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Survey of Areas Underserved by Plastic Surgery in Japan
Sato Makoto 대한성형외과학회 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.49 No.1
Background In Japan, there is a large regional disparity in plastic surgery availability. In order for plastic surgery to be widely available for all citizens, it is essential for at least one plastic surgery facility to be located in each secondary medical zone.Methods Using the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery homepage and some databases, we extracted data on secondary medical zones that do not have a plastic surgery facility. The national and regional coverage rates were calculated. The coverage rate for each group divided by the degree of population concentration was also calculated.Results We found that 147 of 344 secondary medical zones did not have a plastic surgery facility, and the area coverage rate was found to be 57.27% nationwide. The coverage rate in terms of population was 87.07% (correlation coefficient of area and population coverage = 0.983). The area coverage rates in Hokkaido-Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku-Shikoku, and Kyushu-Okinawa districts were 47.46, 72.15, 76.47, 62.79, 52.08, and 32.81%, respectively. The corresponding population coverage rates were 79.92, 91.62, 94.27, 90.59, 80.68, and 69.54%, respectively. The area coverage rates in metropolitan areas, provincial cities, and rural areas were 98.08, 75.90, and 15.87%, respectively. In contrast, the area coverage rate of dermatology was 62.79% and that of orthopaedics was 97.09%.Conclusion Unfortunately, it is estimated that more than 40% of secondary medical zones are underserved by plastic surgery, and 13% of the population is not able to fully benefit from this specialty in Japan.
Survey of Areas Underserved by Plastic Surgery in Japan
Sato Makoto 대한성형외과학회 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.49 No.2
Background In Japan, there is a large regional disparity in plastic surgery availability. In order for plastic surgery to be widely available for all citizens, it is essential for at least one plastic surgery facility to be located in each secondary medical zone.Methods Using the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery homepage and some databases, we extracted data on secondary medical zones that do not have a plastic surgery facility. The national and regional coverage rates were calculated. The coverage rate for each group divided by the degree of population concentration was also calculated.Results We found that 147 of 344 secondary medical zones did not have a plastic surgery facility, and the area coverage rate was found to be 57.27% nationwide. The coverage rate in terms of population was 87.07% (correlation coefficient of area and population coverage = 0.983). The area coverage rates in Hokkaido-Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku-Shikoku, and Kyushu-Okinawa districts were 47.46, 72.15, 76.47, 62.79, 52.08, and 32.81%, respectively. The corresponding population coverage rates were 79.92, 91.62, 94.27, 90.59, 80.68, and 69.54%, respectively. The area coverage rates in metropolitan areas, provincial cities, and rural areas were 98.08, 75.90, and 15.87%, respectively. In contrast, the area coverage rate of dermatology was 62.79% and that of orthopaedics was 97.09%.Conclusion Unfortunately, it is estimated that more than 40% of secondary medical zones are underserved by plastic surgery, and 13% of the population is not able to fully benefit from this specialty in Japan.
The Effect of S130A Mutant of pharaonis Halorhodopsin on Ability of Chloride Binding and Photocycle
Sato, Maki,Kikukawa, Takashi,Araiso, Tsunehisa,Okita, Hirotaka,Shimono, Kazumi,Kamo, Naoki,Demura, Makoto,Nitta, Katsutoshi Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and halorhodopsin (hR), which exist in the membrane of Halobacterium salinarum, are light-driven ion pumps. In spite of high similarity of primary and tertiary structures between bR and hR, these membrane proteins transport different ions, proton and chloride, in the opposite direction. From alignment of the amino acid sequences, Thr-89 of bR is homologous to Ser-l15 of hR from Halobacterium salinarum (shR). X-ray structure of shR has revealed that OH group of this residue directly interacts with CI$\^$-/ Thus, Ser-lI5 of shR is expected to play an important role in CI$\^$-/ binding and transport. In this study, we expressed wild type hR from Natronobacterium pharaonis (PhR) and Sl30A, which corresponds to Ser-l15 of shR, in E. coli in order to clarify binding affinity of chloride ion and photocycle reactions. From the titration with CI$\^$-/, affinity of Sl30A became quite lower than that of WT (WT 6 mM, Sl30A 89 mM). Furthermore, from the flash photolysis with pulse laser of λ$\_$max/ at 532 nm, the reaction rate of SI30A from 0 intermediate to hR ground state was found to become apparently slower than that of WT. The singular value decomposition (SVD) and global fitting analyses of the photocycles were performed to identify all photointermediates and determine the reaction rates.
Characteristics of Breakdown Voltage at a Narrow Gap in a Non-thermal Plasma Flow
Takehiko SATO,Hideya Nishiyama,Makoto Kambe 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.42 No.III
Characteristics of breakdown voltage in a non-thermal plasma flow at atmospheric pressure were investigated %%@ experimentally. Breakdown voltages for different gap lengths of parallel plate electrodes were measured with %%@ respect to applied voltage rising rate, applied waveform, applied wave frequency, gas flow rate and kind of gas. %%@ The correlation between $pd$, which is the product of the pressure and the gap length, and breakdown voltage %%@ corresponded to Penning's experimental data of the applied voltage rising rates from 0.1 kV/s to 10 kV/s. However, %%@ the correlation was not in accordance with Penning's data when rising rates were greater than 100 kV/s. The %%@ breakdown voltages showed a minimum value when gas flow rates were 2 - 4 Sl/min for both argon and nitrogen gases. %%@ On the other hand, the correlation between breakdown voltage and $pd$ corresponded to the experimental data %%@ reported by Penning, Kind and Karner concerning the cases of sawtooth wave, sinusoidal wave and square wave with %%@ different wave frequencies of 100 Hz, 1 kHz and 10 kHz. Discharge current mode is classified into two modes and it %%@ was influenced by gas flow rate.
Promotion of Blood Fluidity by Inhibition of Platelet Adhesion Using Electroacupuncture Stimulation
Shintaro Ishikawa,Makoto Murai,Takao Sato,Masataka Sunagawa,Erika Tokita,Steven K.H. Aung,Kazuhito Asano,Tadashi Hisamitsu 사단법인약침학회 2011 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.4 No.1
Stress applied to rats is known to result in a quick decrease in blood fluidity. Although electrical acupuncture stimulation (ACU) attenuates stress responses,the influence of ACU on blood fluidity has not been well examined. In the present study, the effect of ACU on blood fluidity and platelet adhesion was examined using a Micro Channel Array Flow Analyzer and a laser scattering platelet aggregometer (PA-20), respectively. Male Wistar rats (7−8 weeks old) were used. ACU (1 Hz, 3−5 V),which causes slight muscle twitching, was applied to acupoints for 60 minutes/day once or on 2 consecutive days. Stimulated acupoints were as follows: ZuSanli (ST-36), Sanyinjiao (SP-6), Hegu (L-I4), Neiguan (P-6), and Shenshu (BL-23). ACU applied to ST-36, SP-6, and L-14 revealed significant increases in blood fluidity while platelet adhesion activity decreased. No significant changes were observed when ACU was applied to P-6 and BL-23. Results indicate that ACU affects blood fluidity depending on the acupoints. Blood fluidity changed with ACU within 1 day. In other words, the effect of acupuncture has an immediate effect. In addition, platelet aggregation decreased with ACU, suggesting that an increase in blood fluidity is associated with platelet aggregation ability.
Tension Based 7 DOFs Force Feedback Device : SPIDAR-G
Seahak Kim,Makoto Sato,Yasuharu Koike 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2002 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.4 No.1
In this paper, we intend to demonstrate a new intuitive force-feedback device for advanced VR applications. Force feed-back for the device is tension based and is characterized by 7 degrees of freedom (DOF); 3 DOF for translation, 3 DOF for rotation, and 1 DOF for grasp). The SPIDAR-G (Space Interface Device for Artificial Reality with Grip) will allow users to interact with vir-tual objects naturally by manipulating two hemispherical grips located in the center of the device frame. We will show how to con-nect the strings between each vertex of grip and each extremity of the frame in order to achieve force feedback. In addition, method-ologies will be discussed for calculating translation, orientation and grasp using the length of 8 strings connected to the motors and encoders on the frame. The SPIDAR-G exhibits smooth force feedback, minimized inertia, no backlash, scalability and safety. Such features are attributed to strategic string arrangement and control that results in stable haptic rendering. The design and control of the SPIDAR-G will be described in detail and the Space Graphic User Interface system based on the proposed SPIDAR-G system will be demonstrated. Experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed device and reveal its application to virtual reality.