Printshops, Pressmen, and the Poetic Page in Colonial Korea

Wayne de Fremery 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2013 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.9

By analyzing the way vernacular Korean poetry of the 1920s was produced, this article initiates a study of the sociology of Korean literary production. Based on a survey of forty-five vernacular Korean books of poetry produced between 1921 and 1929, bank records, Japanese colonial government records, and printed interviews, the study describes the people, organizations, and technologies involved in the production of vernacular Korean poetry in the early twentieth century. It suggests that a small number of men in a few printing facilities working within restrained typographic conditions were responsible for printing the extant corpus of Korean vernacular poetry from the 1920s. An overview of the creative ways in which poetry was expressed visually and a discussion of the poem “Pandal” (Half moon), which appears differently in the two originary alternate issues of Kim So-wŏl’s canonical 1925 work Chindallaekkot (Azaleas), make it clear that an understanding of these people and organizations, as well as of the technologies they employed, should inform how we approach texts from this period hermeneutically.

1920년대 한국의 시는 어떻게 조판되었는가

Wayne de Fremery,정선태 근대서지학회 2010 근대서지 Vol.- No.1

Before the Coherent Plot: Kim Sowo˘l’s Editors, 1920-1925

( Wayne De Fremery ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2014 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.27 No.1

In this paper I argue for a new attention to the sociology of Korean colonial-era texts, and for a critical rethinking of contemporary modes of literary/textual criticism as they relate to the socialization of Korean literary works from the early twentieth century. Studying the editors who oversaw the publication of poems and stories by the canonical Korean author Kim Sowo˘l (1902-1934) in the periodicals of his day repositions these literary texts in the socio-textual contexts of their initial production―allowing us to glimpse them before they were canonical. Recontextualizing Kim Sowo˘l’s works to emphasize the textual contexts in which they initially appeared productively reorients investigations of Kim’s oeuvre and presents new creative critical opportunities; we can begin to rethink our methods of engaging his corpus. A review of scholarly approaches to Kim Sowo˘l reveals that the conditions under which his works were created have gone unstudied. As a first step toward addressing this oversight in the voluminous discourse about Kim Sowo˘l, I survey ten periodicals in which the poet’s work appeared and identify many of the editors responsible for overseeing the translation of his poetic manuscripts into print. Identifying Sowo˘l’s editors illuminates the broader sociology of Korean colonial texts and enables new critical perspectives through investigations of the bibliographic histories of texts by canonical Korean authors.

KIM SO-WŎL’S CHINDALLAEKKOT (AZALEAS) AS AN IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENT

WAYNE DE FREMERY,KIM JUSUB 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2014 Acta Koreana Vol.17 No.1

김소월 시의 시적 기법에 관한 연구: "부재의 제시"를 중심으로

웨인프레메리 ( Wayne De Fremery ) 국제비교한국학회 2004 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.12 No.2

『동광』의 언어적 근대성 -데이터과학적 분석-

조은경 ( Jo¸ Eunkyoung ),드프레메리웨인 ( De Fremery¸ Wayne ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2021 언어와 문화 Vol.17 No.3

This study investigates Korean linguistic modernity as it is expressed by the colonial-era periodical 『Donggwang』 (Eastern Light). To compliment previous qualitative research on Korean linguistic modernity, we present a quantitative analysis of textual data associated with 『Donggwang』 made available by the National Institute of Korean History. Rather than working deductively to test any particular theory of linguistic modernity, we work inductively to describe language use in an important modern periodical. Assessing the mixed script employed in 『Donggwang』 with quantitative methods, we discern an increase in the use of Sino-Korean over the course of the periodical’s publication in the 1920s and 1930s. Information-theoretic measures of mutual information substantiate some previous claims about authors appearing in 『Donggwang』. They confirm, for example, the unsurprising fact that Kim Yungyeong is strongly associated with the study of the Korean language. They also suggest new ways to understand the disposition of Kim’s writing. For example, our analysis shows that Kim’s texts can be more easily associated with words such as gugeo (national language), gukeohak (national linguistics), gukga (nation) than words such as Joseon (Joseon Korea) or Joseoneo (Joseon language). Visualizing word embeddings and related terms substantiate previous scholarship. We confirm the term hakkyo (school) often denotes modern educational institutions, for example, and the terms munja (written characters), yeongu (research) and gwahak (science) are frequently associated. We also identify new avenues for investigation. For example, our analysis suggests the terms such as jabonjuui (capitalism), segye (world) and gonghwang (panic) are important to authors appearing in 『Donggwang』. In sum, we argue that data scientific techniques like those we employ can enrich and extend qualitative formulations of concepts such as Korean linguistic modernity. (Sogang University)

알고리즘 기반 모델링을 이용한 시 시각화 방법 연구

김주섭(Kim, Jusub),de Fremery, Wayne 한국디지털디자인협의회 2013 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.13 No.4

본 논문은 컴퓨터 알고리즘을 사용하여 한국 시의 패턴을 분석하고 분석된 패턴을 알고리즘 기반 모델링을 이용하여 기능적이면서 동시에 예술적 이미지로 시각화하는 한 방법을 제안하고 실험적 연구 결과를 보고한다. 한편의 시는 그 시의 특징을 잘 드러내는 한 그루의 나무로 표현되며 이 때 나무는 L-System을 사용하여 컴퓨터 알고리즘에 의해 자동으로 생성되어 진다. 이렇게 한국 시의 언어적 코드를 디지털 공간으로 매핑 하여 창조된 그림은 시를 다른 공간에서 변형하여 바라봄으로써 감상하는 데 도움을 주면서도 동시에 또 다른 예술작품의 원천으로 사용되는 것을 보는 즐거움을 준다. 한국의 대표 시인 김소월과 이상의 시를 대상으로 한 시각화 실험 결과는 제안하는 방법이 정보 전달 면에서 기능적이고 동시에 심미적인 결과를 만들어 낼 수 있음을 보여주었다. 텍스트를 비평적으로 읽는 기존의 방법과 더불어 이러한 텍스트의 예술적 시각화 변형 방법은 그 엔터테인먼트적 요소 때문에 더 많은 독자의 관심을 불러 일으켜 한국 시에 대한 더 깊은 담론이 이루어지게 할 수 있으며 기존의 친숙한 한국 시를 재 조망하게 해 주며 또한 한국어를 모르는 외국인이나 시를 어려워하는 이들이 쉽게 한국 시에 다가갈 수 있게 할 수 있는 가능성을 열어 준다는 면에서 의의가 있다고 하겠다. This paper details experiments to algorithmically detect patterns in vernacular Korean poetic texts and programmatically manifest those patterns imitatively in digital environments. Utilizing the performative / deformative processes of computing, these experiments map the linguistic codes of Korean poems into digital spaces so as to “paint” by means of poetry. Using a morphological analysis program and L-System-based procedural modeling, we “sketch” trees based six poetic compositions by two well-known Korean poets from the early twentieth century, Kim So-w?l and Yi Sang. The images conjured by our algorithmic means are meant to instruct and delight; the results are educative and aesthetically interesting. Our aspiration is to deepen the discussion of Korean poetry by enabling engagements with Korean poems that forsake discourse for image, if only temporarily. The aim is to see what Korean poetic texts can be in order to deepen discussions of what they are or might mean. The form of algorithmic reading we investigate here is not meant to supplant traditional modes of critical close reading, or, for that matter, newer forms of so-called distant reading. It may, we hope, be an entertaining tool that usefully compliments other ways of engaging with Korean poetic texts.

『별건곤』 의 텍스트 근대성 : 데이터과학적 언어분석

조은경(Jo Eunkyoung),드프레메리웨인(Wayne de Fremery) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.10

이 연구는 1926-1934년의 간행물인 근대잡지 별건곤 이 텍스트 자료로서 가진 언어적 근대적 양상을 분석한다. 국사편찬위원회에서 제공하는 별건곤 의 기사를 모두 수집하여 데이터과학적, 언어분석적 방법을 적용하였다. 1930년대에는 논술 기사와 문학 기사가 감소한 반면, 광고 기사(소식)와 잡저는 증가하였고, 한문은 1930년대에덜 널리 사용됨을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 편집자들이 광범위한 대중적 독자층을 참여시키려는 열망을 나타낸다. DF(Document Frequency)를 사용하여, [별건곤]에 대한 이전 문헌 연구에서는 비교적 중요하게 다뤄지지 못한근대적 특성을 나타내는 단어 목록을 추출할 수 있었다. ‘비누’, ‘위스키’ 등 위생 및 문화상품 관련 단어, ‘피임’,‘로만수’(로맨스) 등 가족 및 관계 관련 단어 포함 ‘인쇄물’, ‘중앙일보’와 같은 근현대적 매체 특성을 뜻하는 단어,근대화 시기 글로벌 환경을 드러내는 ‘아라비아’, ‘외국어’와 같은 단어를 적정한 분포로 찾아내었다. 또 단어 임베딩을 시각화하여 ‘여성’과 ‘결혼’과 같은 이전 연구자들이 [별건곤]에 관해 많이 논의한 주제어뿐만 아니라 이전 연구에서 간과된 많은 개념 단어를 드러낸다. ‘도시화’와 ‘산업’, 그리고 ‘노동’과 ‘노동자’ 등이 그러하다. 이러한 단어들은 별건곤 을 통해 식민지 시기 근대화 과정의 특성을 이해하는 새로운 관점을 제안한다. 또한 별건곤 의 근대적 특성의 단어들이 현대어 언어 모델을 기반으로 하여서도 여전히 예측 가능한 개념적 단어임을 보여준다. This study investigates Korean textual modernity as expressed by the colonial-era periodical[Byeolgeongon]. To compliment previous qualitative research associated with the periodical, wepresent a quantitative analysis of textual data associated with [Byeolgeongon] made available bythe National Institute of Korean History. We discern that over the run of [Byeolgeongon] between1926 and 1934 the number of full-length articles (nonsul) and literary works decrease while gossip(sosik) and miscellaneous articles (jabjeo) increase. The use of Sino-Korean also decreases overthe run of the journal. We hypothesize that these patterns suggest a desire on the part of editorsto engage a broad popular readership. Using DF (Document Frequency), we retrieve a list of wordsthat helps to reveal aspects of Korean textual modernity overlooked by previous research on[Byeolgeongon]. Our analysis suggests the importance of words associated with hygiene andcultural products in [Byeolgeongon], such as ‘binu’(soap) and ‘wisuki’(whiskey). Words associatedwith family and relationships, such as ‘piim’(contraception) and ‘romansu(romance), media products,such as ‘inswaemul’(printed materials) and ‘Jungang ilbo’(Jungang Daily News), and globalperspectives, such as ‘Arabia’(Arabia) and ‘oegukeo’(foreign language), also formulate Korean textualmodernity as expressed by [Byeolgeongon]. Visualizing word embeddings, we discover relationshipsthat previous scholars have discussed, such as associations between ‘yeoseong’(woman) and‘gyeolhon’(marriage), but also many relationships that previous scholars have overlooked in thecontext of [Byeolgeongon], such as ‘dosihwa’(urbanization) and ‘saneop’(industry), as well as‘nodong’(labor) and ‘nodongja’(laborers). These relationships suggest new avenues for understandingKorean textual modernity as expressed by [Byeolgeongon]. Additionally, we confirm that thesewords can be inferred using Korean Language Understanding Evaluation models, suggesting thatthe words can also help to organize our conceptual understanding of textual modernity in Korea