형태소의 교체와 변이형태 - 혼란의 양상과 대안 -

이정택 ( Lee Jungtag ) 한국문법교육학회 2020 문법 교육 Vol.40 No.-

In this paper I tried to clarify some basic concepts about the alternation of morpheme and the classification of allomorph. Some basic and contemporary concepts about them are not clear and it makes people confused as follows. ① Now many people consider 'morphologically defined allomorphs' as exceptional ones, deviated from normal allomorphs. They think normal or dominant allomorphs are not morphologically defined allomorphs. ② The concepts of phonologically defined allomorph and morphologically defined allomorph are only the results of phonological and morphological alternations. When people use such terms, such characteristics can be misunderstood as permanent and essential. ③ Some alternations of morphemes cannot be explained by the distributions of the allomorphs. Up until now, we cannot explain them properly. I proposed some alternatives to resolve the confusions above and describe the alternations of morphemes properly. ① If people intend to keep using the two terms 'phonologically defined allomorph' and 'morphologically defined allomorph', they must clarify that the two terms depend on the phonological and morphological alternation respectively 100%. ② Another alternative is to use only the terms about alternation such as 'phonological alternation' or 'morphological alternation' and expire the terms regarding the subgroups of allomorph. ③ For the alternations which cannot be explained by the distributions of the allomorphs, like phonological or morphological distribution, I propose to accept the concept of 'sporadic alternation' as the third category.

이형태 설정의 문제

김건희(Kim, Keon-hee) 한국어문학회 2014 語文學 Vol.0 No.123

The purpose of this study is to examine the condition of allomorph, the distinction between allomorph and suppletion, the suggestion of the classification of allomorph. (1) The condition of allomorph must be expanded into the morphological condition, syntactic condition besides the phonological condition, lexical condition. Allomorph as morpheme alternant is morpheme per se and morphemes are the various semantic and functional unit which include the derivational and inflectional affix. (2) Both the allomorph and suppletion deal with the inner relation between root and affix within the paradigm. But there are differences between them, the suppletion concentrates on the root modification but allomorph deals with root modification as well as affix modification respectively. Further the suppletive allomorph which concentrates on the irregularity of affix is sublated in the Korean language as agglutinative language which comparatively have a definite distinction between root and affix, so base form/non-base form is suggested instead of suppletive allomorph/non-suppletive allomorph. Also it is certain that the suppletion show ‘the irregular form(morpho-phonemic irregularity), semantic differentiation, high-frequency’ but the allomorph only show irregular form by analysing the Korean morphemes on the basis of Bybee(1985). (3) Finally, the classification of allomorph is presented on the criteria of ‘① the diversification of the condition of allomorph, ② the distinction between the condition and type(form), ③ the distinction between the base form and non-base form’.

국어 형태소와 이형태의 관계

송창선 국어교육학회(since1969) 2020 국어교육연구 Vol.- No.73

The purpose of this study is to examine some problems about the morpheme and the allomorph in Korean. Most of the Korean linguists regarded that allomorphs of the morpheme {palk-} were /palk-/ in ‘palkeun’, /pak-/ in ‘paktta’ and /pang-/ in ‘pangneun’. And they regarded that allomorphs of the morpheme {-eoss-} which represented the past tense were /-eoss-/, /-ass-/ and /-yeoss-/. Both of these are entirely different in that the former corresponds to the phonetic form and the latter is irrelevant to the phonetic form. If we consider that the phonetic forms corresponds to the allomorphs, then allomorphs of the morpheme {-eoss-} can be /-eoss-/, /-ass-/, /-yeoss-/, /-eot-/, /-at-/, /-yeot-/, /-eon-/, /-an-/ and /-yeon-/. To solve this issue, I examined the allomorphs of ‘be’ verb in English and the allomorphs of the possessive adjective in French. Then I looked over the deletion, the contraction, and ‘n’ addition in Korean. Therefore I made a suggestion that we need not regard the phonetic alternations as allomorphs in order to distinguish the morphology and the phonology. So I emphasized the necessity of excluding the phonetic forms which could be explained by the phonological rules from the allomorphs. I insisted that we had to exclude the phonological phenomena while we discuss the morpheme and the allomorph, because not the morphology but the phonology deal with the phonological phenomena which occurred on the combination of two or more morphemes. 이 연구에서는 국어 형태론에서 논란이 되어왔던 형태소와 이형태 사이의 관계에 대해 자세하게 살펴보았다. 기존 연구에서 ‘값’이 환경에 따라 [값], [갑], [감], [깞], [깝], [깜]으로 발음되는 것을 이형태로 다루어 왔다. 그렇지만 영어에서 ‘be’ 동사의 이형태로 설정하는 /am, are, is/, 프랑스어에서 1인칭 소유 형용사 /mon, ma, mes/가 환경에 따라 다른 음성 형태로 실현되기는 하지만, 이들을 이형태로 처리하지 않는다. 특히 프랑스어의 의문문에서 3인칭 단수 대명사가 동사 뒤에 위치할 때 ‘t’를 첨가하는 현상에 대해 실제 발음형을 이형태로 설정하는 관점에서는 합리적으로 설명할 수 있는 방법이 없음을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 이형태의 범위에 대한 문제점을 드러내기 위하여, 이 연구에서는 국어의 몇 가지 음운 현상을 중심으로 논의하였다. 먼저 ‘으’ 탈락과 ‘ㄹ’ 탈락이 일어나는 경우를 검토하였는데, ‘쓰-, 살-’에서 ‘으’나 ‘ㄹ’이 탈락한 ‘ㅆ-, 사-’를 이형태로 설정해야 하는 문제가 있음을 확인하였다. 아울러 음운 축약이 일어나는 경우에도 축약된 형태에서 이형태를 설정하는 것이 쉽지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 음운 첨가가 일어나는 경우에도 첨가된 음운을 두 형태소 중의 어디에 상정할 것인지가 문제가 되었다. 그리고 실제 발음형을 이형태로 보는 관점은 ‘맛있다, 멋있다’에서 벽에 부딪히게 됨을 확인하였을 뿐만 아니라, ‘밭일’에서처럼 합성어가 형성될 때 ‘ㄴ’ 첨가가 일어나는 경우에도 실제 발음형을 이형태로 다루는 관점이 문제가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 논의를 바탕으로 하여, 이 연구에서는 형태소와 형태소가 결합할 때 일어나 는 음운 현상은 음운론의 소관 사항임이 분명하기 때문에, 음운 규칙이 적용된 결과로 생기는 음성형은 이형태를 논의할 때 제외하는 것이 바람직하다고 보았다.

이형태교체의 조건과 중세국어 이형태교체의 몇 문제

김유범(Kim Yu-Pum) 국어국문학회 2008 국어국문학 Vol.- No.149

In this paper I treat with mainly two kinds of contents. To begin with I suggest the existence of syntactically conditioned allomorph(briefly ‘syntactic allomorph’) through nice data in middle Korean, and secondly I critically examine some controversial issues on which a noted scholar gave his own opinion formerly. The issues are concretely as follows: alternations of honorific prefinal ending [-ŋi-] and [-?si-]. By and large the conditions of allomorphic alternation may be roughly classified into phonologically conditioned one and non-phonologically conditioned one. In case of non-phonologically conditioned one, it is necessary that we should elucidate the concrete types of it. Several data in middle Korean encourage me to set up a new type of non-phonologically conditioned one, that is syntactically conditioned alternation. Some controversial issues on which a noted scholar gave his own opinion remain unsettled yet. I pointed out the mistakes he had made in his former paper and emphasized even more serious attitude on dealing with linguistic data. In addition I mentioned one more issue associated with allomorphic alternation according to k-deletion. The identity of circular maker ‘ㅇ’ is of vital importance in orthography and phonological inventories of middle Korean.

Universal and morpheme-specific constraints for allomorphy selection

Yongsung Lee 한국음운론학회 2010 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.16 No.3

Two constraints are proposed in this paper to account for phonologically-conditioned suppletive allomorphy found in natural languages. One is a universal constraint, DEFAULT, which favors the phonologically simplest allomorph when higher markedness constraints are not at issue. The other is an allomorph-specific distribution constraint, ALLODIST, which imposes bidirectional requirements between a particular allomorph and its environments. Given these constraints, partially-optimizing selection is the result of DEFAULT dominating some relevant markedness constraints, and non-optimizing selection is due to the work of ALLODIST that dominates relevant markedness constraints and DEFAULT. The proposal in this paper obviates separate processes or components for different allomorphy types and presents a consistent and natural explanation to allomorph alternations.

이형태의 성격과 이형태교체의 유형

김유범 ( Kim Yu-pum ) 국어학회 2017 국어학 Vol.81 No.-

본고에서는 이형태들이 지닌 성격과 이형태들의 교체 유형에는 어떤 것들이 있는지를 살펴보고, 이와 관련된 몇 가지 쟁점들을 논의해 보았다. 먼저 이형태의 성격과 관련해서는 형태들의 형태소 귀속 문제와 이형태 간의 외형적 거리 문제에 대해 언급했다. 형태소 귀속 문제는 공시적 차원의 검토와 이형태 체계의 관점에서 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 또한 형태 간의 외형적 거리 문제는 개별 형태소에 따라 다양할 수 있으며 해당 형태소의 역사적 변화와 밀접한 관련이 있다는 점을 알 수 있다. 다음으로 이형태교체의 유형은 음운론적으로 조건된 교체와 비음운론적으로 조건된 교체로 나누어 각 교체 유형에 대한 그동안의 논의들을 바탕으로 문제점을 살펴보았다. 끝으로 이형태와 이형태교체에 대한 쟁점과 관련해서는 이형태와 상보적 분포, 이형태교체와 통사론적 조건을 논의했다. 음운론적으로 조건된 이형태들의 경우 상보적 분포를 엄격히 지키는 반면, 문체론 및 화용론적으로 조건된 이형태들의 경우에는 상보적 분포가 절대적이지 않음을 알 수 있다. 또한 여러 언어에서 통사론적 조건에 의한 이형태교체의 예들을 볼 수 있는데, 어순이나 타동성 여부, 문장 유형 등 통사론적 조건의 내용은 개별 언어의 특성에 따라 다양하게 나타날 수 있다. This paper aims to survey the character of allomorph and the types of allomorphy alternation and to discuss some relevant problems. Firstly, mentioning how to let morphs appertain to morphemes, it is necessary to have a synchronic and systematic view relating to allomorphs. Talking about the external distance problem between allomorphs, besides, it could be variable according to each morpheme and related to historical change of relevant morphemes. Secondly, we have examined the types of allomorphy alternation in the dimension of phonologically conditioned alternation and non-phonologically conditioned ones on the base of various discussions so far. Lastly, we have discussed the problems of allomorphs and complementary distribution, as well, allomorphy alternation and syntactic condition.

용언 굴절과 동음이의어 회피 제약

하세경(Sekyeong Ha) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2012 언어학 Vol.0 No.62

This paper investigates the function of the allomorphs in modern Korean verbal inflectional paradigms, especially in ‘r’ final stem verb ‘r?’, ‘r?’ irregular verb. Because the phonological conditions of the allomorphs are not natural classes, allomorphs can not be explained by the pure phonological approach. When considering simultaneously these verb types, this paper proposes the systematic homophony avoidance constraint between two verb types. Without allomorphs ‘nanik’a(fly) and ‘nallas?(carry)’, two lexemes of ‘nal-’ and ‘nari-’ would have same word forms. Finally, by the Optimality theory this paper analyzes the standard inflectional verbal paradigms. IDENTITY Input Output(PHONOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE) demands the uniform correspondence of the phonological differences between two lexemes in the inflectional paradigms. And also using MAX IO(SEGMENT), DEP IO (SEGMENT), OPTIMAL PARADIGM constraints, this paper solves the problem of the right direction of the analogical leveling in verbal paradigms as well as the standard allomorphs.

‘-느-’의 형태소 분석에 대하여-‘-느-’의 이형태 교체를 중심으로-

전후민 형태론 2011 형태론 Vol.13 No.2

In order for several morphs to be considered as a morpheme, they have to satisfy the criteria of distribution and semantics. Based on these criteria, ‘-nu-’ should be accepted as a morpheme because it satisfies the distributional and semantic criteria. However, some ‘-nu-’ cannot be regarded as a morpheme since they can co-occur with ‘-ess-’ and adjectives, which means that they do not imply the present tense any more. ‘-nu-’, ‘-nun-’, ‘-n-’ and ‘-Ø-’ belong to the allomorph of ‘-nu-’, and ‘-nu-’ is considered as the base form of the allomorphs because ‘-nu-’ represents the allomorphs. 어떤 형태들이 하나의 형태소로 묶이기 위해서는 분포와 의미라는 기준을 만족시켜야 한다. 이러한 기준에 비추어 봤을 때 ‘-느-’는 이형태들이 배타적 분포를 보이고 있고 현재 시제라는 동일한 의미를 가지고 있으므로 하나의 형태소로 인정할 수 있는 요소임을 알 수 있다. 그러나 ‘-는데’, ‘-는지’ 등에 결합하는 ‘-느-’는 ‘-었-’과도 결합할 수 있고 ‘-었-’이 결합하면 형용사와도 결합할 수 있어 현재 시제의 의미를 가진 것으로 볼 수 없다. 이때의 ‘-느-’는 ‘-느-’의 화석으로서 ‘-었-’과 함께 긴밀히 결합하여 ‘-었느-’로 재구조화된 것으로 볼 수 있다. ‘-습니다’, ‘-나이다’의 ‘-니-’, ‘-나-’는 ‘-었-’과 결합할 수 있고 형용사와도 결합할 수 있어 공시적인 형태소로 분석될 수 없고 이들의 결합형인 ‘-습니다’와 ‘-나이다’는 하나의 종결어미로 보는 것이 타당하다. ‘-느-’의 이형태로는 ‘-느-’, ‘-는-’, ‘-ㄴ-’, ‘-Ø-’가 있는데 이들 중에서 기본형은 ‘-느-’로 삼았다. ‘-느-’는 ‘--’를 직접 계승한 형태이고 나머지 이형태들을 대표할 수 있다. ‘-느-’는 ‘-냐’ 앞에서 ‘-Ø-’와, ‘-니’와 ‘-니라’ 앞에서 ‘-나-’와 자유 변이 관계를 보이는데 이들은 비록 배타적 분포를 보이지는 않지만 의미 차이가 거의 없고 이들의 관계는 임시적일 가능성이 크므로 이형태 관계로 보는 데에 크게 무리가 없다.

울산지명의 이형태에 대한 고찰

장영길 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2008 新羅文化 Vol.32 No.-

There are many specific characters of Gyeongsang dialect in the place-names of Ulsan region. These are very important for understanding the various allomorphs of the place-names. In this paper, I have studied on the generation of allomorphs of the place-names. They are summarized and described as fallow; (1) In the study on the generation of the allomorphs, I could find out many phonological characters of Gyeongsang dialect, for instance, vowel fronting(umlaut), nasalization, palatalization, vowel raising, ablaut, tone and the vowel system of six monophthongs of Gyeongsang dialect. These phonological rules are very important for the understanding the generative process of the allomorphs. (2) The phonological traces of the medieval Korean language can be found in the place-names. Especially, the phonemes ‘ㅿ/z/’ and ‘ㅸ/β/’ are still used, but they correspond to ‘ㅅ/s/’ and ‘ㅂ/b/’ in the place-names. (3) The study on the generative process of the allomorphs of the place-names are very important for studying not only on the meaning of the place-names but also on the etymology of the place- names. (4) Therefore, we need to study and record the place-names of Ulsan region from various view-points before the place-names are disappeared.

Universal and morpheme-specific constraints for allomorphy selection

이용성 한국음운론학회 2010 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.16 No.3

Two constraints are proposed in this paper to account for phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy found in natural languages. One is a universal constraint, DEFAULT, which favors the phonologically simplest allomorph when higher markedness constraints are not at issue. The other is an allomorph-specific distribution constraint, ALLODIST, which imposes bidirectional requirements between a particular allomorph and its environments. Given these constraints, partially-optimizing selection is the result of DEFAULT dominating some relevant markedness constraints, and non-optimizing selection is due to the work of ALLODIST that dominates relevant markedness constraints and DEFAULT. The proposal in this paper obviates separate processes or components for different allomorphy types and presents a consistent and natural explanation to allomorph alternations.