식물의 엽록소 생합성 및 조절 기작에 대한 주요 연구동향

김다혜,양주희,김현정,이주희,이종렬,임선형 한국육종학회 2020 한국육종학회지 Vol.52 No.4

Chlorophyll is an essential pigment involved in light absorption and electron transfer in photosynthesis, a photochemical processthat is indispensable for plant growth and development. The biosynthesis of chlorophyll occurs in plastids and shares a common biosyntheticpathway with other tetrapyrroles. The chlorophyll metabolic pathway is divided into four distinct components: the common pathway,chlorophyll-specific biosynthetic pathway, chlorophyll cycle, and chlorophyll degradation pathway, which are regulated in developmental- andenvironmental-specific manners. During the early stages of plant growth, the expression of most chlorophyll biosynthetic genes is inducedby light, resulting in an increase in chlorophyll accumulation, induction of high photosynthetic activity, and continuous plant growth. In contrast,during plant maturation, the expression of most of these genes is gradually downregulated, whereas genes involved in chlorophyll degradationare upregulated during leaf senescence. Chlorophyll biosynthesis is directly or indirectly regulated by the members of various transcriptionfactor families. In this review, we describe representative mechanisms of transcription factor-mediated activation and repression of chlorophyllbiosynthesis in response to light treatment. We also present an overview of recent studies that have examined all the enzymatic steps involvedin chlorophyll metabolic pathways and their gene regulation at the transcriptional level, which will enable readers to gain a better understandingof chlorophyll metabolism.

열처리 시 소금첨가에 의한 풋콩의 색과 Chlorophyll 함량 변화

송재연,김철재,안길환 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2003 농업과학연구 Vol.30 No.2

풋콩의 열처리 시 소금의 영향을 알아보기 위해 이전의 실험에서 비슷한 수치를 나타낸 80℃-30min. 90℃-20min, 100℃-10min의 조건에서 color와 chlorophyll 함량을 측정하였다. 녹색과 깊은 관련이 있는 -α값(colorimeter parameter)과 chloropyll α의 두 수치만을 비교해 보았을 때, -α값은 100℃-10min이 높게 나온 반면, chlorophyll 함량의 경우 소금을 첨가한 군이 비 첨가군보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 온도와 시간이 color와 chlorophyll 함량 파괴에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 반응속도상수(reaction rate constant)와 활성화 에너지(activation energy)값을 구해보았다. 그 결과 반응속도 상수는 온도가 10℃증가함에 따라 2배 가량 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있었고 이는 Arrhenius 이론과 일치하였다. 소금의 첨가는 seed의 색(greenness)만을 제외하고 전체적으로 chlorophyll과 color의 파괴속도를 저하시키는 역할을 하였다. Pod에서 chlorophyll α감소를 위한 활성화 에너지는 146.63㎉/㏖(소금군)로 비소금군의 138.02㎉/㏖ 보다 높은 값을 나타내었고 이는 소금이 색소저하 반응의 속도를 낮춤을 의미하였다. 결과적으로 풋콩의 열처리 시 소금의 첨가는 단순히 맛의 변화뿐만 아니라 chloropyll 잔량을 높여 풋콩의 색소를 안정화시키는 역할을 하였다. Vegetable soybeans were blanched at 80, 90 and 100℃ for 30, 20 and 10min, respectively. NaCl (3%) was also used to measure the protective effect of soybean color. The color of vegetable soybeans was measured by colorimeter, -a value (greenness) was highest at 100℃-10min. However, the chlorophyll contents was highest at 80℃-30min. NaCl (3%) decreased the loss of chlorophyll in blanched vegetable soybeans. The reaction rate constant for the thermal degradation of chlorophyll and greenness doubled per 10℃. The activation energy chlorophyll a of pod for thermal degradation of chlorophyll a in pods were 138.02 (unsalted), 146.63 (salted) ㎉/㏖, respectively.

Changes in the Chlorophyll of Garlic Chives (Allium tuberosum) Resulting from Fertilizer and Drought Stress

Man Kyu Huh(허만규),Byeongryong Lee(이병룡) 한국생명과학회 2022 생명과학회지 Vol.32 No.10

부추는 아시아를 포함한 전세계적으로 분포하는 초본이다. 한국에서 부추는 양념용 채소와 국수용 고명에 사용된다. 질소비료, 인산비료, 칼리비료와 수분 스트레스가 부추(Allium tuberosum Rotter) 잎에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 엽록소 a 함량은 10 mg/l 질소 비료에서 0.386였고, 50 mg/l에서는 0.584였다. 엽록소 a, b, 전체 엽록소량은 대조군에 비해 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 엽록소 a, b, 전체 엽록소에 대한 피어슨 상관계수(Pearsons r)는 각각 0.940, 0.966, 0.971였다. 잎의 엽록소 a, b, 전체 엽록소는 인산비료인 경우 40 mg/l가 50 mg/l 시비보다 높았다. 인산 비료인 경우 10 mg/l에서 전체 엽록소량은 0.312였고 50 mg/l 일 때 0.589였다. 엽록소 효율과 습도와의 관계를 산출하였다. 광합성 효율의 척도로 기저 수준의 형광산율(Fo), 최대 형광산율(Fm), 전자소멸 상태(Fv), 최대 PSII 광계비율(Fv/Fm)의 기울기는 각각 -0.931, 0.972, 972, 0.950였다. 질소, 인산, 칼륨 비료와 가뭄스트레스는 부추의 엽록소함량과 효율성에 영향을 주었다. The garlic chive (Allium tuberosum Rotter) is a prominent herb species in Asia and other nations of the world. Garlic chives is a favorite vegetable and used to garnish noodles in Korea. The effects of various doses of N, P, and K fertilizers and drought stress on the chlorophyll content in the leaves of garlic chives were investigated. The evaluations showed that chlorophyll a content was 0.386 at 10 mg/l N fertilizer and 0.584 at 50 mg/l N fertilizer. The treatment group showed a significant difference with regard to the contents of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll at the 5% level (p<0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) for chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll were 0.940, 0.966, and 0.971, respectively. The highest content of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll in the leaves was recorded at 40 mg/l P fertilizer, while the values corresponding to 50 mg/l P fertilizer were lower than those for 40 mg/l P fertilizer. The content of total chlorophyll evaluated at 10 mg/l K fertilizer was 0.312 and that at 50 mg/l was 0.589. The simple linear regression showed the relationship between chlorophyll efficiency aand moisture. The slope factors of the dark-level fluorescence yield (Fo), the maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), the quenched state (Fv), and the maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) for chlorophyll-efficient indicators were -0.931, 0.972, 972, and 0.950, respectively. NPK fertilizers and drought stress affected the chlorophyll content and efficiency of A. tuberosum.

무인선 및 GIS를 활용한 하천 내 클로로필-a와 수심의 공간 분석 및 시각화

김은주 ( Eunju Kim ),황태문 ( Tae-mun Hwang ),구재욱 ( Jaewuk Koo ),이새로미 ( Saromi Lee ),남숙현 ( Sookhyun Nam ) 한국수처리학회(구 한국수처리기술연구회) 2020 한국수처리학회지 Vol.28 No.5

This study is to develop Unmanned surface vehicle (USV) and apply it to rivers to analyze and visualize the space of chlorophyll-a and water depth. The results of the study showed that the chlorophyll-a and the depth of the water in the 2.31×10-¹ ㎢ of the N stream were successful. Data obtained from USV is stored in vast amounts in real time and must be converted and extracted into data that can be utilized through preprocessing programs. In this study, a preprocessing program using the exploratory data analysis (EDA) was implemented and used for converting and extracting data. The chlorophyll-a distribution divided the range based on the domestic water quality environment. As a result, 2.6% of Type Ia (chlorophyll-a 5 mg/㎥ or less), 9.9% of Type Ib (chlorophyll-a 9 mg/㎥ or less), 19.1% of Type II (chlorophyll-a 14 mg/㎥) and 27.9% of Type III (chlorophyll-a 20 mg/㎥ or below) and 27.9% of Type IV (chlorophyll- 35 mg/㎥ or below). Analysis of the water depth distribution showed that 15.8% were below 1m, 14.5% below 2 m, 16.4 percent below 3 m, 34.1% below 4 m, and 19.2% below 5 m. The results of spatial visualization by USV operation were successful. It demonstrated the potential for commercialization of remote monitoring technology development using USV in the future.

시금치와 마테 분말을 이용한 클로로필 추출과 직물 염색

유혜자 ( Hye Ja Yoo ),안춘순 ( Cheunsoon Ahn ) 한국의류학회 2013 한국의류학회지 Vol.37 No.3

Chlorophyll is an abundant pigment found in all green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. This study uses methanol, acetone and water to extract spinach and mate powders in order to examine the possibility of dyeing animal fibers with chlorophyll without chemical alteration. It was shown that methanol extracts of spinach and mate powders can be effectively used to dye wool and silk fabrics if the extract is mixed with water by methanol:water 65:35 v/v. Compared to methanol extract, the acetone extract showed lower chlorophyll yield and lower dye uptake. Water was not an appropriate solvent for chlorophyll extraction and dyeing. Spinach powder showed a higher dye uptake than mate powder due to the higher chlorophyll content than mate powder. It is possible that the chlorophyll dyeing of wool and silk fabrics is due to the hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy amino acids in fiber and the carbonyl groups of chlorophyll. These carbonyl groups are on the heterocyclic ring and the methyl and ethyl side chains of chlorophyll.

SWMM과 인공신경망을 이용한 미 계측 하천의 클로로필a 추정에 관한 연구

강태욱 ( Tae Uk Kang ),이상호 ( Sang Ho Lee ),김일규 ( Il Kyu Kim ),이남주 ( Nam Ju Lee ) 한국물환경학회 2011 한국물환경학회지 Vol.27 No.5

Chlorophyll-a is a major water quality indicator for an algal bloom in streams and lakes. The purpose of the study is to estimate chlorophyll-a concentration in tributaries of the Seonakdonggang by an artificial neural network (ANN). As the tributaries are ungauged streams, a watershed runoff and quality model was used to simulate water quality parameters. The tributary watersheds include urban area and thus Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to simulate TN, TP, BOD, COD, and SS. SWMM, however, can not simulate chlorophyll-a. The chlorophyll-a series data from the tributaries were estimated by the ANN and the simulation results of water quality parameters using SWMM. An assumption used is as follows: the relation between water quality parameters and chlorophyll-a in the tributaries of the Seonakdonggang would be similar to that in the mainstream of the Seonakdonggang. On the assumption, the measurement data of water quality and chlorophyll-a in the mainstream of the Seonakdonggang were used as the learning data of the ANN. Through the sensitivity analysis, the learning data combination of water quality parameters was determined. Finally, chlorophyll-a series were estimated for tributaries of the Seonakdonggang by the ANN and TN, TP, BOD, COD, and temperature data from those streams. The relative errors between the estimated and measured chlorophyll-a were approximately 40~50%. Though the errors are somewhat large, the estimation process for chlorophyll-a may be useful in ungauged streams.

GOCI Chlorophyll-a 결측 자료의 복원을 위한 DINEOF 방법 적용

황도현 ( Do-hyun Hwang ),정한철 ( Hahn Chul Jung ),안재현 ( Jae-hyun Ahn ),최종국 ( Jong-kuk Choi ) 대한원격탐사학회 2021 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

해색 원격 탐사를 통해 chlorophyll-a를 추정하면 식물성 플랑크톤, 해양일차생산력의 전 지구적 분포를 파악할 수 있다. 하지만 위성으로 관측된 해색 자료는 구름이나 기상 상황 등에 의하여 결측 데이터가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는DINEOF를 이용하여GOCI chlorophyll-a 산출물의 결측 자료를 복원하고자 하였다. DINEOF는 시·공간 자료에 기반을 두어 결측 자료를 복원하는 방법으로, 정확도는 GOCI chlorophyll-a 영상의 일부를 제거한 뒤 복원 영상과 비교하여 교차 검증하였다. 연구지역에서DINEOF를 위한 최적의 EOF 모드는 10-13이었다. 시·공간 복원 자료 결과에서는 오후 시간대 chlorophyll-a 농도가 증가하는 경향이 반영되었고, 노이즈에 해당되는 이상치는 필터링 되는 효과를 보였다. 따라서 DINEOF는 결측이 발생한 영상에 대하여 복원 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 보이며, 이를 통해 해양 환경 모니터링을 위한 기초 자료로 사용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. If chlorophyll-a is estimated through ocean color remote sensing, it is able to understand the global distribution of phytoplankton and primary production. However, there are missing data in the ocean color observed from the satellites due to the clouds or weather conditions. In this study, the missing data of the GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) chlorophyll-a product was reconstructed by using DINEOF (Data INterpolation Empirical Orthogonal Functions). DINEOF reconstructs the missing data based on spatio-temporal data, and the accuracy was cross-verified by removing a part of the GOCI chlorophyll-a image and comparing it with the reconstructed image. In the study area, the optimal EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) mode for DINEOF was in 10-13. The temporal and spatial reconstructed data reflected the increasing chlorophyll-a concentration in the afternoon, and the noise of outliers was filtered. Therefore, it is expected that DINEOF is useful to reconstruct the missing images, also it is considered that it is able to use as basic data for monitoring the ocean environment.

Landsat 8호 영상을 이용한 진양호의 클로로필 a 농도의 공간분포와 영양상태 분석

장민원 ( Min Won Jang ),조현경 ( Hyun Kyung Cho ),김상민 ( Sang Min Kim ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.1

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status of Lake Jinyang using Landsat 8 satellite image band correlated with chlorophyll-a, which is also related to algae proliferation. We selected 20 Landsat 8 images dating from 2013 to 2017, taken close to water quality measurement date when the cloud cover was less than 20 %. Based on the results of the previous studies, analyzing the correlation between chlorophyll-a, and Landsat 8 satellite image band, we selected near infrared wavelength, band 5 which is closely related to the population of algae. The nutritional status was classified using the Aizaki trophic state index (TSIm). The results of the regression equation between band 5 and the observed chlorophyll-a data was used to calculate chlorophyll-a for the image data from 2013 to 2017. The concentration of chlorophyll-a ranged from 3 to 16.1 mg/m³. To illustrate the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a within the lake, the chlorophyll-a concentration was divided into five grades. The images on October 14, 2014 and April 10, 2016 showed relatively high value of chlorophyll-a, while January 18, 2015 and December 6, 2016 chlorophyll-a value were below 5. The images on October 14, 2014 and April 10, 2016 were rated as eutrophic status in most areas. The results of simulating water quality for the day when the water quality was not measured resulted to an approximate value for the Panmun station while the Naedong station needed some corrections.

Comparison of Composite Methods of Satellite Chlorophyll-a Concentration Data in the East Sea

박경애,박지은,이민선,강창근 대한원격탐사학회 2012 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.28 No.6

To produce a level-3 monthly composite image from daily level-2 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll-a concentration data set in the East Sea, we applied four average methods such as the simple average method, the geometric mean method, the maximum likelihood average method, and the weighted averaging method. Prior to performing each averaging method, we classified all pixels into normal pixels and abnormal speckles with anomalously high chlorophyll-a concentrations to eliminate speckles from the following procedure for composite methods. As a result, all composite maps did not contain the erratic effect of speckles. The geometric mean method tended to underestimate chlorophyll-a concentration values all the time as compared with other methods. The weighted averaging method was quite similar to the simple average method, however, it had a tendency to be overestimated at high-value range of chlorophyll-a concentration. Maximum likelihood method was almost similar to the simple average method by demonstrating small variance and high correlation (r=0.9962) of the differences between the two. However, it still had the disadvantage that it was very sensitive in the presence of speckles within a bin. The geometric mean was most significantly deviated from the remaining methods regardless of the magnitude of chlorophyll-a concentration values. Its bias error tended to be large when the standard deviation within a bin increased with less uniformity. It was more biased when data uniformity became small. All the methods exhibited large errors as chlorophyll-a concentration values dominantly scatter in terms of time and space. This study emphasizes the importance of the speckle removal process and proper selection of average methods to reduce composite errors for diverse scientific applications of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration data.

Comparison of Composite Methods of Satellite Chlorophyll-a Concentration Data in the East Sea

Park, Kyung-Ae,Park, Ji-Eun,Lee, Min-Sun,Kang, Chang-Keun The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2012 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.28 No.6

To produce a level-3 monthly composite image from daily level-2 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll-a concentration data set in the East Sea, we applied four average methods such as the simple average method, the geometric mean method, the maximum likelihood average method, and the weighted averaging method. Prior to performing each averaging method, we classified all pixels into normal pixels and abnormal speckles with anomalously high chlorophyll-a concentrations to eliminate speckles from the following procedure for composite methods. As a result, all composite maps did not contain the erratic effect of speckles. The geometric mean method tended to underestimate chlorophyll-a concentration values all the time as compared with other methods. The weighted averaging method was quite similar to the simple average method, however, it had a tendency to be overestimated at high-value range of chlorophyll-a concentration. Maximum likelihood method was almost similar to the simple average method by demonstrating small variance and high correlation (r=0.9962) of the differences between the two. However, it still had the disadvantage that it was very sensitive in the presence of speckles within a bin. The geometric mean was most significantly deviated from the remaining methods regardless of the magnitude of chlorophyll-a concentration values. Its bias error tended to be large when the standard deviation within a bin increased with less uniformity. It was more biased when data uniformity became small. All the methods exhibited large errors as chlorophyll-a concentration values dominantly scatter in terms of time and space. This study emphasizes the importance of the speckle removal process and proper selection of average methods to reduce composite errors for diverse scientific applications of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration data.