The Pyrosequencing Approach Reveals Very High Strain Diversity of the Endosymbiont, Wolbachia in Vollenhovia emeryi

Soyeon Park,Haewon Shin,Pureum Noh,Seung-Yoon Oh,Hwakyung Hwang,Bitna Lee,Yongwhan Kim,Jae Chun Choe,Gilsang Jeong 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.04

Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts best known to induce several reproductive alterations in its insect hosts. In some cases, the insect hosts harbor more than two strains of the bacterium. The Vollenhovia emeryi ant lives in dead trees and is morphologically subdivided into the long-winged and the short-winged. Interestingly the short-winged morph is free of Wolbachia, but only the long-winged morph is multiple- infected with the Wolbachia bacterium. We sampled four populations of the long-winged morph in Korea and performed pyrosequencing in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), to determine the bacterial strain diversity. Six different gene regions (coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, hcpA and wsp gene) were targeted and amplified. However, the result shows that diversity of haplotypes is very high. The pyrosequencing approach in MLST, a new method of discriminating Wolbachia strains, is promising to effectively detect multiple infections and rare haplotypes.

The Korean Serial Verb Construction “V1 -eta V2”

Soyeon Yoon 한국언어학회 2013 언어 Vol.38 No.2

The Semantics of the Connective Morpheme –eta in Korean Serial Verb Construction

Soyeon Yoon 담화·인지언어학회 2013 담화와 인지 Vol.20 No.2

This study examines semantics of the connective morpheme -eta in one of the serial verb constructions (SVC) in Korean, [V1 -eta V2]. The semantics of -eta and the -eta SVC has not been studied as much as other similar constructions, such as [V1 -e V2] and [V1 -ko V2]. This study divides the -eta SVC into three types according to the argument realization patterns and examines the semantics of each type. On the basis of the observation of the semantics of each type, I conclude that the semantics of ?eta is “the conceptual and spatial separation between the events indicated by two verbs.” Finally, from the account of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987), I describe how the meaning of the morpheme ?eta is applied to each type differently according to the way the two serialized verbs are construed.

Influence of Coerced Input on English Learners’ Grammar

Soyeon Yoon 서울대학교 언어교육원 2016 語學硏究 Vol.52 No.1

This study examines if speakers’ existing grammar can change after the speakers experience the input that does not match their linguistic knowledge, i.e., the coerced input, on the assumption of the usage- based model. Specifically, sentences that are composed of a ditransitive construction and main verbs requiring various degrees of coercion were created. Korean speakers judged the acceptability of these coerced sentences (Pretest), read the sentences appearing in the passages eight times over four weeks (input sessions), and judged the acceptability of the coerced sentences once again (Posttest). The results are as follows: In the Posttest they judged the coerced sentence that they read in the input sessions more acceptable. Moreover, in the Posttest they generalized the pattern that they received from the input: When they read the sentences that are composed of verbs and NPs different from the input sentences, they judged the sentences more acceptable. The results suggest that recurrent experience of coerced input can change existing grammar of the English learners.

Coercion and Conceptual Blending

Soyeon Yoon 언어과학회 2018 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.86

Coercion is defined as a resolution of semantic incompatibility between a construction and a lexical item that occurs in it. By employing Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier and Turner 2002), this study attempts to describe the gradient nature of coercion, which is reflected in different degrees of acceptability judgments and processing efforts. It also illustrates the complex interaction of lexical meaning, constructional meaning, context, and the consequential emergent meaning. Through coercion observed in English ditransitive construction and Korean light verb construction ([NP-ul ha-da] ‘NP-ACC do-DEC, do the action of NP’), the study shows that the proposed blending process of coercion is applicable to different types of coercion in different languages.

Let`s Get a Look at `GET Light Verb Constructions`

( Yoon Soyeon ) 한국현대언어학회 2017 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

The current study explores a construction [get a post-verbal-argument] (e.g., get a look at/ride/shower) and attempts to show that this construction can be considered as one of the light verb constructions (LVC): Its form, meaning, and some syntactic behaviors exhibit the characteristics of typical LVCs. The get LVC has similar semantic properties with take/have LVCs, but the get LVC involves more passiveness than the other LVCs: The agent wants to perform the designated activity, but he/she can do it only when someone else or some situation allows. Moreover, at least with some limited number of post verbal arguments (e.g., look at/ride/shower), the frequency of the get LVCs shown in COCA and COHA is increasing, and it recently has exceeded the frequency of the have LVCs. This study can address emergence of the get LVC as a new LVC. (Incheon National University)

Reviews and syntheses: Ocean iron fertilization experiments - past, present, and future looking to a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) project

Yoon, Joo-Eun,Yoo, Kyu-Cheul,Macdonald, Alison M.,Yoon, Ho-Il,Park, Ki-Tae,Yang, Eun Jin,Kim, Hyun-Cheol,Lee, Jae Il,Lee, Min Kyung,Jung, Jinyoung,Park, Jisoo,Lee, Jiyoung,Kim, Soyeon,Kim, Seong-Su,Ki Copernicus GmbH 2018 Biogeosciences Vol.15 No.19

<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since the start of the industrial revolution, human activities have caused a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (<span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>) concentrations, which have, in turn, had an impact on climate leading to global warming and ocean acidification. Various approaches have been proposed to reduce atmospheric <span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>. The Martin (or iron) hypothesis suggests that ocean iron fertilization (OIF) could be an effective method for stimulating oceanic carbon sequestration through the biological pump in iron-limited, high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. To test the Martin hypothesis, 13 artificial OIF (aOIF) experiments have been performed since 1990 in HNLC regions. These aOIF field experiments have demonstrated that primary production (PP) can be significantly enhanced by the artificial addition of iron. However, except in the Southern Ocean (SO) European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX), no significant change in the effectiveness of aOIF (i.e., the amount of iron-induced carbon export flux below the winter mixed layer depth, MLD) has been detected. These results, including possible side effects, have been debated amongst those who support and oppose aOIF experimentation, and many questions concerning the effectiveness of scientific aOIF, environmental side effects, and international aOIF law frameworks remain. In the context of increasing global and political concerns associated with climate change, it is valuable to examine the validity and usefulness of the aOIF experiments. Furthermore, it is logical to carry out such experiments because they allow one to study how plankton-based ecosystems work by providing insight into mechanisms operating in real time and under in situ conditions. To maximize the effectiveness of aOIF experiments under international aOIF regulations in the future, we therefore suggest a design that incorporates several components. (1) Experiments conducted in the center of an eddy structure when grazing pressure is low and silicate levels are high (e.g., in the SO south of the polar front during early summer). (2) Shipboard observations extending over a minimum of <span class='inline-formula'>∼40</span> days, with multiple iron injections (at least two or three iron infusions of <span class='inline-formula'>∼2000</span><span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>kg</span> with an interval of <span class='inline-formula'>∼10</span>-15 days to fertilize a patch of 300<span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>km²</span> and obtain a <span class='inline-formula'>∼2</span><span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>nM</span> concentration). (3) Tracing of the iron-fertilized patch using both physical (e.g., a drifting buoy) and biogeochemical (e.g., sulfur hexafluoride, photosynthetic quantum efficiency, and partial pressure of <span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>) tracers. (4) Employment of neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBST) and application of the water-column-derived thorium-234 (<span class='inline-formula'>²³⁴Th</span>) method at two depths (i.e., just below the in situ MLD and at the winter MLD), with autonomous profilers equipped with an underwater video profiler (UVP) and a transmissometer. (5) Monitoring of side effects on marine/ocean ecosystems, including production of climate-relevant gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, <span class='inline-formula'>N₂O</span>; dimethyl sulfide, DMS; and halogenated volatile organic compounds, HVOCs), decline in oxygen inventory, and development of toxic algae blooms, with optical-sensor-equipped autonomous moored profilers and/or autonomous benthic vehicles. Lastly, we introduce the scientific aOIF<span id='page5848'/> experimental design guidelines for a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES).</p> </P>

Semantic Constraints on Coercion : An Empirical Study

Soyeon Yoon 한국영어학회 2014 영어학 Vol.14 No.3

Correlation between semantic compatibility and frequency: A usage-based approach

Soyeon Yoon 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2013 언어연구 Vol.30 No.2

This study investigates the nature of semantic compatibility between constructions and lexical items that occur in them, in relation with language use. The usage-based model, proposed by Langacker (1987), assumes that linguistic knowledge (grammar) is grounded in language use. However, the relation between the linguistic knowledge and usage has not been empirically tested. This study shows that semantic compatibility between linguistic elements is a gradient phenomenon, and that speakers' knowledge about the degree of semantic compatibility is intimately correlated with language use, specifically frequency of use. To show this, I investigate linguistic knowledge of the semantic compatibility between the English ditransitive construction (DC) and various verbs that occur in the DC. I set up five semantic compatibility categories, and categorized various verbs according to the degree that the verb implies "successful transfer of possession" (Goldberg 1995). Then, I obtained frequency pattern of the verbs and the DC by using collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003), which is a method of measuring relative frequency of co-occurrences of a lexical item and a particular construction. I finally correlated the semantic compatibility of various verbs and the result of collexeme analysis. My findings specifically show that the more compatible a verb is with the construction, the more frequent it will be used in the construction. The empirical data support the assumption of the usage-based model that grammar and usage are closely related. (Incheon National University)

Gradable nature of semantic compatibility and coercion: A usage-based approach

( Soyeon Yoon ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.1

This study investigates the gradable nature of semantic compatibility between constructions and the lexical items that occur in them and also of the related concept of linguistic coercion, in relation to actual language use, on the basis of the usage-based model, proposed by Langacker (1987). The study shows that semantic compatibility between linguistic elements is a gradient phenomenon, and that speakers’ knowledge about the degree of semantic compatibility in a given case is closely correlated with language use, specifically language processing and frequency of usage. This study also shows that coercion, which is the resolution of semantic incompatibility between a construction and a lexical item occurring in it, is also a gradient phenomenon related to usage. To do so, this study investigates linguistic knowledge of semantic compatibility between the English sentential complement construction and various verbs that occur in it, and compares this semantic compatibility with empirical data obtained from acceptability judgments of various sentences, a corpus, and an experiment on sentence processing. My findings show that the more compatible a verb is with the construction, the faster their co-occurrence is processed and the more frequently it is used. On the basis of this correlation between gradable semantic compatibility and usage, this study suggests that the study of coercion be expanded to investigate its linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts and to determine what kind of interactions lead to a better or easier resolution of incompatibility, by incorporating empirical language use data.(Incheon National University)