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UNANTICIPATED MONEY , OUTPUT , EMPLOYMENT AND PRICES IN A DEVELOING ECONOMY : THE KOREAN CASE
LEE, YOUNG GEOL,ZILBERFARB, BEN ZION 한국국제경제학회 1993 International Economic Journal Vol.7 No.2
This paper examines the effect of unanticipated money on output, unemployment and prices in Korea. The empirical results tend to reject the policy ineffectiveness proposition (PIP) in most cases. They show that both anticipated and unanticipated money affect output and prices, in contrast with the PIP. Mixed results are obtained for the effect of monetary variables on unemployment. The statistical results show that the regular OLS two step estimates yield t values which are upward biased by 0-27% as compared with the consistent estimates of the variance-covariance matrix that are obtained in this study. [E51]
COVID-19에 돌파감염된 노인 환자에서 백신접종 효용성에 대한 고찰
Soobok Choi,Zion Choi,Chul-Min Ha,Hyoung-Ju Lee,Chong myung Kim 대한임상노인의학회 2022 대한임상노인의학회지 Vol.23 No.2
Background: Old age is one of the risk factors for COVID-19, and previous studies, mainly in the U.S., have shown that the COVID-19 vaccine has obvious efficacy in reducing the morbidity and progression to severe disease. This study focused on whether vaccination affects the disease progression in elderly COVID-19 patients in South Korea. Methods: We divided COVID-19 patients over 65 years of age hospitalized at a single medical institution into a vaccinated group and an unvaccinated group, a the progression group and the improvement group, and cross-analyzed them with a chi-square test, and then obtained the odds ratio by binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the total patients, 14 (4.3%) in the vaccinated group (n=323) and 29 (23.4%) in the unvaccinated group (n=124) were in the progression group, showing a significant difference (P=0.000). Subsequent binary logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio was 0.112 (P=0.000), indicating that vaccination had a significant effect on reducing the progression to severe disease. Conclusion: The COVID-19 vaccine is effective in reducing progression to severe disease in older patients with breakthrough infection, and vaccination is recommended for elderly patients.
Park, Sang Yeob,Kang, Zion,Thapa, Prakash,Jin, Yong Suk,Park, Joo Won,Lim, Hye Jung,Lee, Jae Young,Lee, Sa-Won,Seo, Min-Hyo,Kim, Min-Soo,Jeong, Seong Hoon Elsevier 2019 International journal of pharmaceutics Vol.566 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Sorafenib, a potent anticancer drug, has low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract due to its poor aqueous solubility. The main purpose of this investigation was to design sorafenib nanoparticle using a newly developed technique, nanoparticulation using fat and supercritical fluid (NUFS™) to improve the absorption of sorafenib. The quality by design (QbD) tool was adopted to define the optimal formulation variables: hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP), and poloxamer. The studied response variables were particle size of nanoparticle, dissolution (5, 60, and 180 min), drug concentration time profile of nanoparticle formulations, and maximum drug concentration. The result of particle size revealed that an increase in concentration of poloxamer and HPMC decreased the particle size of nanoparticles (<I>p</I> < 0.05). Likewise, the concentration of drug release at different time point (5, 60, and 180 min) showed HPMC and poloxamer had positive effects on drug dissolution while PVP had negative effects on it. The design space was built in accordance with the particle size of nanoparticle (target < 500 nm) and dissolution of sorafenib (target > 7 µm/mL), following failure probability analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. <I>In vivo</I> pharmacokinetics studies in beagle dogs demonstrated that optimized formulation of sorafenib (F3 and F4 tablets) exhibited higher blood drug profiles indicating better absorption compared to the reference tablet (Nexavar<SUP>®</SUP>). In conclusion, this study showed the importance of systematic formulation design for understanding the effect of formulation variables on the characteristics of nanoparticles of the poorly soluble drug.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Signaling pathways underlying nitrogen transport and metabolism in plants
Su Jeong Choi,Zion Lee,Eui-Jeong Han,Sohyun Kim,Jun Sung Seo,Taeyoung Um,Jae Sung Shim 생화학분자생물학회 2023 BMB Reports Vol.56 No.2
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient required for plantgrowth and crop production. However, N in soil is usuallyinsufficient for plant growth. Thus, chemical N fertilizer hasbeen extensively used to increase crop production. Due tonegative effects of N rich fertilizer on the environment, improvingN usage has been a major issue in the field of plantscience to achieve sustainable production of crops. For thatreason, many efforts have been made to elucidate how plantsregulate N uptake and utilization according to their surroundinghabitat over the last 30 years. Here, we provide recent advancesfocusing on regulation of N uptake, allocation of N byN transporting system, and signaling pathway controlling Nresponses in plants.
Aerial Image intensity Profile Study for Phase Shift Mask
Kim, Y. S.,Ham, Y. M.,Oh, H. K.,Lee, M. J.,Ahn, D. J.,Oh, K. H.,Cha, Zion. 대한전자공학회 1991 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.2 No.1
Phase Shift Mask(PSM) with i-line stepper is one of the leading candidates as a mass production tool of 64MB DRAM. In order to get the basic trend and process limit of PSM, we have simulated PSM by changing numerical aperture, partial coherence and focus for g- and i- line. Intensity profiles of line and space patterns are compared for conventional, and alternating types. Experiment with simple PSM is done to check the phase shift effects and to compare with simulation. PSM with g-line experiment shows the improvement of resolution by approximately 0.1 um, i.e. 0.45 um L/S pattern definition with ∼1.2 um DOF is possible. In this paper, by comparing the simulation and the experiment, the approximate trend and limitation of the image profile will be reported.