한국산 초파리과 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) Scaptomyza속 4종간의 유연관계

김남우,홍경자 한국곤충학회 1997 Entomological Research Vol.27 No.2

한국산 Scaptomyza속에 속하는 4종(S. elmoi, S. pallida, S. graminum, S. polygonia)의 유연관계를 알아보기 위하여 형태적 형질에 의한 수리학적분석, allozyme 분석 그리고 수용성 단백질분석을 실시하였다. 19종류의 형태적 형질을 분석한 결과 S. elmoi와 S. pallida 사이가 0.808의 유사지수로 가장 유사하였으며, 다음으로는 S. graminum과 S. polygonia 사이로 0.653이었다. 그리고 S. elmoi와 S. graminum사이는 0.197의 가장 낮은 유사지수를 보였다. 12종류의 allozyme분석에서 19개의 loci가 검출되었다. 19개 loci 중 Adh, Fum-1, $\alpha$-Gpdh-1, $\alpha$-Gpdh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Me-1, Me-2, Xdh-1, Xdh-2는 종내 변이가 관찰되지 않았으며, 특히 4 loci($\alpha$-Gpdh-2, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Me-2)는 종간에서도 변이가 없이 monomorphic하였다. 이들사이의 genetic similarity는 S. elmoi와 S. pallida 사이가 0.846으로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로는 S. graminum과 S. polygonia 사이로 0.772이었다. TDE에 의한 genetic distance는 S. elmoi와 S. pallida 사이가 0.192로 가장 낮았으며, S. elmoi와 S. polygonia 사이가 0.568로 가장 높았다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하여 보면 S. elmoi, S. pallida의 group과 S. graminum, S. polygonia의 group으로 나눌 수 있으며, 특히 S. elmoi와 S. pallida는 종분화가 완성되지 않은 semispecies 단계에 있는 것으로 생각된다. Phylogenic relationships among the four species of the genus Scaptomyza (S. elmoi, S. pallida, S. graminum, S. polygonia) were investigated by taximetrical analysis, allozyme and soluble proteins analysis. The taximetrical analysis of the four species according to the 19 morphological characters was performed using UPGMA. Two species of S. elmoi, S. pallida, and two species of S. graminum, S. polygonia clustered at high similarity enough to suggest that they were closely related species. The allozyme analysis was performed to establish the genetic similarity (Rogers') among the four species of the genus Scaptomyza, by means of the starch gel electrophoretical detected allelic frequencies of 19 loci common to these species, with the aim of determining the phylogenic relationship among them. 8 loci, ${\alpha}$-Gpdh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Me-1, Me-2, Xdh-1, Xdh-2 were monomorphic in all species, and specially ${\alpha}$-Gpdh-2, Mdh -2, Mdh -3 and Me -2 were same allele. The lowest value (0.405) was appeard between S. elmoi and S. graminum, and highest value (0.846) was found between S. elmoi and S. pallida. In the comparision between species, the genetic distance among the four species by TDE were calculated according to Aquadro and Avise equation. The lowest value (0.192) was appeared between S. elmoi and S. pallida, and highest value (0.568) was found between S. elmoi and S. polygonia. The results of taximetrical analysis, allozyme and soluble proteins analysis were similar. These results might suggest that the genus Scaptomyza consist of two group , the 1st group of S. elmoi and S. pallida, and 2nd group of S. graminum and S. polygonia. And the results suggested that S. elmoi and S. pallida could be related at the level of semispecies.

Large effective population sizes and high levels of gene flow between subpopulations of Lilium cernuum (Liliaceae)

Chung, M.Y.,Chung, M.G. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Biochemical systematics and ecology Vol.54 No.-

The Baekdudaegan, a mountain range that runs north to south along the Korean Peninsula, has been suggested to harbor important glacial refugia for boreal and temperate plant species. A series of allozyme-based genetic studies supports this trend. A large effective population size (N<SUB>e</SUB>) is suggested as one of major factors contributing to maintaining moderate or high levels of within-population genetic variation in these plant species. To test this hypothesis, we examined the levels and patterns of allozyme diversity, tested recent bottlenecks, and estimated recent migration rates in 10 subpopulations (collected within a distance of ca. 640 m) of the boreal Lilium cernuum at Mt. Deokhang, in the central part of the Baekdudaegan. We found high levels of within-population genetic variation as well as a low between-population genetic differentiation (H<SUB>e</SUB> = 0.206 and F<SUB>ST</SUB> = 0.019). Based on the F<SUB>ST</SUB> estimate and mean recent migration rate, we approximately calculated a total effective population size of 508 across 10 subpopulations. Consistent with this, we found no evidence of recent bottlenecks in the subpopulations. This study reveals that subpopulations of L. cernuum at Mt. Deokhang are effectively large (on the order of hundreds), and that high levels of gene flow occur among them, probably due to the species' high potential for seed dispersal. These demographic and life-history traits, coupled with its high levels of genetic diversity, suggests that this cold-adapted species would have found large refugial areas in these mountains (i.e., macrorefugia) during the Last Glacial Maximum.

고유종 꼬리말발도리의 생식특성과 동위효소 유전다양성

장진성 ( Chin Sung Chang ),김휘 ( Hui Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

Deutzia paniculata is an endemic species, which is geographically restricted within southern part of Korea. Four populations of D. paniculata were sampled across its natural range, from the smallest population, Mt. Dalum,which held less than 100 individuals, to the largest, Mt. Unmum, over 3,500 individuals. Artificial pollination studyshowed that D. paniculata had an obligate outcross breeding system. Major pollinators were two bee species,Lasioglossum exiliceps and Allograpta balteata (de Geer). The breeding system and patterns of allozyme variation ofD. paniculata were investigated to understand the population biology and to explain on reserve designs and managementproposals relevant to this species. D. paniculata held relatively low genetic variation at the eight allozyme loci surveyed. Measures of genetic variation in this species alleles per locus (As=1.33), proportion of polymorphic loci (P=23.85%),and expected heterozygosity (Hes=0.110) were similar to values reported for endemic species. Mt. Dalum population(DAL) was composed with one clone based on allozyme data. Individuals of D. paniculata were frequently includedin root connected clusters. Population genetic structure between and within four populations was probably the result ofshrinking effective population size and the extinctions of intervening populations. For the conservation of geneticdiversity, maximum number of different genotype need to be protected based on genetic structure and mating system.

Determination of Seed Purity in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Using Allozyme

Man Kyu Huh(허만규) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.7

무(Raphanus sativus L.)는 세계적으로 중요한 작물 중의 하나이다. 십자화과 식물 종에서 종자 생산에서 원하지 않은 내교잡에 의한 종자 결실로 오염이 발생하므로 씨의 순수성 검증은 매우 중요하다. 재배종 진주 대평 무(R. sativus cv. Daepeng)와 백자 무(R. sativus cv. Backza)의 교잡 분석을 실시하였다. 알로자임으로 상업적으로 이용되는 잡종 제1세대(F1) 무에 있어서 씨의 순수성을 평가하였다. 웅성과 자성 양친 360개체에 27개 대립유전자좌위를 조사하였다. 특히 Per-1 (aa x bb), Lap-1 (aa x bb), Est-1 (aa x bb)에서 명확한 잡종 밴드를 나타내었다. Est-1 대립유전자좌위에서 자성 배우체로부터 기원된 것이 15개체(8.3%)가 발견되었고, 웅성 배우체로부터 기원된 것이 26개체(14.4%)가 발견되었다. 또한 다양도 측면에서 양친 계통에 비해 잡종 계통에서 높은 유전적 다양도를 유지하고 있었다. 샤논의 정보지수(Shannon’s index)를 이용한 표현형 다양도는 교잡 계통이 가장 높았다. 알로자임에 의한 무 계통의 교잡에 의한 종자 생성에서 씨에 대한 순수성 검증이 효과적으로 탐지되어 육종 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of very important crop plants in the world. It is very important to determine hybrid seed quality in the production of hybrid Brassica vegetable seeds to avoid unacceptable contamination with self-inbred (sib) seeds. The allozyme for evaluating seed purity in a commercial F1-hybrid radish cultivar is demonstrated. Three hundred sixty seeds from the male and female harvest were subsequently screened for seed purity using 27 isozyme loci. Especially, F1 hybrids of radish, Per-1 (aa x bb), Lap-1 (aa x bb), Est-1 (aa x bb) were presented clear hybrid bands. Est-1 locus revealed that 15 (8.3%) seeds from the female harvest and 26 (14.4%) seeds from the male harvest were sibs. It maintains higher than average level of genetic diversity compared with their correspondent parents. Shannon’s index of phenotypic diversity (I) of hybrids was the highest of all accessions (R. sativus L. cv. Daepeng, R. sativus L. cv. Backza, and their hybrids). The allozyme may lead to a better insight into the hybrid seed purity.

Allozyme Variation and Population Genetic Structure of an Invasive Plant, Ageratina altissima(White Snakeroot), in Seoul

Chun, Young-Jin,Lee, Hyun-Woo,Lee, Eun-Ju The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2001 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.5 No.4

Allozyme studies have been widely used to estimate genetic variation and to describe genetic structure in natural populations. In many cases, the genetic diversity of recently established populations is generally lower than that of central populations. In addition, the genetic composition of an invasive species is influenced by its History of introduction as well as its ecological characters. Ageratina altissima (L.) R. King & H. Robinson (white snakeroot) is a perennial herb native to the eastern United States and Canada, and is currently receiving much attention for its rapid invasion of the Korean forests. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess the genetic variability at 11 putative loci in seven introduced populations of A. altissima in Seoul. Populations of A. altissima maintained lower levels of allozyme diversity (expected heterozygosity = 0.063) than those reported for other taxa with similar ecological traits. The degree of differentiation observed among A. altissima populations was considerably low. It is suggested that the populations were recently established from only a few founders via dispersal by human activities, resulting in the loss of genetic variation.

Allozyme Markers and Morphometric Variability in the Gastropod Mollusk Nucella Heyseana (Mollusca, Gastropoda) and Their Association with Environmental Change

Kartavtsev, Yuri Ph.,Svinyna, Olga V. 한국유전학회 2003 Genes & Genomics Vol.25 No.4

Six polymorphic allozyme loci and six morphometric shell characters were analyzed in a collection of 1040 individuals of the predatory gastropod mollusk Nucella heyseana from five principal samples in Vostok Bay and Vrangel Bay of Nakhodka Gulf, both in Peter the Great Bay (East Sea). Allele frequency variability leaves no doubt that each of the two bays inhabited by genetically different populations and that each also comprises heterogeneous and/or subdivided populations. Canonical, discriminant, factor and variance analyses allow connections to be drawn between individual heterozygosity and morphological variability that are dependent on habitat conditions in Vrangel Bay and to less extent in Vostok Bay, which may be regarded as environmentally sub-optimum and optimum respectively. These results support the idea that allozyme phenotypes under some conditions may be selected either per se or as markers of other genes.

ALLOZYME DIVERSITY IN CULTIVATED RADISH, RAPHANUS SATIVUS VAR. HORTENSIS F. ACANTHIFORMIS(BRASSICACEAE), IN KOREA

HUR, MAN KYU,HUH, HONG WOOK,CHUNG, MYONG GI 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1995 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.11 No.-

Allozyme study in Korean cultivated radish, Raphanus sativus L. var. hortensis Backer f. acanthiformis Makino, was conducted to estimate the levels and distribution of genetic variation among populations using starch gel electrophoresis. Populations of cultivated radish show moderate levels of allozyme variation; the mean percentage of polymorphic loci was 39.4%, mean number of alleles per locus was 1.52, and mean expected heterozygosity was 0.079. It is probable that a combination of outcrossing breeding system, high fecundity, and cultivated status may in part be explanatory factors contributing a moderate level of genetic diversity within populations. An overall slight deficiency of heterozygotes relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations (mean F_IS=0.076) indicates that consanguineous mating occur within cultivated radish populations. Of the total genetic variation found in cultivated radish populations examined, only 7% is due to differences among populations (mean G_ST=0.073). It is supposed that the cultivated status of radish may influence the considerably low population differentiation. In addition, seed dispersal by humans leads to enhanced levels of gene flow and decreased population divergence in Korean cultivated radish.

동위효소 표지와 cpSSR 표지를 이용한 설악산 잣나무 집단의 교배양식

홍용표 ( Yong Pyo Hong ),안지영 ( Ji Yong Ahn ),김영미 ( Young Mi Kim ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),양병훈 ( Byeing Hoon Yang ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.2

Mating system parameters were estimated in a natural population of Pinus koraiensis which was located at Gwongeumseong in Mt. Seorak, South Korea. The estimated parameters from allozyme were as follows: 0.882 of multilocus outcrossing rates(tm), 0.881 of singlelocus outcrossing rates(ts), 0.368 of correlated paternity(rp), and 2.7 of number of effective pollen contributors. The estimated parameters from cpSSR markers were as follows: 0.831 of average of outcrossing rates and 12.4 of the average number of effective pollen contributors. The average outcrossing rate from two genetic markers was 0.857, which was similar to those estimated in other conifer species. More number of potential pollen contributors was estimated from cpSSR marker analysis compared with that estimated from allozyme marker analysis. This result suggests that cpSSR markers may be more useful than allozyme markers for identifying potential pollen contributors in the analysis of mating system.

Mating Systems and Inbreeding Pressure in Populations of Wild Lentil Tare, Vicia tetrasperm (Leguminosae)

Man Kyu Huh(허만규) 한국생명과학회 2007 생명과학회지 Vol.17 No.11

한국 내 얼치기완두(Vicia tetrasperm) 집단의 교배계를 알로자임 분석으로 실시하였다. 그 결과 얼치기완두는 타가수분 또는 혼합 교배 타가수분을 영위하고 있었다. 집단 수준에서 열 개 집단에 대한 내교배 계수는 0.131에서 0.176까지로 나타나며 평균은 0.154였다. 다대립좌위에서 타가수분 계수(tm)는 열 개 집단에 대해 0.269와 0.423 사이에 있으며 평균은 0.333이었다. 다대립좌위와 단일좌위에서 타가수분 계수 차이는 상당히 높게 나타났으며 양친과의 근친교배가 유의하게 일어나고 있었다. 일부 집단에서 낮은 타가수분율은 광범위한 근친교배와 성숙한 개체간 격리에 기인한다. 비록 한 집단에서 이형접합체 과다가 기록되었지만 대부분 집단은 이형접합체의 결핍이 관찰되었다. 따라서 동형접합체에 대한 자연선택이 생활사를 통한 지손집단에 작용하고 있었다. The mating systems of natural populations of Vicia tetrasperm in Korea were determined using allozyme analysis. The result suggests that V. tetrasperm is low rates of outcrossing or mix-mating outcrossing (self-fertilization, s < 0.5). At the population levels, the values of inbreeding coefficient of ten populations in Korea varied from 0.131 to 0.176, giving an average 0.154. For ten natural populations, multi-locus estimates of outcrossing (tm) was 0.333 across fifteen polymorphic loci, with individual population values ranging from 0.269 to 0.423. The differences between the tm and ts values were not close to zero (tm - ts > 0.154), indicating that biparental inbreeding was significant in the loci. The reason for relatively low outcrossing rates of some populations could be attributed to extensive consanguineous mating and isolation of flowering mature plants. Although heterozygote excess was observed in one natural population, most populations exhibited varying degrees of inbreeding and heterozygotes deficit. Thus, selection against homozygotes operated in the progeny populations throughout the life cycle.

Genetic homogeneity between Korean and Japanese populations of the broad-leaved evergreen tree Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae): A massive post-glacial immigration through the Korea Strait or something else?

Chung, M.Y.,Lopez-Pujol, J.,Chung, M.G. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Biochemical systematics and ecology Vol.53 No.-

The warm-temperate vegetation of Korea, currently limited to southern coastal areas, shifted during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) towards glacial refugia, putatively located in southern Japan. We hypothesized two scenarios of post-glacial re-colonization of warm-temperate species in relation to current levels of genetic diversity within their populations. If extant Korean populations originated from a single source (a single glacial refugium), we expect significantly lower levels of genetic diversity relative to those from Japan due to founder effects. Alternatively, if they were derived from multiple source populations, levels of genetic diversity within Korean populations will not be significantly reduced compared to those of Japanese ones. To test which of these scenarios is more likely, we investigated the patterns of genetic diversity in 14 populations (seven from southern Korea and seven from southern Japan) of the broad-leaved evergreen tree Machilus thunbergii, employing 11 allozyme loci. High levels of genetic variation in M. thunbergii were found both in southern Korea and southern Japan, with a considerable genetic homogeneity not only between the two regions but also between populations within the two regions. These results suggest a pattern of re-colonization after the LGM fitting the second scenario (immigration from multiple refugia), probably through multiple waves and/or with large founder populations.