오픈 소스 신경영상 데이터베이스의 이해와 활용방안

이동혁 상지대학교 한의학연구소 2020 尙志韓醫論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Objectives: This article was carried out to investigate the current status of studies using neuroimaging techniques, mostly, applying open source neuroimaging database and discuss the further application of neuroimaging database. Methods: We investigated the number of studies using ‘neuroimaging’ or ‘brain imaging’ as a keyword in Pubmed database. Then, we searched the number of studies using ‘Human Connectome Project(HCP)’, ‘Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative(ADNI)’, ‘Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative(PPMI)’, respectively in Pubmed. We finally investigated the type of neuroimaging modality, type of subjects and other available resources in each database. Results: The number of articles using ‘neuroimaging’ or ‘brain imaging’ has been increasing over the past 20 years. The same tendency was observed for the case of applying open source neuroimaging database. We can utilize the HCP database in normal aging studies, ADNI database in multiple AD biomarker studies and PPMI database in PD pathology and progression studies. Conclusions: The trends of applying neuroimaging in studies is widely spreading over time. We can make use of various open source neuroimaging database using multimodal neuroimaging approach, combination with experimental studies and genetic or biological information

마음 읽기의 인식론 : 영상인가, 상상인가?

이을상(Lee, Eulsang) 새한철학회 2015 哲學論叢 Vol.80 No.2

오늘날 뇌의 중요성은 새삼 강조할 필요도 없거니와 뇌의 구조를 입체적으로 보여주는 컬러사진이 더 이상 일반 대중에게 낯선 그림도 아니다. 이러한 마음읽기에 사용되는 장비중에서 가장 일반적인 것이 기능성 자기공명영상(fMRI) 촬영 장치이다. 초기의 fMRI는 단순히 뇌 기능 지도만 그리는데 그쳤고, 그래서 현대판 ‘골상학’이라는 비난을 받기도 했다. 하지만 지금은 그 분석기법이 한층 향상되어 뇌 영상을 이용한 마음읽기가 가능해졌다. 여기서 문제는 “뇌 영상은 거짓말하지 않는다.”는 대중의 믿음인데, 이러한 대중의 믿음이 잘못된 이데올로기에 기인한 것임을 밝히려는 것이 이 글의 핵심이다. 뇌파나 fMRI 등에서 측정하는 신호는 직접적인 세포활동이 아닐 뿐만 아니라 측정된 신호는 다시 여러 차례 계산 과정을 거쳐 연구 목적에 합당하게 임의로 변환된 값이다. 이러한 사실은 근원적으로 뇌 영상의 객관성에 대한 물음을 제기한다. 이것은 일종의 인식론적 물음인데, 이와 관련하여 우리는 뇌 영상이 신경세포의 활동을 기술적으로 재구성하고 있음을 지적하고, 나아가 뇌 영상의 해석과 관련하여 이론과 (측정된) 자료의 의존성을 과학사회학의 관점에서 비판할 것이다. 이로써 우리는 ‘비판적’ 신경윤리학의 정립을 위한 새로운 함의를 모색할 수 있을 것으로 본다. Today we do not need to emphasize the importance of brain research or is not it rare for the public to see colorful pictures of the brain. The most general apparatus used for "mind reading" is the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Early fMRI was only used to draw a map of brain functions, so it was condemned as a modern edition of physiognomy, but now from its advancements, it is possible to read a mind using neuroimaging as the techniques of analysing fMRI. However, the development of such technology caused a problem, arising from public faith, that "neuroimaging never lies." But it is false, and the purpose of this thesis is to reveal the falsity resulted from a wrong ideology. Neuroimaging is not a direct measurement of cell activity, but resulted from repetitive arbitrary calculations transformed into a value suitable for research purposes. This fact raises a fundamental question about the objectivity of neuroimaging. This is a kind of epistemological question, especially in relation to epistemology we indicate two problems. First, neuroimaging reconstructs a neuronal activity technically. Secondly, neuroimaging is interpreted with an interdependence between theory and data. Therefore, I am sure that the epistemological critics of neuroimaging can provide a foundation of a "critical" neurothics, but what a critical neuroethics means is another problem.

수막암종증에서 임상양상, 뇌척수액 세포진 검사, 신경영상 및 뇌척수액 생화학 표식인자의 비교

이필휴,최일생,김승민,박동철 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Neuroimaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Multimodal Imaging Approach for Acute Endovascular Therapy

Mohamad Abdalkader,James E. Siegler,Jin Soo Lee,Shadi Yaghi,Zhongming Qiu,Xiaochuan Huo,Zhongrong Miao,Bruce C.V. Campbell,Thanh N. Nguyen 대한뇌졸중학회 2023 Journal of stroke Vol.25 No.1

Advances in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment have been contingent on innovations in neuroimaging. Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion, enabling triage decisions in the emergent care of the stroke patient. Current imaging protocols for acute stroke are dependent on the available resources and clinicians’ preferences and experiences. In addition, differential application of neuroimaging in medical decision-making, and the rapidly growing evidence to support varying paradigms have outpaced guideline-based recommendations for selecting patients to receive intravenous or endovascular treatment. In this review, we aimed to discuss the various imaging modalities and approaches used in the diagnosis and treatment of AIS.

Neuroimaging-Based Deep Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Jae-Won Song,Na-Rae Yoon,Soo-Min Jang,Ga-Young Lee,Bung-Nyun Kim 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2020 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.31 No.3

Deep learning (DL) is a kind of machine learning technique that uses artificial intelligence to identify the characteristics of given data and efficiently analyze large amounts of information to perform tasks such as classification and prediction. In the field of neuroimaging of neurodevelopmental disorders, various biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis prediction, and treatment response prediction have been examined; however, they have not been efficiently combined to produce meaningful results. DL can be applied to overcome these limitations and produce clinically helpful results. Here, we review studies that combine neurodevelopmental disorder neuroimaging and DL techniques to explore the strengths, limitations, and future directions of this research area.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical neuroimaging

Woo June Choi 대한의용생체공학회 2019 Biomedical Engineering Letters (BMEL) Vol.9 No.3

Preclinical neuroimaging allows for the assessment of brain anatomy, connectivity, and function in laboratory animals, suchas mice and this imaging fi eld has been a rapidly growing aimed at bridging the translation gap between animal and humanresearch. The progress in the animal research could be accelerated by high-resolution in vivo optical imaging technologies. Optical coherence tomography-based angiography (OCTA) estimates the scattering from moving red blood cells, providingthe visualization of functional micro-vessel networks within tissue beds in vivo without a need for exogenous contrast agents. Recent advancement of OCTA methods have expanded its application to neuroimaging of small animal models of braindisorders. In this paper, we overview the recent development of OCTA techniques for blood fl ow imaging and its preclinicalapplications in neuroimaging. In specifi c, a summary of preclinical OCTA studies for traumatic brain injury, cerebral stroke,and aging brain on mice is reviewed.

기능성 신경영상화를 위한 방사성추적자

이병철,지대윤 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.1

After the development of two major techniques - SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) to image the human subjects in a three-dimensional direction in the 1980s, many radiotracers have been used for functional neuroimaging. Still it would be very important study to develop selective radiotracers for functional neuroimaging. New radiotracers will help to expand the knowledge of neurotransmitter systems and of the genetic contribution to receptor or transporter availability. Neurotransmitter depletion-restoration studies, the distribution of brain functions and their modulation by neurotransmitter system aid in better understanding and limiting the side effects of drugs used as well as newly developed. In addition, these radiotracers will be thus very useful to gain a better understanding in biochemical and pharmacological interactions in living human. This review mentions the introduction of radioligands for the functional neuroimaging. Although significant progress has been achieved in the development of new PET and SPECT ligands for in vivo imaging of those receptors and transporters, there are continuous needs of new diagnostic radioligands. (Korean J Nucl Med 2003;37:53-62)

외상 후 스트레스 장애의 뇌영상 최신지견: 공포 얼굴 표정에 대한 반응을 중심으로

김유라,채정호,이경욱 대한정신약물학회 2011 대한정신약물학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The neurobiological basis of emotional recognition, processing and regulation has been extensively studied over the past years. Especially, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be conceptualized as a dysfunction of fear circuit, thus, many studies focused on neural substrate of fear using functional neuroimaging. Neuroimaging studies of PTSD have suggested that the amygdala is hyperresponsive to fearful stimuli, which may be related to hyperarousal or reexperience symptoms of PTSD. The medial prefrontal cortex is hyporesponsive and fails to inhibit the amygdala. Researches also have acknowledged that abnormal activities in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus might be associated with impairment of extinction of traumatic memory. Recent researches using facial emotional stimuli have suggested that PTSD involved not only dysfunction of fear circuit but also dysregulation of basic emotional processing. Despite the progress, many points are left which are yet to be clarified. Fear conditioning, contextualization, habituation and extinction should be investigated using novel paradigms that can explain the complexity of PTSD. 지난 수 년 동안 감정 인식, 처리 및 조절의 신경생물학적인 기전에 대한 연구가 광범위하게 진행되었다. 특히, 외상후 스트레스 장애를 공포 회로의 장애로 개념화하고, 많은연구들이 기능적 뇌영상을 이용하여 공포의 뇌 기저를 규명하는데 집중되었다. 외상 후 스트레스 장애의 뇌영상 연구들은 공포 자극에 대하여 편도(amygdala)가 과다반응하는 것을제시하였는데, 이는 외상 후 스트레스 장애의 과각성이나 재경험 증상과 관련되어 있다고 알려져 있다. 한편, 내측 전두엽(me-dical prefrontal cortex)은 활성이 저하되고 편도체를 억제하는 기능이 장애가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 연구자들은 vmPFC와 해마(hippocampus)에서의 이상 활성이 외상적기억 소거의 장애와 관련이 있을 것이라는 것을 밝혀왔다. 얼굴 표정 자극을 이용한 최근의 연구들은 외상 후 스트레스 장애가 공포 회로뿐만 아니라 기본 감정 처리 과정의 이상도 보인다는 것을 제시해 왔다. 많은 발전에도 불구하고, 여전히 밝혀져야 할 문제들이 많이 남아 있는데, 공포 조건화(fear conditioning), 문맥화(contextualization), 습관화(habituation)및 소거(extinction) 등에 대하여 외상후 스트레스의 복잡성을설명할 수 있는 새로운 패러다임을 통한 연구가 더 진행되어야 할 것이다.

신생아 두혈종과 두개내 혈종과의 연관성

박선민,오기원,김행미 대한신생아학회 2008 Neonatal medicine Vol.15 No.2

Purpose : Cephalhematomas rarely lead to serious complications, such as skull fractures and intracranial hematomas, so CT and/or MRI scans are indicated only in cases in which depressed fractures are suspected or neurologic symptoms develop. Nevertheless, we have experienced several cases of cephalhematomas associated with intracranial hematomas in the absence of remarkable neurologic symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between cephalhematomas and intracranial hematomas and determine the need for neuroimaging in infants with cephalhematomas. Methods : Infants who were admitted to the NICU with cephalhematomas and underwent neuroimaging (CT and/or MRI) between January 2002 and July 2006 were evaluated. Neuroimaging was done when the symptoms suggested the development of an intracranial hematoma. Results : Among 54 infants with cephalhematomas, 18 infants underwent neuroimaging. Six of 18 infants (33.3%) had intracranial hematomas, 4 infants had epidural hematomas, and 2 infants had subdural hematomas. Four of these 6 infants had neurologic symptoms or depressed skull fractures; 2 infants had no neurologic symptoms or depressed skull fractures. The neuroimaging was done to evaluate the cause of an excessive elevation of serum bilirubin and unexplained anemia. There were no remarkable differences between the infants with and without intracranial hematomas with respect to gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, diameter of the cephalhematoma, neurologic symptoms, and other clinical signs and symptoms. Conclusion : Based on this study, intracranial hematomas are common complications of cephalhematomas, thus more careful inspection and neuroimaging may be needed in cases of cephalhematomas in newborns.

Artificial Intelligence in Neuroimaging: Clinical Applications

Kyu Sung Choi 대한자기공명의과학회 2022 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.26 No.1

Artificial intelligence (AI) powered by deep learning (DL) has shown remarkable progress in image recognition tasks. Over the past decade, AI has proven its feasibility for applications in medical imaging. Various aspects of clinical practice in neuroimaging can be improved with the help of AI. For example, AI can aid in detecting brain metastases, predicting treatment response of brain tumors, generating a parametric map of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and enhancing radiomics research by extracting salient features from input images. In addition, image quality can be improved via AI-based image reconstruction or motion artifact reduction. In this review, we summarize recent clinical applications of DL in various aspects of neuroimaging.