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Kipling and Conrad: A Look from Different Angles of Empire
Marek Zaleski 19세기영어권문학회 2005 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.9 No.3
A short and passing remark on the difference between his and Kipling's writing made by Conrad in the letter to Henri D. Davray of 26th January 1908 gives one food for thought. Conrad says there that Kipling is “a national” writer and that he “tells about his compatriots,” but he himself, he “writes for them.” This remark of Conrad's I examine in my essay. The difference between Kipling's “talking” and Conrad's “writing” is located in rhetorical level, but what is rhetorical gains philosophical dimension. The difference between Kipling's “speaking” and Conrad's “writing” captures the difference of their discourses and seals the literary rank of their writings. This difference is visible in the modes of narratives they use: in Kipling's it manifests itself in the way he affirms the symbols and rites of the community, in Conrad's in the manner he puts them in doubt or questions them. Just as Rudyard Kipling's Anglo-Indianness saved him from being a die-hard imperialist, so Joseph Conrad's distrust of conventional wisdom made him alien to the idea of Empire. “Imperial” Kipling shows himself to be a proponent and a precursor of the melting pot community theory. New readings of Kipling's texts change opinions of his writing commonly expressed by some established critics of imperial discourse. I discuss this discourse on Conrad's writings too, to conclude that it is impossible to regard Heart of Darkness to be a novella written “from the imperialists' point of view.”
Radoslaw Kot,Sebastian Stynski,Krzysztof Stepien,Jaroslaw Zaleski,Mariusz Malinowski 전력전자학회 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.1
Given their structural arrangement, photovoltaic (PV) modules exhibit parasitic capacitance, which creates a path for high-frequency current during zero-state switching of the converter in transformerless systems. This current has to be limited to ensure safety and electromagnetic compatibility. Many solutions that can minimize or completely avoid this phenomenon, are available. However, most of these solutions are patented because they rely on specific and often complex converter topologies. This study aims to solve this problem by introducing a solution based on a classic converter topology with an appropriate modulation technique and passive filtering. A 5.5 kW single-phase residential PV system that consists of DC-DC boost stage and DC-AC H-bridge converter is considered. Control schemes for both converter stages are presented. An overview of existing modulation techniques for H-bridge converter is provided, and a modification of hybrid modulation is proposed. A system prototype is built for the experimental verification. As shown in the study, with simple filtering and proper selection of switching states, achieving low leakage current level is possible while maintaining high converter efficiency and required energy quality.