다시마와 발해・일본의 교류

구난희 한일관계사학회 2019 한일관계사연구 Vol.65 No.-

The study focused on the role of Palhae in the production and distribution of kelp in the ancient East Asia with the motif of Namhae Konpo南海昆布 recorded in New Book of Tang新唐書. However, there is no direct evidence on that. For this reason, inference was mainly made using the knowledge of adjacent fields and various old medical texts related to kelp. First, the examples of kelp-related terms such as Konpo, Haedae, Dasama, and Topsama in the classic books of Korea, China, Japan were analyzed and the true nature of Kelp was grapsed. Based on the ecological knowledge of brown algae, the original term “Konpo” should be limited to the northern area's ones. Around the 11th century, marine algaes in the southern areas started to called Konpo samely, but it should be distinguished with them. The latter (southern Konpo)was presumed as an Ecklonia cava. Second, the term related to kelp has been changed several times. It was caused by the differences in the classification structure of kelp. It was tried to classify into four periods by focusing this issue. Especially around the 11th century, temperate brown algaes such as Ecklonia became a substitute for kelp. Accordingly, It pointed out that the objects called 'Konpo' were enlarged and this term mixed with a coined word ‘Haedae’ made later. Third, in view of Konpo's efficacy in the classical books, it was inferred that the commercial value of the northern kelp was higher, and that Palhae took the lead on the trade of kelp in east Asia. In particular, Palhae played an active role in not only the export of domestic kelp but also the intermediate trade of Japanese kelp. Therefore, it was also suggested that changes in the classification structure of brown algae such as kelp before and after the 11th century were related to the fall of Palhae. Ultimately, this research attain to the conclusion that Palhae brought its local product kelp to the international trade product and had the economic trade capability putting together Tang-Palhae-Japan. 이 연구는 신당서 발해전에 입전된 동해안의 다시마(남해산 곤포)를 모티브로 고대 동아시아의 다시마 생산과 유통 과정에서 발해가 수행한 역할을 밝히고자 했다. 다만 사료가 극히 부족한 발해 연구의 현실여건상 직접적인 자료가 없으므로 인접 분야 지식과 다시마와 관련된 다양한 고전적을 활용하여 추론하였다. 검토된 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 발해 곤포의 실체를 파악하기 위해 한중일 고전적에 등장하고 있는 다시마 관련 용어인 곤포, 해대, 다사마, 탑사마 등의 용례를 검토, 분석하였다. 갈조식물의 생태학적 지식을 참고하여 한해성 작물인 다시마를 지칭하는 것은 북방산 곤포에 한정하여야 하며 11세기를 전후하여 남방산 해조를 지칭한 곤포 혹은 해대라고 지칭되는 작물은 이와 구분될 필요가 있다는 점을 지적하였다. 그리고 후자는 갈조식물 다시마목의 하나인 감태로 제안해 보았다. 둘째, 다시마와 관련된 용어가 여러 차례 변화하였는데 이는 다시마의 유통 구조 변동에 따른 것으로 보고 크게 4단계로 구분하였다. 특히 11세기 전후로 감태와 같은 온대성 해조가 다시마의 대체재가 되었으며 이에 따라 곤포라 지칭되는 대상이 확대되고 후에 등장한 해대라는 용어와 혼용하였음을 지적하였다. 셋째, 중국 고전적의 곤포 효능에 대한 관심으로 보아 북방산 다시마의 상품적 가치는 높았으며 이에 따른 다시마 유통은 발해가 담당하였을 것으로 추론하였다. 특히 발해는 자국산의 다시마 뿐만 아니라 일본산 다시마의 중계 무역에도 활약하였을 것으로 보았다. 따라서 11세기 전후의 다시마 등 갈조식물의 유통 구조 변화는 발해 멸망과 무관하지 않다는 것도 제안하였다. 궁극적으로 이 연구는 토산물 다시마를 대일본 교류를 통해 대외 교역의 주요 상품으로 발굴하고 이를 당-발해-일본으로 이어지는 중계 무역으로 확장한 발해의 경제 교역 능력을 밝혀 보려는 작업에 닿아 있다.

Thermal and light impacts on the early growth stages of the kelp Saccharina angustissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

Augyte, Simona,Yarish, Charles,Neefus, Christopher D. The Korean Society of Phycology 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2

Anthropogenic disturbances, including coastal habitat modification and climate change are threatening the stability of kelp beds, one of the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems. To test the effect of temperature and irradiance on the microscopic gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte stages of the rare kelp, Saccharina angustissima, from Casco Bay, Maine, USA, we carried out two sets of experiments using a temperature gradient table. The first set of experiments combined temperatures between $7-18^{\circ}C$ with irradiance at 20, 40, and $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. The second set combined temperatures of $3-13^{\circ}C$ with irradiance of 10, 100, and $200{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Over two separate 4-week trials, in 2014 and again in 2015, we monitored gametogenesis, the early growth stages of the gametophytes, and early sporophyte development of this kelp. Gametophytes grew best at temperatures of $8-13^{\circ}C$ at the lowest irradiance of $10-{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Light had a significant effect on both male and female gametophyte growth only at the higher temperatures. Temperatures of $8-15^{\circ}C$ and irradiance levels of $10-100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ were conditions for the highest sporophyte growth. Sporophyte and male gametophyte growth was reduced at both temperature extremes-the hottest and coldest temperatures tested. S. angustissima is a unique kelp species known only from a very narrow geographic region along the coast of Maine, USA. The coupling of global warming with high light intensity effects might pose stress on the early life-history stages of this kelp, although, as an intertidal species, it could also be better adapted to temperature and light extremes than its subtidal counterpart, Saccharina latissima.

Thermal and light impacts on the early growth stages of the kelp Saccharina angustissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

Simona Augyte,Charles Yarish,Christopher D. Neefus 한국조류학회I 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2

Anthropogenic disturbances, including coastal habitat modification and climate change are threatening the stabilityof kelp beds, one of the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems. To test the effect of temperature and irradianceon the microscopic gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte stages of the rare kelp, Saccharina angustissima, from CascoBay, Maine, USA, we carried out two sets of experiments using a temperature gradient table. The first set of experimentscombined temperatures between 7-18°C with irradiance at 20, 40, and 80 μmol photons m-2 s-1. The second set combinedtemperatures of 3-13°C with irradiance of 10, 100, and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Over two separate 4-week trials, in 2014and again in 2015, we monitored gametogenesis, the early growth stages of the gametophytes, and early sporophytedevelopment of this kelp. Gametophytes grew best at temperatures of 8-13°C at the lowest irradiance of 10-μmol photonsm-2 s-1. Light had a significant effect on both male and female gametophyte growth only at the higher temperatures. Temperatures of 8-15°C and irradiance levels of 10-100 μmol photons m-2 s-1 were conditions for the highest sporophytegrowth. Sporophyte and male gametophyte growth was reduced at both temperature extremes—the hottest and coldesttemperatures tested. S. angustissima is a unique kelp species known only from a very narrow geographic region alongthe coast of Maine, USA. The coupling of global warming with high light intensity effects might pose stress on the earlylife-history stages of this kelp, although, as an intertidal species, it could also be better adapted to temperature and lightextremes than its subtidal counterpart, Saccharina latissima.

Population persistence of the perennial kelp Eisenia arborea varies across local spatial scales

Daniel J. Gossard,Diana L. Steller 한국조류학회I 2022 ALGAE Vol.37 No.1

Perennial stipitate kelps are globally distributed and individual species can inhabit broad latitudinal ranges, expressing notably longevous persistence. Despite the foundational role kelps provide to their communities, little is known about the variability in persistence of the stipitate kelps at local spatial scales. We studied the population persistence of Eisenia arborea, a heat- and wave force-tolerant perennial stipitate kelp with a distributional range extending from British Columbia to south of the range limit of all other northeast Pacific kelps, in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Persistence characteristics for E. arborea among sites were compared and used to test the hypothesis that stand persistence varied at local spatial scales around Isla Natividad, a Pacific island off the Baja California peninsula with documented spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity. Collected individuals around the island were “aged” using the previously validated age estimation technique of counting annual cortical dark rings. After detecting no significant differences among sites in the covariation between estimated ages for collected individuals and stipe length, we utilized in-situ population-level stipe length measurements to more rapidly predict age structures within six stands around the island. Predicted age structures, and associated stand densities, revealed persistence characteristics and density varied at local scales and a strong positive relationship existed between stand density and stand mean and maximum ages. We speculate that stands responded differently to deterministic influences (e.g., the 2014–2016 marine heatwave and / or competition with Macrocystis) resulting in heterogenous local persistence of this foundation species.

Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Brown, Matthew B.,Edwards, Matthew S.,Kim, Kwang Young The Korean Society of Phycology 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

As global warming continues over the coming century, marine organisms will experience a warmer, more acidic ocean. Although these stressors may behave antagonistically or synergistically and will impact organisms both directly (i.e., physiologically) and indirectly (i.e., through altered species interactions), few studies have examined the complexities of these effects in combination. To address these uncertainties, we examined the independent and combined effects of elevated temperature and $pCO_2$ on the physiology of the adult sporophyte stage of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the grazing of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. While elevating $pCO_2$ alone had no effect on M. pyrifera growth or photosynthetic carbon uptake, elevating temperature alone resulted in a significant reduction in both. However, when M. pyrifera was grown under elevated temperature and $pCO_2$ together, growth and photosynthetic carbon uptake significantly increased relative to ambient conditions, suggesting an interaction of these factors on photosynthetic physiology. S. purpuratus held under future conditions generally exhibited reduced growth, and smaller gonads than urchins held under present-day conditions. However, urchins fed kelp grown under future conditions showed higher growth rates, partially ameliorating this effect. Feeding rates were variable over the course of the experiment, with only the first feeding rate experiment showing significantly lower rates for urchins held under future conditions. Together, these data suggest that M. pyrifera may benefit physiologically from a warmer, more acidic (i.e., higher $pCO_2$) ocean while S. purpuratus will likely be impacted negatively. Given that kelp-urchin interactions can be important to kelp forest structure, changes to either of these populations may have serious consequences for many coastal environments.

Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Matthew B. Brown,Matthew S. Edwards,Kwang Young Kim 한국조류학회I 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

As global warming continues over the coming century, marine organisms will experience a warmer, more acidic ocean. Although these stressors may behave antagonistically or synergistically and will impact organisms both directly (i.e., physiologically) and indirectly (i.e., through altered species interactions), few studies have examined the complexities of these effects in combination. To address these uncertainties, we examined the independent and combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the physiology of the adult sporophyte stage of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the grazing of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. While elevating pCO2 alone had no effect on M. pyrifera growth or photosynthetic carbon uptake, elevating temperature alone resulted in a significant reduction in both. However, when M. pyrifera was grown under elevated temperature and pCO2 together, growth and photosynthetic carbon uptake significantly increased relative to ambient conditions, suggesting an interaction of these factors on photosynthetic physiology. S. purpuratus held under future conditions generally exhibited reduced growth, and smaller gonads than urchins held under present-day conditions. However, urchins fed kelp grown under future conditions showed higher growth rates, partially ameliorating this effect. Feeding rates were variable over the course of the experiment, with only the first feeding rate experiment showing significantly lower rates for urchins held under future conditions. Together, these data suggest that M. pyrifera may benefit physiologically from a warmer, more acidic (i.e., higher pCO2) ocean while S. purpuratus will likely be impacted negatively. Given that kelp-urchin interactions can be important to kelp forest structure, changes to either of these populations may have serious consequences for many coastal environments.

석탄중독과 다시마 소비 - 근대 중국 사회의 한 단면 -

민경준(Min, Kyong-Joon) 부산경남사학회 2021 역사와 경계 Vol.120 No.-

이 연구는 청말인 19세기 후반을 중심으로 석탄가스 중독사고의 잦은 발생과 의료 조치의 양상을 정리하는 것을 통해 석탄독 제거 효능을 가진 식재료로 새롭게 등장한 다시마에 주목하고, 그 효능을 중심으로 활용되는 다시마의 소비 실태를 정리함으로써 석탄중독과 다시마 소비로 만들어지는 중국 사회의 한 단면을 복구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 중국에서 석탄 연료 사용이 증가함에 따라 같이 증가한 석탄중독 사고는 하나의 사회 현상이 되지만 그에 관한 연구는 아직 본격화되지 않았다. 환경생태, 연료 소비의 역사에 관심을 기울인 연구가 나오면서 석탄중독 문제가 본격 언급되기 시작했지만 아직은 석탄중독 사고의 발생 이유와 그 치료제 또는 해소제로 다시마를 섭취하는 관습이 어떤 상관성을 가지고 자리를 잡았는가에 대한 해명은 제대로 이루어지지 않았다. 본고에서는 석탄중독 사고 발생의 조건과 석탄독 제거 치료제로서의 다시마 소비라는 두 개의 키워드를 중심으로 양자가 만들어가는 상호관련성이 대량의 다시마 소비라는 현상으로 이어지는 과정을 해명할 예정이다. This study summarizes the frequent occurrence of coal gas poisoning accidents and medical responses in the late 19th century, pays attention to the newly emerged kelp as a food ingredient with the function of removing coal poison, and summarizes the actual consumption of kelp. And through this, we want to restore one aspect of Chinese society created by coal poisoning and kelp consumption. The three culprits in coal poisoning accidents in China are a traditional heating facility with an indoor furnace and no chimney, and the structure of a closed traditional house without a chimney and a stove without a chimney. Moreover, it was noted that the working class and the lower class, who had only poor heating facilities and heating equipment, were much more exposed to coal poisoning accidents. Medical response to this situation appeared with the advent of medical books and herbal medicines containing first aid measures for coal poisoning. Among them, the first aid that stood out was to feed them one of cold water, radish juice, or pickled vegetable broth after supplying fresh air. Regardless of scientific rationality or not, in the late 19th century, at the end of the Qing period, most common people practiced this method. In particular, since the early 19th century, kelp, which appeared as a coal detoxifier, has increased in consumption due to the unique refreshing feeling emitted by iodine. The purpose of consuming kelp by the Chinese was varied, such as a substitute food in times of famine, a substitute when vegetables were poor crops, and the advantage of saving salt and cooking fuel. However, it was confirmed that the efficacy of removing coal poison was the most important reason for expanding consumption.

Synergistic dye adsorption by biochar from co-pyrolysis of spent mushroom substrate and <i>Saccharina japonica</i>

Sewu, Divine Damertey,Boakye, Patrick,Jung, Hwansoo,Woo, Seung Han Elsevier 2017 Bioresource technology Vol.244 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The potential of activating terrestrial biomass (spent mushroom substrate, SMS) with ash-laden marine biomass [kelp seaweed, KE] via co-pyrolysis in the field of adsorption was first investigated. KE biochar (KBC), SMS biochar (SMSBC), biochar (SK10BC) from 10%-KE added SMS, and biochar (ESBC) from KE-extract added SMS were used for the adsorption of cationic dye crystal violet (CV). ESBC had highest fixed carbon content (70.60%) and biochar yield (31.6%). SK10BC exhibited high ash content, abundant functional groups, coarser surface morphology and Langmuir maximum adsorptive capacity (610.1mg/g), which is 2.2 times higher than that of SMSBC (282.9mg/g). Biochar activated by a small amount of high ash-containing biomass such as seaweed via co-pyrolysis can serve as viable alternative adsorbent for cationic dye removal.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biochar was produced via co-pyrolysis of spent mushroom substrate and seaweed kelp. </LI> <LI> Crystal violet (CV) was effectively removed by kelp and co-pyrolysed biochars. </LI> <LI> CV adsorption is influenced by the functional groups and ash contents. </LI> <LI> The CV adsorption synergy increased by a factor of 2.2 after co-pyrolysis. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Remediation of ciprofloxacin in soil using peroxymonosulfate activated by ball-milled seaweed kelp biochar

Md Abdullah Al Masud,신원식 한국퇴적환경준설학회 2023 한국환경준설학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.5

This study explores the catalytic performance of simple physically modified ball-milled kelp-seaweed (Laminaria japonica) biochar (KBCBM) for CIP-contaminated soil (CIPsoil) with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and the phytotoxicity of the intermediates in the treated soil. The surface characterization of the KBCBM catalyst was investigated using different instrumental analyses. The CIPsoil/KBCBM/PMS system showed excellent performance in CIP degradation (96.06%, C0 = 126.15 ± 0.7 mg kg−1) under the conditions of 1.0 mM PMS, 1.5 mg g−1 of KBCBM and unadjusted pH (6.3) condition. The co-existing anions: such as Cl−, HCO3−, and HPO42− enhanced the CIP degradation in the CIPsoil/KBCBM-800/PMS system. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was confirmed by chemical scavengers and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) analysis. The non-radical reaction pathway was verified by electrochemical analysis of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and potentiodynamic testing (i-t curve) methods in the KBCBM/PMS. In addition, the phytotoxicity analysis was evaluated by the germination percentage of cucumber seeds with and without remediated soil. The KBCBM/PMS system demonstrated encouraging capabilities in the treatment of CIP-contaminated soil.

물리화학적 특성 연구를 통한 구운 다시마 스낵 개발

강선아,오지희,홍정의,조예진,박선민 한국응용생명화학회 2018 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.61 No.2

The purpose of this study was to develop a kelp (Laminaria japonica) product with optimal sensory and nutritional properties for eating as a snack by investigating its physicochemical properties and conducting sensory evaluation. A preliminary study using tripolypolyphosphate solution found that it was good for removing the fishy smell and for making it soft. We soaked the kelp in 0.3-0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate buffer and tested with or without baking. In searching for the optimal polyphosphate dilution concentration, soaking in 0.3-0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in the best texture and flavor. As kelp separates into thick or thin samples, thick kelp was best when soaked in 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate buffer and thin soaked in 0.3%. The kelp snack made from the thick one (over 221 mm thickness) was better than the thin one. Baking improved the moisture, texture and feel of the kelp snack. Tripolyphosphate treatment affected protein contents and texture softening. The differences by baking and tripolyphosphate treatment were shown with electromicroscopic image. Kelp snacks with added sweet and hot taste were preferred to sour taste. In conclusion, in making kelp snacks, it is advisable to use a thick kelp, 0.3-0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, and baking treatment for better texture and feel. This kelp snack has low fishy smell, better taste and soft feel. Further research is needed to support sea food’s importance, and usefulness of the kelp snack to help prevent goiter in inland province citizens. 미역이나 다시마와 같은 해조류는 생물의 상태로 유통될 수 없는 어려움이 있어 건조, 염장, 당장 등의 가공 처리가 필요하다. 본 실험에서는 다시마를 건조 및 전처리를 하여 해조류에 거부감을 가지고 있는 내륙지역에서도 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 스낵으로 제조하고, 맛과 씹힘성이 좋으며 비린 맛이 없어 누구나 좋아하는 스낵을 개발하고, 개발한 스낵의 물리화학적 특성을 연구하였다. 다시마 연화에 탁월한 폴리인산나트륨 용액 농도 탐색 실험에서는 0.2-0.3% 농도의 폴리인산나트륨 용액에 침지시키는 것이 다시마 연화나 맛에서 좋았고 부드러운 질감을 나타내었다. 폴리인산나트륨 용액 침지 및 굽는 처리를 달리한 다시마 스낵제조에서는 두께가 221 mm 미만인 것은 얇은 것으로, 221 mm 이상인 것은 두꺼운 것으로 분류하여 실험을 진행하였는데, 두꺼운 다시마 스낵에서 모든 실험 결과에서 일관된 결과를 보이는 반면 얇은 다시마의 경우 일관된 결과를 보이지 않아 두꺼운 다시마로 스낵을 제조하는 것이 바람직해 보였다. 다시마 스낵은 굽는 처리를 한 것이 수분함량과 조회분 함량에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 폴리인산나트륨 용액에 침지시킨것이 낮은 경도 값을 나타내는 것으로 보아 폴리인산나트륨 용액에 침지로 인해 다시마가 부드러워지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 전자현미경 촬영 결과 폴리인산나트륨 용액에 침지시키고굽는 처리를 한 다시마 스낵이 조직이 부드러워지는 것과 좋은질감을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 다시마로 스낵을 제조할 때는 단백질과 회분 함량이 적절하게 포함된 중층부 다시마의 두꺼운 부분을 사용하는 것이 좋으며, 음지에서 건조시킨 다시마를 사용하는 것이 저장성이 높은다시마 스낵을 제조하는데 바람직할 것으로 보인다. 가공 처리의 경우 폴리인산나트륨 용액에 침지 및 굽는 처리를 하여 단맛이나 매운맛의 조미를 가하여 다시마 스낵을 제조할 경우 이물감이 없고 씹힘성이 좋으며 비린 맛이 없는 상품성이 높은다시마 스낵을 제조할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 해조류 섭취의중요성에 대한 연구들이 뒷받침된다면 다시마 스낵이 남미에 수출되면 갑상선종에 대한 예방이 가능하고 수출 증대로 국가적이익을 창출 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.