The Changes of Soil Carbon as Affected by Several Kinds of Organic Material in Upland Soil

Hyeon-Suk Cho,Myung-Chul Seo,Jun-Hwan Kim,Wan-gyu Sang,Pyeong Shin,Jaekyeong Baek 한국토양비료학회 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.4

Organic matter is a substance that contains carbon. When applied to soil, it can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and supply nutrients to plants. Also, it is decomposed in soil due to microbe activity, or absorbed and utilized by crops. The remaining differential to materials is accumulated in the soil and increases the level of organic matter in soil. Given that the humidity and temperature are appropriate, and there are energy sources favorable for microbe activity, the decomposition rate is higher, thus resulting in the increase of the nutrient availability of crops. Therefore, we analyzed the types of carbon content according to time while cultivating beans in soil with 4 different kinds of organic matter applied. Total carbon content (TC) was higher in organic matter application than in control (non- organic matter). Among the other organic matters, it was especially high in livestock manure compost (LMC) application with 11.1 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. Hairy vetch (HV, 8.9 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), oil cake (OC, 8.9 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), and rice straw (RS, 8.2 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) did similar. According to soil carbon form, Humin carbon(HnC) had the highest total carbon contrast of 62.0 %, Humic acid carbon(HaC) had 19.6%, and Fulvic acid carbon(FaC) had 18.1%. This pattern was the same in both control and organic matter application. Every type of carbon was the highest in LMC application. TC levels were temporarily high in June, which was after organic matter application, and decreased. It was higher than any other organic matter application in LMC. HaC increased in May and June which was when the organic matter was applied, slightly decreased in July, and were the highest in LMC with TC. FaC slowly increased after organic matter application until March and slowly decreased afterwards. It was highest in LMC, and similar in HV, OC, and RC, which shows that it had the smallest difference of content between kinds of organic matter. HnC inclined to decrease slowly as time passed after organic matter application, but rapidly increased in July and June. Also, it was the highest in LMC, and similar in HV, OC, and RC. Therefore, it was concluded that LMC, which had a high level of humin carbon that is difficult to decompose, was the best for accumulating carbon in soil.

Synthesis and characterization of carbon microspheres from rubber wood by hydrothermal carbonization

Ahmed Khan, Tanveer,Kim, Hyun‐,Joong,Gupta, Arun,Jamari, Saidatul S,Jose, Rajan John WileySons, Ltd 2019 Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology Vol.94 No.5

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND</B></P><P>Carbon is the raw material for many commercial products; conventionally their production is from non‐renewable sources such as petroleum coke, pitch and coal. Recently carbon has been obtained from bioresources because of their renewability and high lignocellulosic content. This article details the synthesis of carbon microspheres from rubber wood, which is one of the largest commodity plants, via hydrothermal carbonization (hydrothermal rubber wood carbon; HTRW carbon) and evaluation of their characteristics.</P><P><B>RESULTS</B></P><P>Two sets of carbon were synthesized: (i) in the first set, excess of water (20–40 × weight of biomass) was used in the hydrothermal process at 180–260 °C for 3–9 h; and (ii) in the second set, water ratio was 25–35 × weight of biomass and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) reaction temperature was fixed at 260 °C. The H/C and O/C ratios of starting rubber wood were ∼1.78 and ∼0.85, respectively, which upon processing through the first strategy resulted in H/C ∼0.78 and O/C ∼0.29; thereby suggesting increased condensation under HTC. On the other hand, the carbonization process was accelerated by water when the temperature was maintained at 260 °C; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies show that this carbon has a different chemical structure from the starting rubber wood. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that HTRW carbon was in the form of microspheres (size ∼1.5–5 µm).</P><P><B>CONCLUSION</B></P><P>HTRW carbon with carbon content as high as 68% was developed from rubber wood biomass by hydrothermal processing of a mixture containing 35 times more water than the solid raw biomass at a temperature of 260 °C for 7 h. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry</P>

Relationship Between Exothermic Heat and Carbon Contents of Pitch-based Carbon Fiber

Jae-Young Lee,Jong-Hyun Oh,Xiao Ping Yang,Seung-Kon Ryu 한국탄소학회 2009 Carbon Letters Vol.10 No.3

Pitch-based carbon fiber tows were prepared from naphtha cracking bottom oil by reforming and carbonization. The relationship between exothermic heat and carbon contents of the fiber was investigated by changing the carbonization conditions. The carbon contents and the crystallinities of isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers were 86.8~93.8 wt% and 33.7~40.1%, respectively, which were linearly proportional to the increase of carbonization temperature from 700 to 1000℃. The exothermic heat (temperature increase) of fiber tows was measured in a short time, which was also linearly proportional to the increase of carbon contents due to the increase of crystallinity, even though the crystallinity was low. Therefore, the carbon contents or carbonization degree of fibers can rapidly and indirectly be estimated by measuring the surface temperature increase of fibers.

권역별 차별화된 탄소중립 전시콘텐츠 연구

마정혜 ( Ma Junghye ) 대한전시디자인학회 2023 전시디자인연구 Vol.20 No.1

At the present time when carbon neutral practice is becoming a social issue, the role of climate change experience education centers built in various places is very important. Therefore, this study proceeded with consideration to derive differentiated and specialized exhibition contents of climate change experience education centers by region. As for the research method and scope, the current status of exhibition contents of 11 currently built climate change experience education centers across the country was investigated, and the current status of carbon-neutral contents and carbon-neutral policies and projects of 17 local governments were investigated. Using the investigated carbon-neutral content field as an analysis framework, the application elements of carbon-neutral exhibition content in 17 local governments were analyzed by region to derive specialized exhibition contents for climate change experience education centers by region. As a result, the Gyeonggi region focuses on building fuel cells using solar energy, the Hoseo region focuses on landfill facilities and landfill gas power generation/incineration facilities, and the Honam region focuses on reducing greenhouse gases, and the Honam region focuses on offshore wind power complexes, agricultural and floating solar power complexes in Saemangeum. In the Yeongnam region, the floating offshore wind power and hydrogen model cities were established, and in the Gwandong and Jeju regions, the development of onshore wind power generation complexes and the pilot distribution of heating systems using natural energy were differentiated. It was identified that contents should be developed, exhibited, experienced, and educated.

탄소중립 과학관의 필요성에 관한 연구 - 국·공립 과학관 사례를 중심으로 -

마정혜 ( Ma JungHye ) 대한전시디자인학회 2021 전시디자인연구 Vol.18 No.1

대한민국은 『제4차 과학관육성 기본계획』을 수립하여 과학관의 설립과 운영을 활성화하고 있다. 2019년 10월~12월까지 기후변화에 관한 수요조사를 선진국 40개국, 성인을 중심으로 인식 조사한 결과에 의하면 84%가 지구의 온난화는 인류에게 심각한 위협이라는 인식을 하고 있다고 한다. 대한민국 정부는 2050 탄소중립 목표 설정 및 정책 방향을 제시하였고 이에 따른 탄소중립 과학기술 함양과 과학문화 확산의 필요성을 인식해야 한다. 그러므로 본 연구는 첫째, 탄소중립의 정의와 국내·외 정책 현황, 탄소중립의 진화를 고찰한더. 둘째, 국내 지역별 탄소중립 산업 현황과 기술 요소를 추출하고자 한다. 셋째, 이론 고찰을 통해 기술 요소 분석 틀을 구성하여 이를 기준으로 국내 국·공립 과학관 6개 기관 콘텐츠를 현장조사 및 홈페이지를 분석한다. 넷째, 국·공립 과학관의 탄소중립 관련 콘텐츠의 현황을 파악하고자 한다. 다섯째, 사례조사 분석을 통해 탄소중립 과학관의 필요성을 도출하고자 한다. The Republic of Korea is revitalizing the establishment and operation of the Science Hall by establishing the "4th Basic Plan for Science Hall Promotion". From October to December 2019, according to the results of a survey on climate change, mainly for 40 developed countries and adults, 84% of them believe that global warming is a serious threat to humanity. The government of the Republic of Korea has proposed the 2050 carbon-neutral goal setting and policy direction, and should recognize the necessity of fostering carbon-neutral science and technology and spreading science culture. Therefore, this study examines the definition of carbon neutrality, the current state of domestic and foreign policies, and the evolution of carbon neutrality, and tries to extract the current status of the carbon neutral industry and technology elements by region in Korea. Based on the technical element analysis framework, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the contents of national and public science museums in Korea to understand the current status of carbon-neutral content in national and public science centers. After analyzing the case study, we intend to derive the necessity of a carbon-neutral science museum.

Effects of phosphorus content and operating temperature on the electrochemical performance of phosphorus-doped soft carbons

Kim, Eun Hee,Jung, Yongju 한국탄소학회 2014 Carbon Letters Vol.15 No.4

A series of high capacity soft carbons with different phosphorus contents were successfully prepared by carbonizing petroleum cokes treated with hypophosphorous acid at 900˚C. The effect of phosphorus content on the electrochemical performance of the soft carbons was extensively investigated. The P-doped soft carbons exhibited greatly enhanced discharge capacities and outstanding rate capabilities with increasing phosphorus content. In addition, the influence of temperature on the electrochemical behaviors of the soft carbons was investigated in a wide temperature range of 25˚C to 50˚C. Surprisingly, the electrochemical properties of the pristine and P-doped soft carbons were highly sensitive to the operating temperature, unlike conventional graphite. The pristine and P-doped soft carbons exhibited significantly high discharge capacities of 470 and 522 mAh/g, respectively, at a high temperature of 50˚C.

저장실의 온습도, 제통수분함량 및 제통중량이 황색종 가공엽의 탄화에 미치는 영향

김상범,안동명,이윤환,김용규,복진영 한국연초학회 2001 한국연초학회지 Vol.23 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of environmental condition in storage room, moisture content and packing weight of leaf on the carbonization of processed flue-cured leaf tobacco, and find out a regression model able to pre-estimate the degree of carbonization. The influence of temperature and humidity in storage room on the carbonization was high,, while that of packing weight was relatively low, However, high moisture content and packing weight of leaf accelerated the carbonization under the high temperature and humidity condition. Thus the leaf tobacco under the condition of 4$0^{\circ}C$, 7$0^{\circ}C$ R.H. in storage room, 16% moisture content and 286 kg/box of packing weight could be carbonized within one month. The pH, total sugar content, lightness(L) and yellowness(b) of leaf were closely related to carbonization of leaf during storage. There were significant regression and yellowness of leaf. It is considered that the certification and/or pre-estimation of carbonization during storage may be possible by applying the regression equation.

탄소중립(Net-Zero) 체험콘텐츠 기본 방향 모색 - 국외과학관 사례를 중심으로 -

마정혜 ( Ma Junghye ) 대한전시디자인학회 2023 전시디자인연구 Vol.20 No.2

Global warming around the world has been recognized as a serious threat to humanity, and the perception of carbon neutrality (Net-Zero) has been reconsidered as a response. Accordingly, the first step in increasing the understanding and interest in carbon neutrality (Net-Zero) among all citizens, including children of the future generation, and putting it into practice together is to establish a carbon neutral (Net-Zero) science museum. It can be said to be understanding, experience, and education of technology. This study extracts the concept of carbon neutrality (Net-Zero), policy trends, and carbon neutrality (Net-Zero) technology fields, and extracts a case analysis framework. Using the case analysis framework, we identify the status of major carbon neutral (Net-Zero) contents of the National Institute of Foreign Studies. As a result of the survey, the carbon neutral (Net-Zero) experiential content mainly displayed at the Foreign Studies Museum mainly applied renewable energy content about solar energy/wind power/hydropower/marine energy. This study was conducted on carbon neutral (Net-Zero) energy. ) We hope that by presenting a basic direction for the development of experiential content, there will be continuous development in the direction of experiential content that all citizens can practice.

영상콘텐츠 제작특화 탄소계산기의 국제 비교연구 : 데이터 입력 조건 수준, 결과 제시, 후속 방안을 중심으로

김세환(Kim Sehwan) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.9

본 연구는 영상콘텐츠 제작과정에서 발생하는 온실가스를 정확히 측정하는 방안을 모색하고, 이를 통해 국내영상콘텐츠 제작특화 탄소계산기 개발을 지원하기 위해 선행적으로 미국 PEAR, 영국 Albert, 프랑스 Carbon’Clap, 독일 MFG Rechner 등 주요국 탄소계산기를 대상으로 데이터 입력 조건, 결과 제시, 후속 방안에 의거하여 비교분석을 시행하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 모든 탄소계산기가 전기, 에너지, 이동, 항공 여행의 데이터 입력 조건과 후속 방안에서우수한 평가를 받았다. 개별적으로는 PEAR가 온실가스 배출이 많은 분야에서 낮은 등급을 받으며 탄소계산기의실효성에 한계를 드러냈다. Albert는 분석 대상 중 우수한 평가를 받은 분야가 가장 많았으나, 케이터링에 대한데이터 입력이 불가하여 온실가스 배출을 측정할 수 없다는 문제점을 나타냈다. Carbon’Clap은 데이터 입력이 부재한 분야가 없었지만, 전체 평가는 분석 대상 중 가장 낮았다. MFG Rechner는 전 분야에서 골고루 좋은 평가를 받으며 안정적으로 운용되는 것으로 분석되었다. 분석 결과에 근거하여 본 연구는 국내 영상콘텐츠 제작에 특화된 탄소계산기 개발을 위해 첫째, MFG Rechner 를 원용하여 글로벌 호환성을 담보하되 국내 제작환경을 고려한 방법론적 조정의 필요성, 둘째, 데이터 입력 조건의 세분화 필요성, 셋째, 자발적 데이터 입력을 고도화하고 온실가스 배출 감소를 위한 행동 변화를 유도할 실제적 집행수단의 필요성을 제시하였다. This study compared carbon calculators of PEAR(USA), Albert(UK), Carbon’Clap(France), and MFG Rechner(Germany) to accurately measure GHG(greenhouse gases) generated in the process of film and television production and to support the introduction of carbon calculator in South Korea. Based on the results, all carbon calculators were rated high in terms of their depth of input options with electricity, other energies, mobility, and air travel. PEAR was rated low in categories with a lot of GHG, revealing a limit to the effectiveness of the carbon calculator. Albert had the most excellent rating, but it showed the problem that GHG for catering could not be measured because relevant data input was not possible. Carbon’Clap had no categories without data input, but overall rating was the lowest among those analyzed. MFG Rechner was rated high in all categories and to operate stably. For the introduction of a South Korean carbon calculator, first, it is necessary to use MFG Rechner as a model to ensure global compatibility, but methodological adjustment is needed to consideration of the local film and television production environment. Second, data input options should be divided more detailely. Third, practical measures should be presented to enhance voluntary data input and induce behavioral changes to reduce GHG emissions.

비식생 갯벌에서 퇴적물 입도에 따른 블루카본 저장 특성: 함평만과 동대만

박경덕,강동환,소윤환,조원기,김병우 한국환경과학회 2023 한국환경과학회지 Vol.32 No.3

In this study, sediment cores from unvegetated tidal flats in the Hampyeong Bay (west coastal wetland) and Dongdae Bay (south coastal wetland) were sampled, the blue carbon stock in the sediments was calculated, and the characteristics of the blue carbon stock were analyzed based on particle size of the sediments. The sediments in the Hampyeong Bay tidal flat had large particle size and low mud content, and the Dongdae bay tidal flat had small particle size and high mud content. The organic carbon content and blue carbon stock in the sediments were higher in the Dongdae tidal flat than in the Hampyeong Bay tidal flat. As a result of the regression function, in both the Hampyeong Bay and Dongdae Bay tidal flats, the sediments had the smaller particle size and higher mud contents the higher the organic carbon content and blue carbon stock. The sediments with smaller particle size had the larger specific surface area, so were feasible to adsorb and store more organic matters.