consumer’ stated-preference data by conjoint analysis. In according to estimation results, the cost of switching process is not so high, but the relative brand loyalty of an incumbent company is significantly high. And the price is considered as the most important factor choosing an electric service commodity. Based on the empirical results, it is possible to analyze the relationship between suppliers’ competitiveness resulted from management efficiency and customers’ switching possibilities. The paper therefore provides guidance for suppliers in deciding to enter into retail competition and for policy makers in introducing retail competition. And it has a significance of estimating the switching costs directly. 전력산업은 필수재적인 성격과 막대한 초기시설투자의 필요 등으로 독점적 시장구조를 갖고 있는 것이 일반적이었다. 그러나 기술의 진보로 인해 전력산업과 같은 네트워크 산업에서의 규모의 경제로 인한 효과가 감소되면서 자연독점적 산업에서의 경쟁도입이 점차 확산되고 있는 것이 세계적인 추세이다. 우리나라에서도 현재 전력산업 구조개편이 추진되고 있지만 아직 소매시장에서의 경쟁도입은 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 소매경쟁은 구조개편의 성과를 확인할 수 있는 완성단계로서 소매시장에서의 경쟁이 효율적으로 일어나는 가의 문제는 구조개편을 추진하는 정책결정자의 입장에서 중요한 문제이나 이에 대한 정량적인 연구는 거의 없는 현실이다. 본 논문은 전력소매시장에서 경쟁의 유효성을 전환비용을 통해 정량적으로 분석하였다. 전환비용이 크면 시장에 경쟁이 도입되더라도 실질적으로 소비자가 기존 사업자에게 고착될 가능성이 높으므로 전환비용의 크기를 정량적으로 측정하는 것은 향후 전력소매시장에 도입된 경쟁이 유의하게 작용할 것인가에 대해 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 컨조인트 분석을 통해 얻어진 가상적인 상황에서의 소비자의 전력상품에 대한 진술선호 자료를 바탕으로 전력소매시장에서의 전환비용을 정량적으로 추정하였다. 실증분석 결과, 전력상품의 특성상 절차상의 전환비용은 크지 않았으나 기존 공급업자에 대한 상대적인 브랜드 로열티가 크게 나타났으며, 전력상품의 선택시 소비자는 가격을 가장 중요한 요인으로 고려하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 영국 등의 해외 소매경쟁 자료와 유사한 것이며, 이를 통해 신규 진입기업의 경영효율성에 따른 가격경쟁력과 소비자의 전환가능성의 관계 파악이 가능하므로 개별기업이나 정책결정자에게 소매경쟁 진출 및 도입의 판단근거를 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

이산선택모형을 이용한 주거용수용가의 전력서비스 전환비용 추정

이종수,이동헌,이정동,박유리 한국환경경제학회 한국자원경제학회 2004 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.13 No.2

전력산업은 필수재적인 성격과 막대한 초기시설투자의 필요 등으로 독점적 시장구조를 갖고 있는 것이 일반적이었다. 그러나 기술의 진보로 인해 전력산업과 같은 네트워크 산업에서의 규모의 경제로 인한 효과가 감소되면서 자연독점적 산업에서의 경쟁도입이 점차 확산되고 있는 것이 세계적인 추세이다. 우리나라에서도 현재 전력산업 구조개편이 추진되고 있지만 아직 소매시장에서의 경쟁 도입은 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 소매경쟁은 구조개편의 성과를 확인할 수 있는 완성단계로서 소매시장에서의 경쟁이 효율적으로 일어나는 가의 문제는 구조개편을 추진하는 정책결정자의 입장에서 중요한 문제이나 이에 대한 정량적인 연구는 거의 없는 현실이다. 본 논문은 전력소매시장에서 경쟁의 유효성을 전환비용을 통해 정량적으로 분석하였다. 전환비용이 크면 시장에 경쟁이 도입되더라도 실질적으로 소비자가 기존 사업자에게 고착 될 가능성이 높으므로 전환비용의 크기를 정량적으로 측정하는 것은 향후 전력소매시장에 도입된 경쟁이 유의하게 작용할 것인가에 대해 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 컨조인트 분석을 통해 얻어진 가상적인 상황에서의 소비자의 전력상품에 대한 진술선호 자료를 바탕으로 전력소매시장에서의 전환비용을 정량적으로 추정하였다. 실증분석 결과, 전력상품의 특성상 절차상의 전환비용은 크지 않았으나 기존 공급업자에 대한 상대적인 브랜드 로열티가 크게 나타났으며, 전력상품의 선택시 소비자는 가격을 가장 중요한 요인으로 고려하고 있는 것으로 나타났다 이 결과는 영국 등의 해외 소매경쟁 자료와 유사한 것이며, 이를 통해 신규 진입기업의 경영효율성에 따른 가격경쟁력과 소비자의 전환가능성의 관계 파악이 가능하므로 개별기업이나 정책결정자에게 소매경쟁 진출 및 도입의 판단근거를 제시할 수 있을 것이다. Generally, electricity market has monopoly market structure because of need of enormous investment for infrastructure. However, the introduction of competition in network industry as electricity is a tendency of the world with decreasing the effects of economy of scale due to the advancement of technology. Now, electricity industry restructuring is in progress but the competition in electricity retail market is not in force yet in Korea. Whether a effective competition exist or not is very important to policy decision maker who drive restructuring, but there are small numbers of quantitative researches on that. In this study, we estimated the effectiveness of competition in the electricity retail market through switching costs. If switching costs are high, consumers actually can be locked in incumbent firm in spite of introduction of competition. Therefore switching is a critical factor to determine effectiveness of competition and to estimate the size of switching costs quantitatively can proffer the information about whether the competition in the electricity retail market is effective or not in the future. We estimated switching costs using consumer' stated-preference data by conjoint analysis. In according to estimation results, the cost of switching process is not so high, but the relative brand loyalty of an incumbent company is significantly high. And the price is considered as the most important factor choosing an electric service commodity. Based on the empirical results, it is possible to analyze the relationship between suppliers' competitiveness resulted from management efficiency and customers' switching possibilities. The paper therefore provides guidance for suppliers in deciding to enter into retail competition and for policy makers in introducing retail competition. And it has a significance of estimating the switching costs directly.

영국의 전력산업 법제 현황 및 시사점

황태희(Taehi Hwang) 성신여자대학교 법학연구소 2014 성신법학 Vol.- No.14

전기산업은 크게 발전, 송전, 배전 그리고 수용가 공급이라는 공급 체인으로 구성된다. 영국의 전력시장은 민영화 이후에 경쟁적인 시장과 독립적인 규제가 비교적 성공적으로 추진되어 안정되고 충분한 전기공급이 이루어져 왔으나, 온실가스 감축에 맞는 발전산업 구조개편 중 화력발전을 대체할 발전 시설의 확충이 늦어지면서 전력난의 위기가 닥쳐왔다. 영국정부는 이러한 전력 부족 문제가 전력 산업 자체의 구조적인 문제임을 인식하고, 전기시장을 개혁하고자 하는 계획을 발표하고 추진에 박차를 가하고 있다. 이러한 구조개편은 전력산업의 공익성에 오히려 도움을 주었고, 시장에서 소비자가 가장 이익을 보는 방향으로 발전하게 되었다. 시장의 규제에 경쟁법을 도입하여, 환경과 경제를 모두 고려하는 방식의 규제가 시행되고 있다. 우리나라의 경우에도 최근 몇 년간 전기의 수급불균형이 벌어지고 있고, 원전, 전기요금과 관련한 여러 논의가 있기 때문에, 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 영국의 이러한 구조개혁 방안에서 시사점을 도출하여 향후 규제 체제 및 전기 산업의 구조를 새롭게 디자인할 필요가 있다. The electric industry is composed of the generation, the transmission, the distribution and the supply to households. In the UK electricity market is regulated successfully to the competitive market after the privatization. Stable and sufficient electricity has been provided. The reorganization of the power industry structure that meet the European policy of reducing CO₂ was pursued. However, as the expansion of the power plant to replace the thermal power plant has delayed, the crisis of power shortage has occurred. The U.K. government considered this problem as a structural cause of the power industry itself. It has announced plans to reform the electricity market(EMR) and been accelerating its implementation. This restructuring program has focused on the public interest of the industry such as consumer welfare or sustainable electricity supply industry with the proper market regulation. Introducing competitive measures in this market, the approaches that consider both the environment and the market situation are well-operated. In Korea, there has been the imbalance of the supply and the demand of the electricity in recent years. A number of problem for example, the market abuse of KEPCO, anti-movement of nuclear power plants, should be solved with the proper regulations and structural change in the electricity market. These structural and regulatory reforms in the U.K. can give us many implication.

Analysis of Mechanism Design for the Optimal Bilateral Contract in the Competitive Electricity Market

정구형(Koo-Hyung Chung),노재형(Jae-Hyung Roh),조기선(Ki-Seon Cho),김학만(Hak-Man Kim) 대한전기학회 2010 전기학회논문지 P Vol.59 No.3

Although electricity market structures may be different from each country, they have a long-term forward market and a short-term spot market in general. Particularly, a bilateral contract transacted at a long-term forward market fixes the electricity price between a genco and a customer so that the customer can avoid risk due to price-spike in the spot market. The genco also can make an efficient risk-hedging strategy through the bilateral contract. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism for deriving the optimal bilateral contract price using game theory. This mechanism can make the customer reveal his true willingness to purchase so that an adequate bilateral contract price is derived.

한국 전력시장의 변동비가격제도(CBP)에 관한 소고

이문지 ( Moon Ji Rhee ) 안암법학회 2008 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.27

Like advanced and developing countries having undertaken market-driven reform in the power industry, Korea began transforming the structure of its electricity industry from the public monopoly to market competition in 1997. As the first step of the restructuring plan, the division of generation was separated from the state-owned monopoly company(KEPCO) and the Korea Power Exchange(KPX) was formed as a market and system operator to govern the power pool and network system of the electricity industry. The pricing method chosen for use in the Korean power pool is the Cost Based Price(CBP) system, under which the price is determined by the KPX as the sum of the System Marginal Price(SMP) plus the predetermined Capacity Payment(CP). Therefore the price determined by the KPX is not real market price. This paper examines the issues whether the Constitutional Law, the Electricity Business Law or the Korean Competition Law admit the CBP system, which does not allow the electricity enterprisers` freedom to set the price of their own commodities.

온실가스 배출권 거래제도를 고려한 경쟁적 전력시장 모형 연구

김상훈(Sang-Hoon Kim),이광호(Kwang-Ho Lee),김욱(Wook Kim) 대한전기학회 2009 전기학회논문지 Vol.58 No.8

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. In order to fulfil the commitments of the countries in an economically efficient way, the UNFCCC adapted the emission trading scheme in the Kyoto Protocol. If the UNFCCC's scheme is enforced in the country, considerable changes in electric power industry are expected due to the imposed greenhouse gas emission reduction. This paper proposes a game theoretic model of the case when generation companies participate in both competitive electricity market and emission market simultaneously. The model is designed such that generation companies select strategically between power quantity and greenhouse gas reduction to maximize their profits in both markets. Demand function and Environmental Welfare of emission trading market is proposed in this model. From the simulation results using the proposed model the impact of the emission trading on generation companies seems very severe in case that the emission prices are significantly high.

Assessment of Reliability in the Distribution System of an Industrial Complex

Choi, Sang-Bong The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2007 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.2 No.2

As the power industry moves towards open competition, there has been a need for methodology to evaluate distribution power system reliability by using customer interruption costs, particularly in power supply zones under the competitive electricity market. This paper presents an algorithm to evaluate system average interruption duration index, expected energy not supplied, and system outage cost taking into consideration failure rate of the distribution facility and industrial customer interruption cost. Also, to apply this algorithm to evaluate system outage cost presented in this paper, the distribution arrangement of a dual supply system consisting of mostly high voltage customers in an industrial complex in Korea is used as a sample case study. Finally, evaluation results of system interruption cost, system average interruption duration index, and expected energy not supplied in the sample industrial complex area are shown in detail.

ISO Coordination of Generator Maintenance Scheduling in Competitive Electricity Markets using Simulated Annealing

한석만,정구형,김발호 대한전기학회 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.4

To ensure that equipment outages do not directly impact the reliability of the ISOcontrolled grid, market participants request permission and receive approval for planned outages from the independent system operator (ISO) in competitive electricity markets. In the face of major generation outages, the ISO will make a critical decision as regards the scheduling of the essential maintenance for myriads of generating units over a fixed planning horizon in accordance with security and adequacy assessments. Mainly, we are concerned with a fundamental framework for ISO’s maintenance coordination in order to determine precedence of conflicting outages. Simulated annealing, a powerful, general-purpose optimization methodology suitable for real combinatorial search problems, is used. Generally, the ISO will put forward its best effort to adjust individual generator maintenance schedules according to the time preferences of each power generator (GENCO)by taking advantage of several factors such as installed capacity and relative weightings assigned to the GENCOs. Thus, computer testing on a four-GENCO model is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the applicability of the solution scheme to large-scale maintenance scheduling coordination problems.

Assessment of Reliability in the Distribution System of an Industrial Complex

Sang-Bong Choi 대한전기학회 2007 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.2 No.2

As the power industry moves towards open competition, there has been a need for methodology to evaluate distribution power system reliability by using customer interruption costs, particularly in power supply zones under the competitive electricity market. This paper presents an algorithm to evaluate system average interruption duration index, expected energy not supplied, and system outage cost taking into consideration failure rate of the distribution facility and industrial customer interruption cost. Also, to apply this algorithm to evaluate system outage cost presented in this paper, the distribution arrangement of a dual supply system consisting of mostly high voltage customers in an industrial complex in Korea is used as a sample case study. Finally, evaluation results of system interruption cost, system average interruption duration index, and expected energy not supplied in the sample industrial complex area are shown in detail.