中國古典詩歌中的'情'和'景'

李壯鷹 中國語文硏究會 2001 中國語文論叢 Vol.21 No.-

1.감정과 경물은 시가 창작 중의 두 가지 중요한 요소이며 그 두 가지 요소의 관계에 대한 연구 토론은 중국 고대 시학의 중요한 내용 중 하나이다. 육조 시기의 문학 평론가는 감정과 경물의 관계를 연구 토론할 때 고대의 소박한 물감설(物感說 - 물체와 감정이 완전히 연결되어 있다고 믿는 것)의 영향을 받아 사람의 감정과 자연 경물 사이에 일종의 고정적인 한 몸과도 같은 대응 관계가 존재한다고 여겼다.그들은 사람의 사회성과 주체성을 무시하고 사람을 그저 자연과 계절의 영향을 받는 피동적인 것으로 간주하였다.사실상 사람은 사회성의 주체로서 그 감정의 주요한 내원은 사회 생활에 연유한다.사회 생활과 비교할 때 자연 풍광과 경물의 사람에 대한 영향은 매우 작은 것이다.그러므로 사람들이 같은 계절을 맞을 때 각기 느낌이 다르며 같은 경물을 대면하여서도 느끼는 감정은 같지 않다.당대 이후 사람들은 이 이치에 대한 인식이 갈수록 정확해져 육조 시기 사람들의 단편적인 견해에 대해 바로잡으려는 사람들이 끊이지 않았다. 2.경물을 빌려 감정을 이야기하는 방법은 중국 고대 시가 창작 중 비교적 늦게 일어났다.가장 오래 된 책 중의 하나인 《시경》에서 그 주요한 서정 방식은 아직 경물을 빌려 말하는 것이 아닌 직접적인 감정의 묘사이다.후에 중국 시가가 직접 입으로 부르는 형식에서 점차 문자성 형식으로 변해 감에 따라 묘사는 비로소 서정의 주요한 수단이 되었다.그러나 경물을 빌려 감정을 말하는 시가에서 경물을 묘사하는 것도 물론 중요하지만 이는 그저 감정을 표현하는 것을 도와줄 뿐 감정을 표현하는 것을 대신할 수 없었다.이 때문에 서정시 한 수에서 가슴 속의 뜻을 직접 표현하는 '情語'는 항상 적지 않았으며 비록 시 속에서 사용된 글자가 많지는 않았지만 정해진 감정의 작용을 일으켜 시를 쓸 때 잊을 수 없으며 시를 평가할 때도 소홀히 할 수 없었다.

Physicochemical Properties and Shelf-Life of Regular-Fat Sausages with Various Levels of Grape Tomato Powder Prepared by Different Drying Methods

Zhuang Zhuang Qiu,진구복(Koo Bok Chin) 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.5

This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties, texture, and antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of regular-fat sausages (RFSs) mixed with 0.25 and 0.5% of oven-dried and freeze-dried grape tomato powder (GTP, 150 μm) during storage at 4℃. RFSs were made by six treatments that included: control (CTL), REF (sausages with 0.1% ascorbic acid alone), F1GTPSs (F1) and F2GTPSs (F2) (sausages with 0.25% and 0.5% freeze-dried GTP), and O1GTPSs (O1) and O2GTPSs (O2) (sausages with 0.25% and 0.5% GTP oven-dried at 100℃). Sausages with added oven-dried grape tomato powders (OGTPs) showed decreased pH, lightness (L*), total plate count (TPC), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) compared to the sausages mixed with freeze-dried GTP (FGTPSs), but also had the highest redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values among the treatments. With increasing levels of GTP, the hardness and chewiness of the sausages gradually decreased and these were decreased more in the FGTPSs (F) than in the OGTPSs (O). Compared to the FGTPSs, OGTPSs had higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which extend the shelf-life of meat products. Application of OGTP to RFSs resulted in higher lipid antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, improving physicochemical properties and extended the shelf-life.

Physicochemical properties and shelf-life of low-fat pork sausages wrapped with active film manufactured by sodium alginate and cherry tomato powder

Qiu Zhuang Zhuang,진구복 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.9

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of low-fat sausages (LFSs) covered with sodium alginate (SA) film alone and with powder film (TSA-film) formed by cross-linking cherry tomato powder (CTP) and SA with calcium chloride (CaCl2). Methods: Sausages covered with the biodegradable film were assessed based on the measurement of pH, color (L*, a*, b*), proximate analysis, expressive moisture (EM), texture profile analysis, total plate counts (TPC), violet red bile, and 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during storage under refrigeration. LFSs wrapped with TSA-film were compared with those wrapped with SA-film and without film (control) during storage at 10°C for 35 days. Results: The LFSs covered with the mixed film had lower pH, lightness (L*), EM%, TBARS, and TPC, but lower yellowness (b*) and hardness values than those wrapped with TSA-film alone. Conclusion: Lipid oxidation and microbial growth was retarded in sausages covered with biodegradable films, especially multiple films as compared to single film, thereby resulting in extended shelf-life of the LFSs.

Novel DNAH1 Mutation Loci Lead to Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Sperm Flagella and Literature Review

Zhuang Bao-Jun,Xu Su-Yun,Dong Liang,Zhang Pei-Hai,Zhuang Bao-Lin,Huang Xiao-Peng,Li Guang-Sen,You Yao-Dong,Chen Di'Ang,Yu Xu-Jun,Chang De-Gui 대한남성과학회 2022 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.40 No.4

The protein encoded by dynein axonemal heavy chain 1 (DNAH1) is a part of dynein, which regulates the function of cilia and sperm flagella. The mutant of DNAH1 causes the deletion of inner dynein arm 3 in the flagellum, leading to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) and severe asthenozoospermia. However, instead of asthenozoospermia and MMAF, the result caused by the mutation of DNAH1 remains unknown. Here we report a male infertility patient with severe asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia. We found two heterozygous mutations in DNAH1 (c.6912C>A and c.7076G>T) and which were reported to be associated with MMAF for the first time. We next collected and analyzed 65 cases of DNAH1 mutation and found that the proportion of short flagella is the largest, while the bent flagella account for the smallest, and the incidence of head deformity is not high in the sperm of these patients. Finally, we also analyzed 31 DNAH1 mutation patients who were treated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and achieved beneficial outcomes. We hope our research will be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility caused by DNAH1 mutation.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of A Novel Ceria Based Abrasive Slurry for Interlayer Dielectric Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Yun Zhuang,Leonard Borucki,Ara Philipossian,Eric Dien,Mohamed Ennahali,George Michel,Bernard Laborie,Yun Zhuang,Manish Keswani,Daniel Rosales-Yeomans,Hyosang Lee,Ara Philipossian 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.8 No.2

In this study, a novel slurry containing ceria as the abrasive particles was analyzed in terms of its frictional, thermal and kinetic attributes for interlayer dielectric (ILD) CMP application. The novel slurry was used to polish 200-mm blanket ILD wafers on an IC1000TM K-groove pad with in-situ conditioning. Polishing pressures ranged from 1 to 5 PSI and the sliding velocity ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Shear force and pad temperature were measured in real time during the polishing process. The frictional analysis indicated that boundary lubrication was the dominant tribological mechanism. The measured average pad leading edge temperature increased from 26.4 to 38.4 °C with the increase in polishing power. The ILD removal rate also increased with the polishing power, ranging from 400 to 4000 A/min. The ILD removal rate deviated from Prestonian behavior at the highest p´V polishing condition and exhibited a strong correlation with the measured average pad leading edge temperature. A modified two-step Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was used to simulate the ILD removal rate. In this model, transient flash heating temperature is assumed to dominate the chemical reaction temperature. The model successfully captured the variable removal rate behavior at the highest p´V polishing condition and indicates that the polishing process was mechanical limited in the low p´V polishing region and became chemically and mechanically balanced with increasing polishing power.

Localized deformation in sands and glass beads subjected to plane strain compressions

Zhuang, Li,Nakata, Yukio,Lee, In-Mo Techno-Press 2013 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.5 No.6

In order to investigate shear behavior of granular materials due to excavation and associated unloading actions, load-controlled plane strain compression tests under decreasing confining pressure were performed under drained conditions and the results were compared with the conventional plane strain compression tests. Four types of granular material consisting of two quartz sands and two glass beads were used to investigate particle shape effects. It is clarified that macro stress-strain behavior is more easily influenced by stress level and stress path in sands than in glass beads. Development of localized deformation was analyzed using photogrammetry method. It was found that shear bands are generated before peak strength and shear band patterns vary during the whole shearing process. Under the same test condition, shear band thickness in the two sands was smaller than that in one type of glass beads even if the materials have almost the same mean particle size. Shear band thickness also decreased with increase of confining pressure regardless of particle shape or size. Local maximum shear strain inside shear band grew approximately linearly with global axial strain from onset of shear band to the end of softening. The growth rate is found related to shear band thickness. The wider shear band, the relatively lower the growth rate. Finally, observed shear band inclination angles were compared with classical Coulomb and Roscoe solutions and different results were found for sands and glass beads.

Well-dispersed graphene toward robust lubrication via reorganization of sliding interface

Zhuang Zhao,Xiaoqiang Fan,Yuting Li,Zihan Zeng,Xiaofeng Wei,Kaiyue Lin,Minhao Zhu 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.119 No.-

Excellent lubrication performance of graphene lubricant is mostly attributed to the dispersion of graphene and forming of tribo-film. Herein, diethylene glycol dodecyl ether (E2C12) functionalized graphene oxide (E2C12-GO) was successfully prepared by simple esterification. The physicochemical properties of as-prepared samples were characterized by a series of characterization methods. E2C12-GO with flat edge and high-level spacing possesses high dispersion stability in PAO 20 base oil. Compared with base oil, 0.08 wt% E2C12-GO could achieve the reduction of average friction coefficient and wear rate by 30 % and 57 % at 150 N, respectively. Even with each long-term friction, E2C12-GO could still maintain the state of robust low friction coefficient. Meanwhile, the addition of E2C12-GO can significantly improve the loadbearing capacity (PB value and PD value) of base oil. The excellent tribological properties of E2C12-GO were attributed to high dispersion and high layer spacing, as well as the reorganization of sliding interface. Prospectively, the E2C12-GO shows promising potential as a multi-functional oil-based lubricating additive in industrial applications.

Cloning of a Novel vpr Gene Encoding a Minor Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus subtilis SJ4 and the Properties of Vpr

Zhuang Yao,Yu Meng,Huong Giang Le,이세진,전혜성,유지연,김현진,김정환 한국미생물·생명공학회 2020 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.30 No.11

We have previously characterized AprESJ4, the major fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis SJ4 (Yao et al., 2019). During that study, we observed a 68 kDa protein with fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we cloned the gene (vprSJ4) encoding the 68 kDa protein, a mature Vpr and minor protease secreted by Bacillus species. vprSJ4 encodes a preproenzyme consisting of 810 amino acids (aa) including signal sequence (28 aa) and prosequence (132 aa). The mature enzyme (650 aa) has a predicted molecular weight of 68,467.35. Unlike Vprs from other B. subtilis strains, VprSJ4 has 4 additional amino acids (DEFA) at the C-terminus. vprSJ4 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. PreproVprSJ4 was localized in inclusion bodies, and subjected to in vitro renaturation and purification by an affinity column. SDS-PAGE and western blot showed that autoprocessing of preproVprSJ4 occurred and 68 kDa and smaller proteins were produced. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant VprSJ4 were pH 7.0 and 40oC, respectively. Kinetic parameters of recombinant VprSJ4 were measured by using an artificial substrate, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-pnitroanilide. Coexpression of vprSJ4 and aprESJ4 using pHY300PLK increased the fibrinolytic activity a further 117% when compared with aprESJ4 single expression using the same vector in B. subtilis WB600.

Intrinsically Microporous Soluble Polyimides Incorporating Tröger’s Base for Membrane Gas Separation

Zhuang, Yongbing,Seong, Jong Geun,Do, Yu Seong,Jo, Hye Jin,Cui, Zhaoliang,Lee, Jongmyeong,Lee, Young Moo,Guiver, Michael D. American Chemical Society 2014 Macromolecules Vol.47 No.10

<P>Polyimides with intrinsic microporosity were readily prepared by introducing Tröger’s base (TB) into the polymer backbone via polymerization between imide-containing diamines and dimethoxymethane (DMM). Two imide-containing diamines were prepared by reaction of 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPD) with 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). The resulting polyimides were readily soluble in common organic solvents, had good mechanical properties, with tensile strength in the range of 59–64 MPa and elongation at break of 5–17%, good thermal stability and extremely high glass transition temperatures (<I>T</I><SUB>g</SUB>s), up to 425 °C. The polyimides with incorporated TB units had high fractional free volume (FFV ≥ 0.215) resulting from poor chain-packing and exhibited significant microporosity and good gas transport properties. The novel polymer architecture in this study extends the development of polyimides with intrinsic microporosity for membrane-based gas separation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2014/mamobx.2014.47.issue-10/ma5007073/production/images/medium/ma-2014-007073_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma5007073'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

An Optimized Nonlinear Extended State Observer for Sensorless IPM Synchronous Motor Drives

Zhuang Xu,Tianru Zhang,Chris. Gerada 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

a nonlinear Third-Order Extended State Observer (TESO) is proposed for the estimation of the rotor position and speed for sensorless Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) synchronous motor drives. An optimized parameter tuning method is deployed to reconcile the needs of expanding the disturbance observation bandwidth and suppressing the measurement noise effectively. Both the steady state and transient performance of the TESO are verified through the experimental tests. In comparison with the performance of a conventional Linear Extended State Observer (LESO), the proposed observer is proved to have better noise suppression ability and disturbance observation performance in wide operating range.