답리작 춘계포장에서 보리 및 이탈리안 라이그라스와 두과의 혼파비율이 동위원소 희석법 및 차이법을 이용한 질소고정 및 이동에 미치는 영향

이효원,이효진,김원호,윤봉기,고한종,Lee, Hyo-Won,Lee, Hyo-Jin,Kim, Won Ho,Yoon, Bong Ki,Ko, Han Jong 한국초지조사료학회 2016 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.36 No.4

본 연구는 전남농업기술원 답리작 시험포장에서 2006년과 2007년 사이에 보리와 이탈리안 라이그래스와 각종 두과를 혼파비율을 달리한 처리하여 파종하였다. 주구는 보리 및 이탈리안 라이그래스와 자운영, 크림손클로버, 헤어리벳치, 사료용 완두였고 세구는 화본과와 두과를 각각 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 그리고 80:20이었다. 공중질소 고정량 및 이의 이동을 측정하기 위하여 질소동위원소($^{15}N(NH_4)_2SO_4$)를 2007년 4월 15일 처리 후 쿼드랏 안의 식물체를 6월 8일에 수확하여 화본과 및 두과로 분리한 후 안정성동위원소 질량분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 공중질소 고정률은 두과에서 화본과로, 질소이동은 차이법과 동위원소 희석법을 이용하여 구하였다. 본 실험결과의 주요내용은 동위원소 초과는 화본과에서는 차가 없었던 반면 보리와 두과와 혼파비율이 60:40인 처리에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 그 값은 보리와 혼파한 두과는 0에서 0.54 범위였다. 이탈리안 라이그래스와 두과 혼파에서는 초과 값이 더 높아 보리에서는 0.71에서 0.82, 두과는 0.37에서 1.01 사이였다. 공중 질소 이용비율은 보리와의 조합은 0%~49.5%, 이탈리안 라이그라스 조합은 0~60.5%의 범위로 다양한 결과를 나타내었다. 차이법에 의한 이동량 시험에서는 보리와의 조합에서 12.3~90.9 kg/ha, 이탈리안 라이그래스 조합에서는 보리보다 더 많아 31.7~107.8 kg 사이였다. 한편 동위원소 희석법에서는 보리와 두과 혼파조합은 0~36.1 kg/ha 그리고 이탈리안 라이그래스와 두과 혼파에서는 0~50.6 kg/ha로 이탈리안 라이그래스 조합이 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 차이법에 의한 질소 이동량이 동위원소 희석법보다 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was used. $^{15}N$ fertilizer [$(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to $600cm^2$ in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. $^{15}N$ was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % $^{15}N$ excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % $^{15}N$ than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on $^{15}N$ dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the $^{15}N$ dilution method.

Interactive effects of N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific N isotopic signatures in Chinese cabbage and soil

Yun, Seok-In,Ro, Hee-Myong,Choi, Woo-Jung,Chang, Scott X. Elsevier 2006 Soil biology & biochemistry Vol.38 No.7

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Natural <SUP>15</SUP>N abundances (<I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N) in plant and soil can be used as a powerful marker to reveal the history of N fertilization. To investigate whether N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N signals in plant tissue and soil inorganic N, Chinese cabbage (<I>Brassica campestris</I> L. cv. Maeryok), one of the most popular vegetables in Asia, was grown in pots for 60 days with a single or split N applications of organic (composted manure; <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N=+16.4‰) or inorganic N (urea; <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N=−0.7‰). Seven N treatments were studied: (1) a single basal fertilization with compost or (2) urea; (3) a basal urea application followed by an additional (at 40 days after transplant, same below) compost or (4) urea application; (5) a basal compost application followed by an additional compost or (6) urea application; and (7) no N fertilization. Regardless of the time of N application, <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N of cabbage treated with compost was higher (>+9.0‰) than that (< +1.0‰) treated with urea, reflecting the effect of isotopically different N sources. In split N fertilization, only the addition of isotopically different N sources in the middle of the growth period significantly affected the <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N of the whole plant. Specific <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N signals of basal N inputs were detected in outer cabbage parts formed in the early growth stage, while those of additional N inputs were detected in inner cabbage parts formed in the latter growth stage. We conclude that measurements of temporal variations in <I>δ</I><SUP>15</SUP>N of plant parts formed in different growth stages could reveal the history of N fertilization.</P>

보행 네트워크 분석에 따른 서울 n분 도시 현황 및 특성 연구 - 지역생활서비스시설의 연령대별 공급과 수요를 중심으로

이해빈,김충호 한국도시설계학회 2023 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.24 No.5

본 연구는 세계적으로 확산되는 n분 도시의 개념이 국내에 도입되는 상황에서, 서울시의 n분도시 현황 및 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 15분을 기준으로 유아, 청소년아동, 성인, 노인의 연령대를 고려하여 주차장을 제외한 지역생활서비스시설의 보행네트워크 분석을 수행하였으며, 자치구 및 지역생활권 단위의 공급현황 및 수요현황을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서울시는모든 연령대에서 15분 도시에 도달하지 못하였으며, 특히 유아와 노인에 대해 매우 미달하였다. 둘째, 서울시의 대부분 지역은 15분 도시에 도달하지 못하였으며, 특히 서북권역과 동남권역에대해 매우 미달하였다. 셋째, 서울시가 15분 도시에 도달하지 못한 것은 시설의 부족한 공급과함께 비효율적 입지로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 n분 도시 목표를 달성하기 위해 소단위수준의 다양한 보행시간 설정이 필요하며, 지역생활서비스시설의 추가공급시 우선 고려대상을시사점으로 제안한다. This study aimed to analyze the status and characteristics of the n-minute city in Seoul, following the domestic introduction attempts of the global discussion around n-minute city. Based on 15 minutes, the pedestrian network analysis considering four age groups of infants, adolescents, adults, and seniors was conducted for the local living service facilities, excluding parking lots. The supply and demand status of the autonomous districts and the local living areas were reviewed. As a result, the study reached the following conclusions. First, all age groups did not reach the n-minute city, especially infants and seniors. Second, most of the areas in Seoul did not reach the n-minute city, especially in the northwest and southeast districts of Seoul. Third, the reasons why they did not reach the n-minute city were due to insufficient supply and inefficient location of facilities. Finally, the study suggests, in order to achieve the n-minute city in Seoul, that various walking times be set up at the small-scale level and priority targets be considered when providing facilities.

IEEE 802.15.4와 IEEE 802.11g/n의 중첩 채널 간 간섭에 관한연구

이성훈,박원재,권구인 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2011 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.7 No.1

USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network)의 Phy/Mac layers 표준인 IEEE 802.15.4와 무선 랜(Wireless Lan)의 Phy/Mac layers 표준인 IEEE 802.11은 데이터 통신을 위해 같은 ISM 2.4GHz 대역을 사용한다. 따라서 데이터 전송 시 radio power 0 dBm의 IEEE 802.15.4가 radio power 16 dBm의 IEEE 802.11에 의해 간섭의 영향 클 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문은 IEEE 802.11의 최신 버전인 g와 n이 IEEE 802.15.4와 중첩된 채널을 동시에 사용 할 때 각각 어떠한 형태로 간섭의 영향을 미치는지 실험하였다. 그 결과 IEEE 802.11g/n 채널의 center frequency에 가까이 위치할수록 IEEE 802.15.4 채널들은 심한 간섭을 받았으며 IEEE 802.11의 전송속도가 증 가할수록 bit error가 발생한 packet의 비중이 감소하고 반대로 패킷 전체가 수신이 되지 않는 loss packet의 비중이 증가하는 현상을 살펴볼 수 있었다.

Residual Effects of Organic Materials on N Supply to Chinese Cabbage and Soil Under Continuous Cultivation

Cho-Rong Lee,Yura Oh,Jung A Jung,Sang-Min Lee,Nan-Hee An 한국토양비료학회 2020 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.53 No.4

Nitrogen (N) supply from organic materials (OM) takes more time than chemical fertilizer (CF), because mineralization of organic N requires microbial conversion. Most organic N applied to soil remains into SOM. It might have a greater residual effect than CF on soil fertility and crop nutrient uptake and influence on N fate. Residual organic N might have influence on soil fertility and nutrient uptake of crop by depending on N cycling in soil. This study investigated the residual effect of <SUP>15</SUP>N-labeled organic materials on Chinese cabbage N uptake and soil N. <SUP>15</SUP>N-labeled organic materials at rate of 456 ㎏ N/ha applied with green manure (GM), livestock compost (LC), GM+LC, oil cake (OC), and CF into wagner pot (1/2000a) for Chinese cabbage cultivation. During continuous crop cultivation (Sep. 2018 to Mar, 2020), <SUP>15</SUP>N-labeled Chinese cabbage and soil was analyzed by using stable isotope elemental analyzer. Organic materials and chemical fertilizer were higher N uptake in Chinese cabbage than in the control at first cropping season. However, N uptake of Chinese cabbage under continuous cultivation was significantly increased 35-72% at organic material treatments compared to the control. Also, <SUP>15</SUP>N-labeled soil was significantly high at the treatments applied with GM, LC, and GM+LC, but was not at OC and CF treatment. In conclusion, organic materials (especially GM, LC, and GM+LC) had a greater N residual effect on Chinese cabbage and soil than chemical fertilizer.

암모늄 확산법을 이용한 암모늄 질소 안정동위원소 분석법

김민섭 ( Min-seob Kim ),임보라 ( Bo-ra Lim ),박시영 ( Si-yeong Park ),유은진 ( Eunjin Yoo ),정현미 ( Hyen-mi Chung ),최종우 ( Jongwoo Choi ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2020 No.-

In this study, we introduce the method for measuring ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ using an ammonium diffusion technique. The advantage of this method is that it is broadly applicable to all types of water and it allows measurements in samples with lower ammonium concentrations than has previously been possible. The NH₄⁺ is converted to NH₃ with pH〈11 condition and then it is trapped in a filter package with ammonium sulfate. During different incubation time of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 14 days, measured ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ values of samples reacted after 7 days yielded the most consistent results with certified values. To evaluate a success of the method developed in this study, two international standards, IAEA-N1 (δ¹⁵N = +0.4‰) and IAEA-N2 (δ¹⁵N = +20.3‰) were used. Measured their δ¹⁵N values were +0.4 ± 0.3‰ (n=10) for IAEA-N1 and +20.3 ± 0.2‰ (n=10) for IAEA-N2, respectively, in excellent agreement with recommended values within the error. The method developed in this study will be useful tool for the identification of nitrogen source in aquatic ecosystem.

Source partitioning and emission factor of nitrous oxide during warm and cold cropping seasons from an upland soil in South Korea

Alam, Muhammad Ashraful,Khan, Muhammad Israr,Cho, Song Rae,Lim, Ji Yeon,Song, Hyun Ji,Kim, Pil Joo,Das, Suvendu Elsevier 2019 Science of the Total Environment Vol.662 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Nitrous oxide (N<SUB>2</SUB>O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) with high global warming potential. A majority of the N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux comes from agricultural sources, mainly due to nitrogen (N) fertilization. The soil N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux, induced by N fertilization, mainly originated from two different sources, i.e., fertilizer and soil organic nitrogen (SON). It is essential to know the individual contribution of these two different sources in total N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux for planning necessary mitigation strategies. It is also indispensable to know the seasonal difference of emission factors (EF) for having more accurate N<SUB>2</SUB>O inventory. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a South Korean upland soil during summer and winter seasons using <SUP>15</SUP>N labeled urea as an artificial N source and source specific N<SUB>2</SUB>O emissions were distinguished under different environmental conditions. To characterize the N<SUB>2</SUB>O emissions from urea, 0, 50, 100 and 200% of the Korean N recommendation rate was selected for specified crops. The Korean N recommendation rate for red pepper (<I>Capsicum annuum</I>) and garlic (<I>Allium sativum</I>) was 190 and 250 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. Direct emissions from urea were estimated from the difference of <SUP>15</SUP>N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux emitted from <SUP>15</SUP>N-urea treated soil and the natural abundance of <SUP>15</SUP>N<SUB>2</SUB>O. From total N<SUB>2</SUB>O fluxes, urea originated N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux was 0.87% and 0.13% of the applied N in warm and cold seasons, respectively and the rest comes from SON. Nitrous oxide EF in the warm season was 2.69% of applied N and in the cold season that was 0.25%. Nitrous oxide fluxes showed a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature. The results show the necessity of considering the different N<SUB>2</SUB>O EF for warm and cold cropping seasons to reduce uncertainty in N<SUB>2</SUB>O inventory. The findings of this research may help better understand N<SUB>2</SUB>O source partitioning and the emission budget from warm and cold cropping seasons.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux originated from urea N was small compared with that of SON. </LI> <LI> N<SUB>2</SUB>O released from the urea application was 0.87 and 0.13% of applied urea in warm and cold seasons, respectively. </LI> <LI> N<SUB>2</SUB>O emission factors in the warm and cold season are 2.69 and 0.25, respectively. </LI> <LI> N<SUB>2</SUB>O emissions showed exponential relationship with soil temperature. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Uptake, Assimilation and Translocation of Ammonium or Nitrate in Italian Ryegrass

Bok-Rye Lee,Woo-Jin Jung,Dae-Hyun Kim,Soon-Ju Chung,Kil-Yong Kim,Tae-Hwan Kim 韓國作物學會 2001 Korean journal of crop science Vol.46 No.4

To investigate the partitioning of newly absorbed N derived from NO3 - and NH4 + , 6 mM K15 NO3 or 3 mM (15 NH4 )2 was fed continuously in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflrum L.) for 7 days. Nitrogen metabolites (nitrate, amino acid, soluble- and insoluble protein) were analyzed at the end of 15 N feeding. Dry weight in shoot, stubble and root was not significantly different between NO3 [-10] and NH4 + feeding. Total nitrogen content in all three organs was significantly higher in NH4 + than NO3 [-10] feeding. Sum on N content in reduced N fractions (amino acids + proteins) in shoot, stubble and roots in NH4 + feeding increased by 13.3, 12.5 and 35.4 %, respectively, compared to NO3 [-10] feeding. The Relative Specific Activity (RSA, percentage of newly absorbed 15 N relative to total N in a sample) values of amino acids and insoluble proteins were significantly higher in NH4 + feeding. Total amount of newly absorbed 15 N in NO3 [-10] and NO3 [-10] feeding was 52.3 and 69.5 mg/plant on dry matter basis, respectively. In both NH4 + and NO3 [-10] grown plants, most of the N was allocated to the shoot, 67.5% in NH4 + feeding and 58.8% NO3 [-10] feeding, respectively. The 15 N amount incorporated in the reduced N compounds (amino acids and proteins) in NH4 + grown plants significantly increased by 74.8% compared to NO3 [-10] grown plants. The increase of the 15 N amount assimilated to amino acids in NH4 + grown plants was remarkably higher in roots as more than 7.25 times compared to NO3 [-10] feeding. These results indicated that Italian ryegrass was much efficiently utilized NH4 + -N for the synthesis of reduced N compounds.reduced N compounds.

Improvement of Nitrogen Efficiency by N Application at Early Tillering Stage in Direct-Seeded Rice

Jun-Han Seo,Ho-Jin Lee,Seung-Hun Lee 韓國作物學會 2005 Korean journal of crop science Vol.50 No.1

This study was conducted to establish the elaborate nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy. The nitrogen uptake by rice plants was insignificant until 25 days after seeding, and increased gradually thereafter. During this early growth stage, rice plants absorbed only the 4~% of basal applied N, while the 45~% of N fertilizer remained in the paddy soil. The absorption of basal N by rice plants was almost completed at 46 days after application. Nitrogen top-dressed at 5-leaf stage was well matched to crop nutrient demand, so it could be absorbed so actively in 8days after application. As a result, we could cut down the amount of N fertilizer to 36~% of the basal N level without significant difference in yield. Plant recoveries of fertilizer 15N applied with different application timings were 7.8~% for basal, 9.4~% for 5-leaf stage, 17.1~% for tillering stage, and 23.4~% for panicle initiation stage, respectively. When urea was applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on basal incorporation (BN), plant recovery of 15N at harvest was 31.0~% , which was originated from 13.7~% for grain, and 21.3~% of the fertilizer 15N remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. Plant recovery of fertilizer 15N applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on topdressing at 5-leaf stage (TN), where N rate was reduced by 18~% compared with BN, was 35.1~% (grain 15.6~% ), and 19.9~% of the fertilizer 15N remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. TN showed a higher 15N recovery than BN because it was to apply N fertilizer at a time to well meet the demand of rice plant direct-seeded on flooded paddy. We concluded that TN would be the nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy.

Identification of the Pig β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (pB3GNT1) that is Involved in Poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) Synthesis

Ji-Youn Kim(김지윤),Hwan-Jin Hwang(황환진),Hak-Jae Chung(정학재),Shinichi Hochi(신이치호치),Mi-Ryung Park(박미령),Sung June Byun(변승준),Keon Bong Oh(오건봉),Hyeon-Yang(양 현),Kyung-Woon Kim(김경운) 한국생명과학회 2018 생명과학회지 Vol.28 No.4

당 단백질에 붙어 있는 당사슬 구조는 형질전환 돼지 유즙으로 분비되는 의약용 단백질의 생물학적 활성, 안정성 그리고 안전성에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 형질전환 동물을 이용한 치료용 당 단백질 생산은 유선 세포에서 이루어지는 당사슬 부가능력에 의해 제한되며, 균일한 당사슬 형태를 가지는 당 단백질 생산은 도전 과제로 남아있다. β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminylatransferase1 (B3GNT1) 유전자는 N-아세틸글루코사민에 갈락토오스 잔기를 부착시키는 단백질 당화기작에 중요한 효소이지만, 돼지 당 전이효소에 대한 정보는 매우 제한적이다. 따라서, 돼지 B3GNT1 (pB3GNT1) 유전자를 클로닝하고 N-아세틸글루코사민에 갈락토오스 잔기를 부착시키는 기능적 특성을 조사하였다. 몇가지 다른 프라이머를 사용하여 전체 전사영역(ORF)을 함유하는 부분적인 pB3GNT1 mRNA 염기서열을 간 조직으로부터 분리하였다. 클로닝 된 pB3GNT1의 ORF는 1,248개의 뉴클레오티드를 가지며, 415개 아미노산 잔기로 구성되어 있었다. pB3GNT1 유전자의 장기별 발현특성은 성돈 및 자돈의 여러 기관에서 분석하였다. pB3GNT1 mRNA 발현 수준은 심장, 소장 보다는 근육에서 높았지만 폐에서는 낮았다. pB3GNT1의 기능적 특성 분석을 위해 돼지 신장 세포주(PK-15)에서 pB3GNT1 유전자의 안정적인 발현을 확립하였다. 그 결과, PK-15 세포에서 pB3GNT1 발현에 의한 당화 패턴은 총 시알산 증가에는 영향을 미치지 않지만, poly-N-아세틸글루코사민은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 생물반응기로 형질전환 돼지를 이용할 때 희망하는 당사슬을 부가하여 치료 가능성을 높이며 개선된 활성을 나타내는 당단백질 생산에 도움이 될 것이다. The structure of glycan residues attached to glycoproteins can influence the biological activity, stability, and safety of pharmaceutical proteins delivered from transgenic pig milk. The production of therapeutic glycoprotein in transgenic livestock animals is limited, as the glycosylation of mammary gland cells and the production of glycoproteins with the desired homogeneous glycoform remain a challenge. The β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminylatransferase1 (B3GNT1) gene is an important enzyme that attaches N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to galactose (Gal) residues for protein glycosylation; however, there is limited information about pig glycosyltransferases. Therefore, we cloned the pig B3GNT1 (pB3GNT1) and investigated its functional properties that could attach N-acetylglucosamine to galactose residue. Using several different primers, a partial pB3GNT1 mRNA sequence containing the full open reading frame (ORF) was isolated from liver tissue. The ORF of pB3GNT1 contained 1,248 nucleotides and encoded 415 amino acid residues. Organ-dependent expression of the pB3GNT1 gene was confirmed in various organs from adult and juvenile pigs. The pB3GNT1 mRNA expression level was high in the muscles of the heart and small intestine but was lower in the lungs. For functional characterization of pB3GNT1, we established a stable expression of the pB3GNT1 gene in the porcine kidney cell line (PK-15). As a result, it was suggested that the glycosylation pattern of pB3GNT1 expression in PK-15 cells did not affect the total sialic acid level but increased the poly N-acetyllactosamine level. The results of this study can be used to produce glycoproteins with improved properties and therapeutic potential for the generation of desired glycosylation using transgenic pigs as bioreactors.