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Discovery and Characterization of the Tuberculosis Drug Lead Ecumicin
Gao, Wei,Kim, Jin-Yong,Chen, Shao-Nong,Cho, Sang-Hyun,Choi, Jongkeun,Jaki, Birgit U.,Jin, Ying-Yu,Lankin, David C.,Lee, Ji-Ean,Lee, Sun-Young,McAlpine, James B.,Napolitano, Josex301,G.,Franzblau, Sc American Chemical Society 2014 ORGANIC LETTERS Vol.16 No.23
<P>The new tuberculosis (TB) lead ecumicin (<B>1</B>), a cyclic tridecapeptide, was isolated from <I>Nonomuraea sp.</I> MJM5123, following a high-throughput campaign for anti-TB activity. The large molecular weight of 1599 amu detected by LC-HR-MS precluded the initial inference of its molecular formula. The individual building blocks were identified by extensive NMR experiments. The resulting two possible planar structures were distinguished by LC-MS<SUP>2</SUP>. Determination of absolute configuration and unambiguous structural confirmation were carried out by X-ray crystallography and Marfey’s analysis.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/orlef7/2014/orlef7.2014.16.issue-23/ol5026603/production/images/medium/ol-2014-026603_0003.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol5026603'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Gao, Yan,Yip, Hinx2010,Lap,Chen, Kungx2010,Shih,O’Malley, Kevin M.,Acton, Orb,Sun, Ying,Ting, Guy,Chen, Hongzheng,Jen, Alex K.x2010,Y. WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Materials Vol.23 No.16
<P><B>Surface doping of conjugated polymers</B> is realized by depositing a thin layer of graphene oxide (GO) on top of the polymers. The high proton density and the unique 2D structure of GO facilitate the protonic surface doping of conjugated polymers to achieve high conductivities. This finding represents a new strategy for improving charge transport across the metal/conjugated polymer interface to achieve much improved performance in organic solar cells. </P>
Unstable relationship between spring Arctic Oscillation and?East Asian summer monsoon
Gao, Miaox2010,Ni,Yang, Jing,Gong, Daox2010,Yi,Kim, Seongx2010,Joong John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2014 International journal of climatology Vol.34 No.7
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The relationship between spring (March to May) Arctic Oscillation (AO) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, May to July) on interannual timescale has a remarkable decadal variation in late 1990s, and their correlation coefficient abruptly turns from +0.77 during 1979–1997 to −0.62 during 1998–2007. In the following summer after a spring positive AO phase, the lower‐troposphere over East Asia (EA) features a cyclonic anomaly before 1997 but an anticyclonic anomaly after 1997, which results from different simultaneous air–sea features imposed by spring AO and distinctive evolution from spring to summer. In pre‐1997, the spring AO‐associated signal is mainly memorized and persists over Pacific, because the spring AO‐associated wave activity prefers the high‐latitude propagation from North Atlantic to Pacific. In contrast, a subtropical wave train from North Atlantic Ocean to Indian Ocean (IO) is evidently enhanced in post‐1997 epoch, and accordingly the IO plays a dominant role in memorizing and extending the influence of spring AO on EASM. This subtropical route of spring AO‐EASM teleconnection is a new finding. The strengthening of the subtropical wave train in post‐1997 epoch could be partly attributed to the strengthening signals of spring AO over North Atlantic Ocean.</P>
Spring Arctic Oscillation‐western North Pacific connection in CMIP5 models
Gao, Miaoni,Yang, Jing,Gong, Daoyi,He, Haozhe,Kim, Seongx2010,Joong Wiley 2016 International journal of climatology Vol.36 No.4
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>This study evaluates the simulation of the spring Arctic Oscillation (AO)‐western North Pacific linkage based on the 16 state‐of‐the‐art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The validation focuses on the predominant process connecting the spring AO with the East Asian summer monsoon: the formation and persistence of the spring AO‐associated cyclonic anomaly over western North Pacific (WPCA) from spring to summer. The results indicate that 8 of 16 models can reproduce both the formation and persistence of the WPCA. Because the formation of the WPCA is directly related to the existence of the spring upper‐level North Pacific atmospheric dipole (NPAD), the analyses suggest that a given model can reproduce the spring AO‐associated NPAD if the model is capable of simulating the spring AO‐associated deceleration of the subtropical westerly jet and the transient eddy activities around the westerly jet exit. Furthermore, the westerly jet anomalies are closely related to the simulated mean state of the westerly jet and the AO Pacific component, which could be further attributed to the simulated sea surface temperature biases over the equatorial Western Pacific.</P>
Li, Qian,Wang, Shuyu,Lee, Dongx2010,Kyou,Tang, Jianping,Niu, Xiaorui,Hui, Pinhong,Gutowski Jr., William J.,Dairaku, Koji,McGregor, John L.,Katzfey, Jack,Gao, Xuejie,Wu, Jia,Hong, Songx2010,You,Wan Wiley 2016 International journal of climatology Vol.36 No.13
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Under the framework of an project ‘Building Asian Climate Change Scenarios by Multi‐Regional Climate Models Ensemble’, the ability of eight regional climate models and two fine‐resolution global climate models to reproduce late 20th century (1981–2000) precipitation climatology is assessed. Future precipitation change (2041–2060) under the A1B scenario is also quantified by applying four different ensemble methods: equal weighting, weighted mean (WM), reliability ensemble averaging (REA) and performance‐based ensemble averaging, after applying fourfold cross‐validation using observation and multi‐model‐simulated precipitation. The results indicate that the ensemble of simulated precipitation outperforms any single RCM in many aspects. Among the four ensemble approaches, the WM and REA methods show better skill in improving the simulation results, and are used for ensemble prediction of regional climate in Asia. Under the A1B scenario, the WM method estimates future precipitation change of approximately 0.2 mm day<SUP>−1</SUP> with less precipitation in northern and western China and northern India, and more precipitation in most other areas in Asia. The future annual precipitation will decrease by 0.1‐0.5 mm day<SUP>−1</SUP> in northern India, Pakistan and the central area of southern China. No significant change is found over eastern Kazakhstan, Mongolia, north‐central and western China.</P>
Pyle, Bryan W.,Tran, Hue T.,Pickel, Benjamin,Haslam, Tegan M.,Gao, Zhizeng,MacNevin, Gillian,Vederas, John C.,Kim, Soox2010,Un,Ro, Daex2010,Kyun Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 The FEBS journal Vol.279 No.17
<P>Valerian (<I>Valeriana</I> <I>officinalis</I>) is a popular medicinal plant in North America and Europe. Its root extract is commonly used as a mild sedative and anxiolytic. Among dozens of chemical constituents (e.g. alkaloids, iridoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids) found in valerian root, valerena‐4,7(11)‐diene and valerenic acid (C15 sesquiterpenoid) have been suggested as the active ingredients responsible for the sedative effect. However, the biosynthesis of the valerena‐4,7(11)‐diene hydrocarbon skeleton in valerian remains unknown to date. To identify the responsible terpene synthase, next‐generation sequencing (Roche 454 pyrosequencing) was used to generate ∼ 1 million transcript reads from valerian root. From the assembled transcripts, two sesquiterpene synthases were identified (<I>VoTPS1</I> and <I>VoTPS2</I>), both of which showed predominant expression patterns in root. Transgenic yeast expressing <I>VoTPS1</I> and <I>VoTPS2</I> produced germacrene C/germacrene D and valerena‐4,7(11)‐diene, respectively, as major terpene products. Purified VoTPS1 and VoTPS2 recombinant enzymes confirmed these activities <I>in vitro</I>, with competent kinetic properties (<I>K</I><SUB>m</SUB> of ∼ 10 μ<SMALL>m</SMALL> and <I>k</I><SUB>cat</SUB> of 0.01 s<SUP>−1</SUP> for both enzymes). The structure of the valerena‐4,7(11)‐diene produced from the yeast expressing <I>VoTPS2</I> was further substantiated by <SUP>13</SUP>C‐NMR and GC‐MS in comparison with the synthetic standard. This study demonstrates an integrative approach involving next‐generation sequencing and metabolically engineered microbes to expand our knowledge of terpenoid diversity in medicinal plants.</P><P><B>Database</B> The sequences of cDNAs described in this work are available in the GenBank database under the following accession numbers: VoTPS1, JQ437839; VoTPS2, JQ437840</P>
Tang, Jianping,Li, Qian,Wang, Shuyu,Lee, Dongx2010,Kyou,Hui, Pinhong,Niu, Xiaorui,Gutowski Jr., William J.,Dairaku, Koji,McGregor, John,Katzfey, Jack,Gao, Xuejie,Wu, Jia,Hong, Songx2010,You,Wang, Wiley 2016 International journal of climatology Vol.36 No.13
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Under the Asia‐Pacific Network for Global Change (APN) project ‘Building Asian Climate Change Scenarios by Multi‐Regional Climate Models Ensemble’ (RMIP III, Regional Model Intercomparision Project), the simulation results of eight regional climate models (RCMs) and two fine‐resolution global climate models are validated for reproducibility of the current surface air temperature climatology (1981–2000), and are used to generate surface air future temperature projections (2041–2060) over the CORDEX‐EA (A Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment‐East Asia) domain. Four ensemble methods, namely, the equal weighting, the weighted mean, the reliability ensemble averaging, and the performance‐based ensemble averaging, are employed to generate the multi‐model projection of regional climate change over the region. The results show that the regional temperature ensembles of the present climate obtained from all four methods can outperform a single RCM result in aspects of the spatial distribution as well as the seasonal variation over East Asia. The four ensemble methods are then used to project the regional temperature climatology under the IPCC emission scenario of A1B for 2041–2060. Compared with the control climate of 1981–2000, the annual mean temperature of the future climate (2041–2060) increases 1–2 °C in low latitude areas and 2–3 °C in middle–high latitude areas over Asia.</P>
( D. Q. Zhang ),( C. Shi ),( J. Li ),( L. X. Gao ),( K. Y. Lee ) 한국부식방식학회 2017 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.16 No.1
The corrosion behavior of a ferritic/martensitic steel T91 exposed to an aqueous solution containing chloride and sulfate ions is investigated depending on the stimulated all-volatile treatment (AVT) and under oxygenated treatment (OT) conditions. The corrosion of T91 steel under OT condition is severe, while the corrosion under AVT condition is not. The co-existence of chloride and sulfate ions has antagonistic effect on the corrosion of T91 steel in both AVT and OT conditions. Unlike to corrosion resistance in the aqueous solution, OT pretreatment provides T91 steel lower oxidation-resistance than VAT pretreatment. From scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the lower corrosion resistance in the aqueous solution by VAT conditions possibly is due to the formation of pits. In addition, the lower oxidation resistance of T91 steel pretreated by OT conditions is explained as follows: the cracks formed during the immersion under OT conditions accelerated peeling-off rate of the oxide film.
Fine-tuning the Electronic Structure of Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Gao, Peng,Tsao, Hoi Nok,Grax308,tzel, Michael,Nazeeruddin, Mohammad K. American Chemical Society 2012 Organic letters Vol.14 No.17
<P>A series of metal-free organic dyes exploiting different combinations of (hetero)cyclic linkers (benzene, thiophene, and thiazole) and bridges (4<I>H</I>-cyclopenta[2,1-<I>b</I>:3,4-<I>b′</I>]dithiophene (CPDT) and benzodithiophene (BDT)) as the central π-spacers were synthesized and characterized. Among them, the sensitizer containing the thiophene and CPDT showed the most broad incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectra, resulting in a solar energy conversion efficiency (η) of 6.6%.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/orlef7/2012/orlef7.2012.14.issue-17/ol301730c/production/images/medium/ol-2012-01730c_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol301730c'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>