Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Utilization Technology through Carbon Fixation in Aqueous Phase

강동우,이민구,조호용,전옥성,이예연,박진원 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.-

The concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is gradually increasing as industrial activity is being facilitated. Since most of the industries are getting their energy from fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas, carbon dioxide production is inevitable. However, by applying suitable carbon capture process at the end of the carbon dioxide emission facilities, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to atmosphere can be significantly reduced. Thus, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been developed by many nations. In that technology, captured carbon dioxide is stored in deep ocean or the underground holes. However, considering environmental effects and geological distinct characteristics, CCS technologies are thought to be developed finding new way to handle captured carbon dioxide. One of the method is to turn captured carbon dioxide into precipitated calcium carbonate salt by adding calcium ions. Conventionally, calcium carbonate salt formation is achieved by reaction under high pressure and temperature. However, this method requires large amount of energy to maintain reaction condition. Hence, carbon dioxide reduction and utilization technology through carbon fixation or carbonation in aqueous phase is proposed in this research. Using aqueous absorbent, carbon dioxide is captured and precipitated calcium carbonate salt was formed by adding calcium ions. All of the reaction occurred under ambient temperature and pressure (1 atm, 298.15 K). The amount of carbon dioxide reduction as well as yield of precipitated calcium carbonate salt were considered. Also, through instrumental analysis including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), possibility of final product utilization was investigated.

흉부 수술 환자에서 산,염기와 호기말 탄산가스 분압의 변화

김종인,김송명 고신대학교(의대) 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 2006 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

Introduction Surgical intervention is often required for treating cardiopulmonary, esophageal and mediasternal diseases. During thoracic surgery, which often involves relatively long operation time, frequent arterial blood gas analysis and continuous carbon dioxide monitoring by capnometer are mandatory. We conducted pre- and postoperative arterial blood gas analysis and monitored the end-expiratory carbon dioxide partial pressure to investigate their relationship with operation. Conclusion Prior to surgery, acidosis requires proper treatment and oxygen supply. However, since there is high level of oxygen and increased carbon-dioxide tension, adequate treatment is required. There was no significant change in the oxygen saturation level. Especially, treatment is required for acidosis and increased carbon dioxide gas after esophageal surgery. Since the enc卜expiratory carbon dioxide tension shows increased level at post-operative 90 minutes and decreased level at 120 minutes, special attention should be paid at these times. Materials & Method We retrospectively analyze the medical records of 115 patients,who received thoracic surgery under general anesthesia at the Kosin Medical Center from November 1998 to February 200L Patients records of arterial blood gas analysis measured pre- and postoperatively, and end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension were monitored during operation and investigated and analyzed, Results 1)Although the postoperative arterial blood showed increased oxygen partial pressure, the oxygen saturation were similar. These results were analysed by the op time,op method. 2)Arterial blood gas analysis showed that the post-operatively measured pH,and carbon dioxide tension were higher compared to preperative measurements. 3)The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension measured intra-operatively showed gradually decreasing pattern with respect to operation time. As the operation time reached 240 minutes,it started to increase, 4)The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension in relatively older age group maintained the level of above 30mmHg until 90 minutes after operation. However, the carbon dioxide partial pressure began to show decreasing pattern after 120 minutes,and thereby, caused low level of carbon dioxide tension. Thus,a special attention should be paid at this point. 5)For lung cancer,esophageal cancer and non-cancer related thoracic disease groups,the end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension was maintained at above 30mmHg until 60 minutes after operation. However, after 90 minutes, esophageal disease group showed increasing end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension, while non-cancer related thoracic disease group showed decreasing pattern. 6)The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension in patients undergoing lobectomy and esophageal surgery showed decreasing pattern until 60 and 90 minutes,and increasing pattern is largely influenced by a position change during operation. Conclusion Prior to surgery,acidosis requires proper treatment and oxygen supply. However, since there is high level of oxygen and increased carbon-dioxidetension, adequate treatment is required. There was no significant change in the oxygen saturation level. Especially, treatmentis required for acidosis and increased carbon dioxide gas after esophageal surgery. Since the enc卜expiratory carbon dioxide tensionshows increased level at post-operative 90 minutes and decreased level at 120 minutes,special attention should be paid at these times.

이산화탄소의 지하 영구 저장을 위한 독일 이산화탄소 저장법(KSpG)에 대한 소고

전경운 한국토지법학회 2017 土地法學 Vol.33 No.2

The technology of carbon dioxide capture, transport and permanent storage in the deep underground rock layers(hereinafter referred to as “CCS technology”) is one of alternatives to reduce the carbon dioxide emission from industrial plants and power generation plants. The CCS technology can be helpful for achieving the goal of climate protection, supplying a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly energy and, thereby, such an industrial production. The CCS technology, however, is currently in a developing stage, and therefore it needs to review its economic, technological feasibility and the safety for human health and natural environment in view of technology. The German Carbon Dioxide Storage Act, which was converted from the CCS directives of European Union, allows limitedly its applications only for research and demonstration of permanent storage of carbon dioxide in underground rock layers. The German Carbon Dioxide Storage Act aims to protect human and environment for future generation with responsibility. In order to secure the safety from the CCS, every related work on capturing facility, piping work of captured carbon dioxide and installation of storage facility should be approved by the concerned authorities. Especially, concerning the place of storage, the Act stipulates very specifically the regulations on project owner’s duties and responsibilities including the closure of storage place and post-maintenance. In addition, a strict liability provision is addressed for the indemnification for damage on human and property by the underground storage of carbon dioxide. A diverse public participation is also admitted to re-consider public acceptance on the CCS technology. The conflict of interest between the CCS technology and land ownership is regulated also. There is a discussion in Korea to make a legal frame on the underground storage of carbon dioxide. Such legal discussion is hopefully required to be fruitful enough to enact the regulation on the danger of CCS technology in Korea. ‘이산화탄소를 포집, 운송 및 깊은 지하 암석층에 영구 저장’(영어로는 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 이하에서는 “CCS”라 약칭한다)하는 CCS 기술은 산업 플랜트와 발전소에서 대기로 배출하는 이산화탄소를 줄이기 위한 하나의 가교기술이다. CCS 기술은 기후보호 목표를 달성하고 가장 안전하고 효율적이며 환경 친화적인 에너지 공급 및 산업생산을 보장하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 그러나 CCS 기술은 현재까지 아직 개발단계에 있으므로, CCS 기술의 경제적 기술적 타당성은 물론 인간의 건강 및 자연과 환경에 대한 안전성을 기술적 측면에서 대규모로 검토해야만 한다. 유럽연합의 CCS-입법지침을 독일법으로 전환한 독일 이산화탄소 저장법은 지하 암석층에 이산화탄소를 영구적으로 저장하는 기술의 연구, 시험 및 시연으로 그 적용범위가 제한되어 있다. 독일 이산화탄소 저장법은 미래세대에 대한 책임하에 인간과 환경을 보호하는 것을 목적으로 하여, CCS의 안전을 확보하기 위해 포집시설, 포집된 이산화탄소 운송을 위한 파이프 라인 및 저장장소 설치 등과 관련하여 모두 해당 관청의 허가를 받도록 하고 있다. 특히 저장장소와 관련하여 자세한 법적 규율을 하여 저장장소의 폐쇄 및 사후관리까지 다양한 사업자의 의무를 규정하고 있다. 또한 이산화탄소의 지하 저장과 관련하여 발생할 수 있는 사람과 물건 등에 대한 손해의 배상을 위하여 위험책임을 규정하고 있으며, CCS 기술과 관련한 토지소유권과의 충돌 문제 등에 대해서도 규정하고 있다. 그리고 CCS 기술의 대중 수용성을 제고하기 위하여 다양한 대중참여를 인정하고 있으며, 독일 환경영향평가법 등을 개정하여 CCS를 기존의 법적 틀에 통합시키고 있다. 이와 같이 독일 이산화탄소 저장법은 최고수준의 기준을 고려하여 기본 틀을 설정하였고, 안전성이 입증된 경우에만 기술의 대규모 적용이 고려되도록 입법을 하였다. 우리나라에서도 이산화탄소의 지하 저장과 관련한 법적 틀을 마련하기 위한 법적 논의를 진행하고 있는 데, 향후 우리나라에서도 논의의 결실을 맺어 독일 이산화탄소 저장법과 같은 CCS 기술의 위험성을 규율하는 법이 제정되어야 할 것이다.

흉부 수술 환자에서 산, 염기와 호기말 탄산가스 분압의 변화

김종인,김송명 KOSIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE 2006 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.21 No.1

Introduction Surgical intervention is often required for treating cardiopulmonary, esophageal and mediasternal diseases. During thoracic surgery, which often involves relatively long operation time, frequent arterial blood gas analysis and continuous carbon dioxide monitoring by capnometer are mandatory. We conducted pre- and postoperative arterial blood gas analyisis and monitored the end-expiratory carbon dioxide partial pressure to investigate their relationship with operation. Materials & Method We retrospectively analyze the medical records of 115 patients, who received thoracic surgery under general anesthesia at the Kosin Medical Center from November 1998 to February 2001. Patients records of arterial blood gas analysis measured pre- and postoperatively, and end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension were monitored during operation and investigated and analyzed. Results 1) Although the postoperative arterial blood showed increased oxygen partial pressure, the oxygen saturation were similar. These results were analysed by the op time, op method. 2) Arterial blood gas analysis showed that the post-operatively measured pH, and carbon dioxide tension were higher compared to preoperative measurements. 3) The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension measured intra-operatively showed gradually decreasing pattern with respect to operation time. As the operation time reached 240 minutes, it started to increase. 4) The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension in relatively older age group maintained the level of above 30mmHg until 90 minutes after operation. However, the carbon dioxide partial pressure began to show decreasing pattern after 120 minutes, and thereby, caused low level of carbon dioxide tension. Thus, a special attention should be paid at this point. 5) For lung cancer,esophageal cancer and non-cancer related thoracic disease groups, the end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension was maintained at above 30mmHg until 60 minutes after operation. However, after 90 minutes, esophageal disease group showed increasing end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension, while non-cancer related thoracic disease group showed decreasing pattern. 6) The end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension in patients undergoing lobectomy and esophageal surgery showed decreasing pattern until 60 and 90 minutes, and increasing pattern is largely influenced by a position change during operation. Conclusion Prior to surgery, acidosis requires proper treatment and oxygen supply. However, since there is high level of oxygen and increased carbon-dioxide tension, adequate treatment is required. There was no significant change in the oxygen saturation level. Especially, treatment is required for acidosis and increased carbon dioxide gas after esophageal surgery. Since the end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension shows increased level at post-operative 90 minutes and decreased level at 120 minutes, special attention should be paid at these times.

지중 저장지로부터 누출된 이산화탄소가 토양 비옥도에 미치는 영향 : 인위 누출 연구

백승한(Seung Han Baek),이상우(Sang-Woo Lee),이우춘(Woo-Chun Lee),윤성택(Seong-Taek Yun),김순오(Soon-Oh Kim) 대한자원환경지질학회 2021 자원환경지질 Vol.54 No.4

이산화탄소가 지구온난화를 초래하는 대표적인 온실가스로 지목되면서 대기 중의 이산화탄소 농도를 줄이기 위하여 많은 노력들이 진행되어 왔다. 그러한 노력들 중 특히 CO2 포집 및 지중 저장기술(carbon dioxide capture and storage, CCS)이 감축 목표량을 달성하기 위해서 필수적으로 고려되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 지중 저장기술이 상용화되기 위해서는 안전성이 보장되어야 한다. 특히 이산화탄소 누출이 농경지에서 발생할 경우에는 작물 생장과 관련되어 많은 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지중 저장지로부터 누출된 이산화탄소가 토양 비옥도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 인위적인 이산화탄소 누출 시험을 수행하였으며, pH, 양이온치환용량, 교환성 양이온, 전기전도도, 토양 유기물 함량, 총 질소, 질산태 질소, 암모니아태 질소, 총 인, 유효태 인산, 총 황, 유효태 황, 유효태 붕소 등과 같은 토양의 화학적 특성들을 비옥도 지시 인자로 선정하였다. 누출 시험은 비경작지 토양 한 종류와 경작지 토양 두 종류(옥수수와 콩 재배)를 대상으로 이루어졌다. 비경작지 토양은 거친 모래가 많은 사질토양으로 공극률은 42.6%로 조사되었으며, 경작지 토양인 옥수수 재배 토양은 양질 사토(loamy sand)로 공극률이 46.8%이었다. 콩과식물(soybean) 재배 토양은 옥수수 재배 토양과 동일한 양질 사토로서 공극률이 48%로 조사되었다. 누출시험을 위해 6개의 인공누출 칼럼 장치를 이용하여 이산화탄소를 주입하였다. 이산화탄소 주입은 비경작지와 경작지 토양의 경우 각각 60일과 70일 동안 진행하였다. 이산화탄소 누출 후 비경작지 및 경작지 토양에 대하여 각각 12, 14일 간격으로 1 공극 부피의 인공강우 모사 시험을 수행한 후 용출액과 토양 시료를 채취하여 비옥도 지시 인자를 분석하였으며, 이산화탄소 누출 전후 변화 양상을 비교 평가하였다. 토양 내 잔류 교환성 양이온, 전기전도도, 토양 유기물 함량, 총질소, 총인 등은 이산화탄소의 영향을 크게 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 질산태 질소, 암모니아태 질소, 유효 인산, 유효 황, 유효 붕소 등은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이에 의해 토양 비옥도를 저하시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 토양의 완충능력 때문에 pH의 변화가 없었지만, 이산화탄소가 장기간 누출된다면 pH의 감소에 의한 토양 산성화가 초래될 가능성이 있을 것으로 예측된다. Carbon dioxide has been known to be a typical greenhouse gas causing global warming, and a number of efforts have been proposed to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere. Among them, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been taken into great account to accomplish the target reduction of carbon dioxide. In order to commercialize the CCS, its safety should be secured. In particular, if the stored carbon dioxide is leaked in the arable land, serious problems could come up in terms of crop growth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide leaked from storage sites on soil fertility. The leakage of carbon dioxide was simulated using the facility of its artificial injection into soils in the laboratory. Several soil chemical properties, such as pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, the concentrations of exchangeable cations, nitrogen (N) (total-N, nitrate-N, and ammonia- N), phosphorus (P) (total-P and available-P), sulfur (S) (total-S and available-S), available-boron (B), and the contents of soil organic matter, were monitored as indicators of soil fertility during the period of artificial injection of carbon dioxide. Two kinds of soils, such as non-cultivated and cultivated soils, were compared in the artificial injection tests, and the latter included maize- and soybeancultivated soils. The non-cultivated soil (NCS) was sandy soil of 42.6% porosity, the maize-cultivated soil (MCS) and soybeancultivated soil (SCS) were loamy sand having 46.8% and 48.0% of porosities, respectively. The artificial injection facility had six columns: one was for the control without carbon dioxide injection, and the other five columns were used for the injections tests. Total injection periods for NCS and MCS/SCS were 60 and 70 days, respectively, and artificial rainfall events were simulated using one pore volume after the 12-day injection for the NCS and the 14-day injection for the MCS/SCS. After each rainfall event, the soil fertility indicators were measured for soil and leachate solution, and they were compared before and after the injection of carbon dioxide. The results indicate that the residual concentrations of exchangeable cations, total-N, total-P, the content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity were not likely to be affected by the injection of carbon dioxide. However, the residual concentrations of nitrate-N, ammonia-N, available-P, available-S, and available-B tended to decrease after the carbon dioxide injection, indicating that soil fertility might be reduced. Meanwhile, soil pH did not seem to be influenced due to the buffering capacity of soils, but it is speculated that a long-term leakage of carbon dioxide might bring about soil acidification.

Bubble-point measurement for the binary mixture of propargyl acrylate and propargyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide

Baek, S.H.,Byun, H.S. Academic Press 2016 The Journal of chemical thermodynamics Vol.92 No.-

<P>Acrylate and methacrylate (acrylic acid type) are compounds with weak polarity which show a non-ideal behaviour. Phase behaviour of these systems play a significant role as organic solvents in industrial processes. High pressure phase behaviour data were reported for binary mixture of propargyl acrylate and propargyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide. The bubble-point curves for the (carbon dioxide + propargyl acrylate) and (carbon dioxide + propargyl methacrylate) mixtures were measured by static view cell apparatus at temperature range from 313.2 K to 393.2 K and at pressures below 19.14 MPa. The (carbon dioxide + propargyl acrylate) and (carbon dioxide + propargyl methacrylate) systems exhibit type-I phase behaviour. The (carbon dioxide + (meth) acrylate) systems had continuous critical mixture curves with maximums in pressure located between the critical temperatures of carbon dioxide and propargyl acrylate or carbon dioxide and propargyl methacrylate. The solubility behaviour of propargyl (meth) acrylate in the (carbon dioxide + propargyl acrylate) and (carbon dioxide + propargyl acrylate) systems increases as the temperature increases at a fixed pressure. The experimental results for the (carbon dioxide + propargyl acrylate) and (carbon dioxide + propargyl methacrylate) systems correlate with the Peng-Robinson equation of state using a van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule. The critical properties of propargyl acrylate and propargyl methacrylate were predicted with the Joback-Lyderson group contribution and Lee-Kesler method. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

CCS 폐기물의 국가 간 이동에 관한 입법방향

김남욱(Kim, Nam Wook),최용전(Choi, Yong Jeon) 유럽헌법학회 2021 유럽헌법연구 Vol.- No.37

화력발전소와 산업공정 등에서 배출하는 이산화탄소 배출량의 증가로 지구온난화가 심화되어 자연재난과 사회적 재난이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 우리나라를 비롯한 영국, 미국, 독일 등 세계 각국은 탄소중립을 선언하고 신기후 변화대응 체제인 파리협정을 이행하기 위하여 배출권거래제, 탄소세, CCS와 CCUS를 도입하고 있다. 이산화탄소 또는 이산화탄소 스트림을 유해환경오염물질로 보아 대기환경오염법상 규제하거나, 단순히 폐기물로 보아 포집·저장하여 해저지층에 저장하거나, 재화(자원)으로 활용하여야 한다는 측면에서 이산화탄소 또는 이산화탄소 스트림의 법적성질을 규명할 필요가 있다. 2050탄소중립을 위해서는 이산화탄소를 포집·저장하는 CCS사업과 포집·저장·이용을 하는 CCUS사업을 활성화하기 위해서 CCS·CCUS에 의한 이산화탄소 폐기물에 대하여 국가 간의 이동을 적극 허용할 필요가 있다. 이산화탄소 또는 이산화탄소 스트림의 국가 간 이동은 파이프라인 등의 운송수단의 합리적 규제와, 관할 경계를 초월한 이산화탄소 스트림의 누출의 위해성과 안전성 확보문제가 대두된다. 또한 관할 경계 걸쳐 있는 이산화탄소 스트림의 저장단지의 사용문제에 대한 자율규제와 협력문제가 대두된다. 또한 이산화탄소 스트림의 국가간 이동에 따른 CCS·CCUS사업 프로젝트의 허가·승인과 모니터링에 대한 규제감독의 조정이 필요하고, 이해당사자의 절차적 참여 보장 및 국가 간의 환경영향평가문제가 대불될 뿐만 아니라 CDM사업과 연계한 온실가스 배출권 할당문제가 대두된다. 한편, 2009년 런던의정서 제6조제1항과 부속서 Ⅰ에서는 그동안 이산화탄소 스트림의 수출을 해양의 산성화와 생태계 파괴, 국민의 생명과 신체·재산의 위해성을 고려하여 금지하여 왔으나 탄소중립을 한 수단으로서 일정한 요건 하에 이산화탄소 스트림을 국가간 수출을 허용함으로써 국가 간 이동이 허용하고 있다. 그러나 2009년 런던의정서 당사국 중 노르웨이, 영국, 네덜란드, 이란, 필란드, 에스토니아 국가만 비준하고, 우리나라를 비롯한 나머지 국가는 이산화탄소 스트림의 국가 간 수출에 관한 비준을 고려중에 있다. 따라서 이산화탄소 또는 이산화탄소 스트림의 법적성질을 규명하고, 우리나라의 탄소중립기본법, 해양폐기물관리법, 국가간폐기물이동법과, 런던의정서, 북동대서양해양환경보호협약(OSPAR) 상의 이산화탄소 스트림의 국가 간 이동에 관한 법적 체계를 검토한다. 또한 런던의정서, CCS유럽연합지침(Diective 2009/31/EC)를 고려한 CCS폐기물의 국가 간 이동에 관한 법률의 제정의 필요성과 방향을 검토한 후, CCS에 대한 배출권거래(ETS)의 상쇄제도 도입문제를 논의한다. 또한 이산화탄소 스트림의 국가 간의 이동에 따른 누출에 대한 법적책임을 일반론과 국경을 넘는 피해에 관한 연안국의 법적책임, 런던의정서 OSPAR 협약, Helsinki 협약, Espoo 협약, 국제관습법상 법적 책임문제를 논의한다. EU CCS지침에서 다루지 있는 법적 문제와 CCS에 의한 이산화탄소 누출에 따른 배출권할당과 보험제도로서 재정보안 신탁기금제도 도입문제를 논의한다. Global warming is intensifying due to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions from thermal power plants and industrial processes, and natural disasters and social disasters are continuously increasing. Countries around the world, including Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany, are introducing the emission trading system, carbon tax, CCS and CCUS to declare carbon neutrality and implement the Paris Agreement, a new climate change response system. The legal properties of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide streams are restricted in the sense that carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide streams are regulated under the Air Environment Pollution Act as they are regarded as hazardous environmental pollutants, or that they must be collected and stored as wastes and stored in the seabed or used as goods (resources). need to be elucidated In order to be carbon neutral in 2050, it is necessary to actively allow the movement of carbon dioxide waste by CCS/CCUS between countries in order to activate the CCS project that captures and stores carbon dioxide and the CCUS project that captures, stores, and uses carbon dioxide. In the cross-border movement of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide streams, rational regulation of transportation means such as pipelines, risks of leaking carbon dioxide streams beyond jurisdictional boundaries, and securing safety are raised. In addition, self-regulation and cooperation issues regarding the use of carbon dioxide stream storage complexes that span jurisdictional boundaries are raised. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the regulatory supervision of the permit/approval and monitoring of the CCS/CCUS project according to the cross-border movement of the carbon dioxide stream. The issue of allocation of greenhouse gas emission rights related to the project is emerging. Meanwhile, in Article 6 Paragraph 1 and Annex I of the London Protocol in 2009, the export of carbon dioxide streams has been prohibited in consideration of the acidification of the ocean, destruction of ecosystems, and risks to people s lives, bodies, and properties. Transboundary movement is permitted by permitting cross-border export of carbon dioxide streams under the requirements. However, among the parties to the London Protocol in 2009, only Norway, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Iran, Finland, and Estonia ratified it. Therefore, the legal nature of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide stream should be identified, and the law on the cross-border movement of carbon dioxide streams under Korea s Carbon Neutrality Framework Act, Marine Waste Management Act, Transboundary Waste Movement Act, London Protocol, and Northeast Atlantic Ocean Environment Protection Convention (OSPAR) Review the system. In addition, after reviewing the necessity and direction of enactment of a law on the transboundary movement of CCS wastes in consideration of the London Protocol and the CCS European Union Directive (Directive 2009/31/EC), the offset system of ETS for CCS was introduced. discuss the issue It also discusses the generalization of liability for leakage due to the transboundary movement of carbon dioxide streams, the legal liability of coastal states for cross-border damage, the London Protocol, the OSPAR Convention, the Helsinki Convention, the Espoo Convention, and the legal liability issues under customary international law. It discusses legal issues not covered by the EU CCS guidelines and the introduction of the financial security trust fund system as an insurance system and the allocation of emission rights due to carbon dioxide leakage by CCS.

기후변화에 대응한 이산화탄소 지중저장을 위한 체계적인 환경관리와 대중수용성 제고를 위한 법제도 기반 연구

고문현,김성배 한국토지공법학회 2019 土地公法硏究 Vol.88 No.-

Public awareness of CCS(Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) technology, a representative technology for reducing carbon dioxide on a large scale, is very poor and it is very necessary to promote it to the public. In addition, if fine dust collection technology can be developed in the development of carbon dioxide gathering technology, the demand and importance for CCS will soar. To assess the stability and efficiency of the CCS project and minimize its impact on the environment, an environmental management system dealing with the entire CCS process is needed and the legal basis for this is urgently needed. The biggest issue of underground storage is whether it is hazardous or not if the injected carbon dioxide should be leaked. This is because the leakage of carbon dioxide will not only reduce storage efficiency but also affect the health of local residents and their surrounding ecosystems. Therefore, it should be monitored throughout the entire process, from site selection to injection and post-injection closure, so that land storage can be safe and environmentally friendly, and licensing and environmental management regulations should be established at a national level. Following the introduction of the latest CCS policy trends in the major countries on CO2 underground storage, we will examine the need and direction of CCS single act for CO2 underground storage and present five principles of public acceptance for soft landing of CCS project. 지구온난화의 주된 요인인 이산화탄소를 대규모로 감축하는 대표적인 기술인 이산화탄소 포집・저장 [CCS(Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)] 기술에 대하여 국민의 인식이 제대로 안되어 있어 대중에게 홍보하는 것이 매우 필요하다. 아울러 이산화탄소를 포집하는 기술을 개발할 때 이와 관련된 미세먼지 포집기술도 같이 개발할 수 있다면 CCS에 대한 수요와 중요성이 급증할 것이다. CCS 사업의 안정성과 효율성을 평가하고 주변 환경에 미치는 영향을 최소화하기 위해 이산화탄소 포집・수송・저장 및 사후관리 등 CCS 전 과정(Life cycle)을 다루는 환경관리제도가 필요하고 이를 위한 법적 기반의 구축이 화급하다. 지중저장의 가장 큰 쟁점은 주입된 이산화탄소의 누출로 인한 위해성 여부이다. 이산화탄소가 누출되면 저장 효율을 낮출 뿐 아니라 지역 주민들의 건강과 주변 생태계에 악영향을 줄 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 주입된 이산화탄소의 거동을 파악하고 누출을 예방하는 것이 필수적으로 요구된다. 특히, 육상 저장의 경우에는 음용 가능한 지하수 자원의 보호가 가장 중요하다. 따라서 지중저장이 안전하고 친환경적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 부지 선정에서부터 주입 중 및 주입 후 폐쇄에 이르는 전 과정에 걸쳐 모니터링하고 국가적 차원에서 인・허가 규정 및 환경 관리 규정이 마련되어야 한다. 이하에서는 이산화탄소 지중저장에 관한 주요국의 최신 CCS 정책동향을 소개한 후, 이산화탄소 지중저장을 위한 CCS 단일법제정의 필요성과 방향을 살펴보고 CCS 사업의 연착륙을 위한 대중소통 방안의 5가지 원칙을 제시하고자 한다.

Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Utilization Technology through Carbon Fixation in Aqueous Phase

강동우,이민구,조호용,전옥성,이예연,박진원 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.11

The concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is gradually increasing as industrial activity is being facilitated. Since most of the industries are getting their energy from fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas, carbon dioxide production is inevitable. However, by applying suitable carbon capture process at the end of the carbon dioxide emission facilities, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to atmosphere can be significantly reduced. Thus, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been developed by many nations. In that technology, captured carbon dioxide is stored in deep ocean or the underground holes. However, considering environmental effects and geological distinct characteristics, CCS technologies are thought to be developed finding new way to handle captured carbon dioxide. One of the method is to turn captured carbon dioxide into precipitated calcium carbonate salt by adding calcium ions. Conventionally, calcium carbonate salt formation is achieved by reaction under high pressure and temperature. However, this method requires large amount of energy to maintain reaction condition. Hence, carbon dioxide reduction and utilization technology through carbon fixation or carbonation in aqueous phase is proposed in this research. Using aqueous absorbent, carbon dioxide is captured and precipitated calcium carbonate salt was formed by adding calcium ions. All of the reaction occurred under ambient temperature and pressure (1 atm, 298.15 K). The amount of carbon dioxide reduction as well as yield of precipitated calcium carbonate salt were considered. Also, through instrumental analysis including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), possibility of final product utilization was investigated.

Two component phase equilibria for the 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propanol in supercritical carbon dioxide

박철웅,김창휘,변헌수 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.3

Two component mixtures, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol (MMB)+carbon dioxide and 1-methoxy-2- methyl-2-propanol (MMP)+carbon dioxide, were investigated at 313.2, 333.2, 353.2, 373.2 and 393.2 K and at 4.29 to 20.95 MPa to get phase equilibrium data. The phase separation of vapor+liquid behavior for the MMB and MMP plays a momentous function as the organic solvent in a diversity of industrial processes. The two MMB+carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide components have mixture critical curves that have maxima in the p-T plot between the Tc (critical temperatures) of MMB and carbon dioxide or MMP and carbon dioxide. The two component systems of MMB+ carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide mixture display type-I in simplest behavior. The measured results for the two component mixtures, MMB+carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide, are modelled with a general cubic equation of state, the Peng-Robinson, containing the kij, ij adjustable factor.