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Additive interaction of intrathecal ginsenosides and neostigmine in the rat formalin test
박천희,Park-Ne Kim,Seong Heon Lee,윤명하 대한마취통증의학회 2013 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.64 No.2
Background: The authors evaluated the effect of intrathecal mixture of ginsenosides with neostigmine on formalin-induced nociception and made further clear the role of the spinal muscarinic (M) receptors on the activity of ginsenosides. Methods: A catheter was located in the intrathecal space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, 50 μl) to the hindpaw. Isobolographic analysis was done to characterize drug interaction between ginsenosides and neostigmine. The antagonism of ginsenosides-mediated antinociception was determined with M1 receptor antagonist (pirenzepine), M2 receptor antagonist (methoctramine), M3 receptor antagonist (4-DAMP), M4 receptor antagonist (tropicamide). The expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined with RT-PCR. Results: Intrathecal ginsenosides and neostigmine produced an antinociceptive effect during phase 1 and phase 2 in the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis revealed an additive interaction between ginsenosides and neostigmine in both phases. Intrathecal pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-DAMP, and tropicamide reversed the antinociception of ginsenosides in both phases. M1-M4 receptors mRNA detected in spinal cord of naïve rats and the injection of formalin decreased the expression of M1 receptor mRNA, but it had no effect on the expression of other three muscarinic receptors mRNA. Intrathecal ginsenosides little affected the expression of all of muscarinic receptors mRNA in formalin-injected rats. Conclusions: Intrathecal ginsenosides additively interacted with neostigmine in the formalin test. Furthermore, M1-M4 receptors exist in the spinal cord, all of which contribute to the antinocieption of intrathecal ginsenosides.
대형 동기 전동기 기동실패방지를 위한 여자기회로 과도현상 해석
박진훈(Jin-Hun Park),조내수(Ne-Su Cho),권우현(Woo-Hyen Kwon),임성훈(Soung Hun Im),윤경섭(Kyoung-Seop Yoon),김우현(Woo-Hyen Kim) 대한전기학회 2006 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.7
According to the rapid growth of high speed and precise industry, the application of synchronous motor has been increased. In the application fields, the large synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor. The rotor is heavy and, from a dead stop, it is impossible to bring the rotor into magnetic lock with the rotating magnetic field for this reason, all synchronous motor have some kinds of starting device. A simple starter is another motor which brings the rotor up to approximately 96 percent of it synchronous speed. The starting motor is disconnected and the rotor locks in step with the rotating field. The more commony used starting method is to have the rotor to include a squirrel cage indution winding. This indution winding brings the rotor almost to synchronous speed as an induction motor. So, this paper describes excessive condition interpretation of a exciter circuit to prevent starting failure of large synchronous motor. the large synchronous motor needs safety of it in accordance with operating frequent start and stop. the operating problem point of synchronous motor appears potential element damage of Exciter circuit because synchronous motor is caused synchronous separation. hence we eliminate it and improve starting toque.
Chae, Seung Jin,Gü,neş,, Fethullah,Kim, Ki Kang,Kim, Eun Sung,Han, Gang Hee,Kim, Soo Min,Shin, Hyeon-Jin,Yoon, Seon-Mi,Choi, Jae-Young,Park, Min Ho,Yang, Cheol Woong,Pribat, Didier,Lee, Young WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Advanced Materials Vol.21 No.22
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Large-area, few-layer graphene is grown on a poly-nickel substrate using optimized CVD conditions. High temperature, short growth time, and an optimal gas mixing ratio (C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB>/H<SUB>2</SUB> = 2/45) are found to be necessary to synthesize highly crystalline few-layer grapheme, which may find applications in electronic devices. The wrinkles that are observed under all growth conditions are proposed to be formed by two processes. <img src='wiley_img/09359648-2009-21-22-ADMA200803016-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09359648-2009-21-22-ADMA200803016-content'> </P>
( Jun Ho Lee ),( Jae Hee Suh ),( Soo Youn Choi ),( Hyun Je Kang ),( Hwan Hee Lee ),( Byeong Jin Ye ),( Seok Won Jung ),( Chang Jae Kim ),( Whaseon Lee-kwon ),( Ji Young Park ),( Kyung Jae Myung ),( Ne 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1
Aims: Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a transcription cofactor at the promoters of inflammatory genes including TNFα and COX-2. In a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TonEBP expression is dramatically higher in the tumors compared to surrounding hepatic tissues. Experiments with genetically modified animals show that higher TonEBP expression leads to more and bigger tumors demonstrating a critical role of TonEBP in tumor initiation and development (unpublished observations). Aim of this study was to investigate the role of TonEBP in patients with HCC. Methods: A total of 296 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC at the Ulsan University Hospital were included in the study. All the patients were HCC treatment-naive before surgery and had a grossly complete resection. Fixed tissues were used to prepare tissue microarrays to quantify TonEBP expression. Results: TonEBP expression was higher in tumors compared to their surrounding non-tumor in 92.6% (274/296) of the patients. The median postoperative follow-up period was 31 months (range = 1-105 months). Postoperative recurrence was observed in 144 cases (48.7%). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year HCC recurrence rates were 32.7%, 51.8%, and 61.1%, respectively. Extrahepatic metastasis and death were observed in 61 (20.6%) and 84 (28.4%) of cases, respectively. Higher TonEBP expression in non-tumor and tumor was associated with tumor size, vascular invasion, and advance tumor grade. As for recurrence, multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size, microvascular and lymphovascular invasion along with higher non-tumor TonEBP expression displayed strong association. As for extrahepatic metastasis, ALT, albumin, microvascular and lymphovascular invasion along with higher non-tumor TonEBP expression displayed strong association. The presence of microvascular invasion, albumin, and higher tumor TonEBP expression were significantly associated with reduced overall survival. Conclusions: TonEBP is strong post-operative prognosticator of poor outcome including recurrence, metastasis, and death. TonEBP is an attractive candidate for biomarker of HCC and a therapeutic target.