Compost of Swine Manure Slurry Using the Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation (TAO) Syst

Lee, W.I.,Tsujii, H.,Lee, M.G.,Cha, G.C.,Chung, J.C. The Korean Society of Animal Environmental Science 2004 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.10 No.1

현장규모 (8.6${\times}$2.5${\times}$2.4 m) 및 파이롯트규모 (1.39${\times}$0.89${\times}$0.89 m)의 고온호기산화장치를 이용하여 공기투입량 및 처리온도에 따른 양돈분뇨의 감량화 효율을 검토하였다. 현장규모에서 공기투입장치, 거품제거장치의 설치조건이 양돈슬러리 증발량과 처리온도에 모두 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 현장규모 연구는 3가지의 처리방법 (처리A:공기공급량 120㎥/h, 수중펌프 2대, 소포장치2대: 처리 B: 공기공급량 180㎥/h, 수중펌프 3대, 소포장치 3대; 처리C: 공기공급량 180㎥/h, 수중펌프 3대, 소포장치 4대)으로 실행되었다. 1일 5㎥ 양돈슬러리를 동일하게 투입하면서 얻어진 연구결과, 수위변화, 온도변화 및 증발량은 각각 처리A: 50∼100cm, 31∼$64^{\circ}C$, 55L/$\m^2$ㆍday, 처리B: 40∼90cm, 29∼$52^{\circ}C$, 75L/$\m^2$ㆍday, 처리C: 40∼70cm, 45∼$54^{\circ}C$, 120L/$\m^2$ㆍday이었다. 한편 파이롯트 규모 연구는 반 연속식으로 양돈분뇨를 투입하면서 매일 투입량을 처리1: 50L/2h, 처리2: 50L/3h, 처리3: 40L/3h, 처리4: 60L/4h으로 하여 최대 슬러리 감량조건을 도출하기 위해 수행하였다. A field-scale(8.6${\times}$2.5${\times}$2.4 m) and pilot-scale(1.39${\times}$0.89${\times}$0.89 m) thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO) units were installed to investigate the volume reduction efficiency of slurry, by varying the aeration and treatment temperature of swine manure, and the collected liquid was evaluated as a liquid fertilizer. In the field-scale unit, the aeration level and numbers of foam breakers made different effects on the slurry volume and temperature in the TAO system. The experiments were peformed for three cases, using different levels of aeration and numbers of foam breakers: Treat-A (aeration rate; 120 ㎥ air/hr using 2 air pumps and 2 foam breakers), Treat-B (aeration rate; 180 ㎥ air/hr using 3 air pumps and 3 foam breakers) and Treat-C (aeration rate; 180 ㎥ air/hr using 3 air pumps and 4 foam breakers). With the same input volume (5 ㎥/day) of swine manure slurry, the resulting liquid levels, temperatures and evaporation rates were 50∼100 cm, 31∼$64^{\circ}C$ and 55 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-A; 40∼90 cm, 29∼$52^{\circ}C$ and 75 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-B; and 40∼70 cm, 45∼$54^{\circ}C$ and 120.0 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-C. In the pilot-scale unit, semi-continuous flow of swine manure slurry was introduced. 50 $\ell$ every 2hr(T-1), 50 $\ell$ every 3hr(T-2), 40 $\ell$ every 2hr (T-3) and 60 $\ell$ every 4hr (T-4) within 24 hours, in order to find the maximum slurry volume reduction conditions.

Microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous M2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection

Kim, M.C.,Lee, J.W.,Choi, H.J.,Lee, Y.N.,Hwang, H.S.,Lee, J.,Kim, C.,Lee, J.S.,Montemagno, C.,Prausnitz, M.R.,Kang, S.M. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 Journal of controlled release Vol.210 No.-

A broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. This study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (MN) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous M2 extracellular (M2e) domains (M2e5x VLPs) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. The stability of M2e5x VLP-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks at room temperature without losing M2e antigenicity and immunogenicity. MN skin immunization induced strong humoral and mucosal M2e antibody responses and conferred cross-protection against heterosubtypic H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza virus challenges. In addition, M2e5x VLP MN skin vaccination induced T-helper type 1 responses such as IgG2a isotype antibodies and IFN-γ producing cells at higher levels than those by conventional intramuscular injection. These potential immunological and logistic advantages for skin delivery of M2e5x VLP MN vaccines could offer a promising approach to develop an easy-to-administer universal influenza vaccine.

灌漑用水路의 水路損失率 算定에 관한 硏究

李基春,具滋雄,金在英,李宰泳,徐元明 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1982 農大論文集 Vol.13 No.-

This study was carried out in order to estimate water losses in irrigation canals, which may be used to evaluate the water requirement for irrigation projects. The conveyance losses were measured by the inflow-outflow method, the seepage were measured by the ponding method, and the operation losses in the course of irrigation were calculated by comparing the two kinds of losses. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows : Conveyance losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the main irrigation canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation, canal, were 1.399x10-5m3/m3/sec, 5.154x10-5m3/m3/sec, and 2.670×10-5m3/m3/sec respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were 1.934x10-5m3/m3/sec, 2.149x10-5m3/m3/sec, and 4.558x10-6m3/m3/sec respectively in the Seong-dug area. Seepage losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 2.180×10-6m3/m3/sec and 2.168×10-6m3/m3/sec in the Goons-sa area. 1.150x10-6m3/m3/sec and 1.084x10-6m3 /m3/sec in the Seong-dug area respectively. Operation losses per unit area of wetted perimeter per second by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 4.936×10-5m3/m3/sec and 2.453×10-5m3/m3/sec in the Goong-sa area, 2.034×10-5m3/m3/sec and 4.450×10-5m3/m3 /sec in the Seong-dug area respectively. Conveyance, seepage and operation losses in the Goong-sa area were 6.7%, 94.6%, and 14.0% more than those in the Seong-dug area. Operation losses amount to about 17 times as much as seepage losses in the Goons-sa area and about 29 times in the Seong-dug area .The seepage losses depend much on the soil texture. ranging from 7.437×10-7m3/m3/sec to 2.430x10-6 m3/m3/sec. Water loss rates in the main irrigation canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were estimated as 8.49%. 37.27%, and 9.8l%, respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were estimated as 15.10%, 32.67% and 13.73% respectively in the Seong-dug area.

Moracin M inhibits airway inflammation by interrupting the JNK/c-Jun and NF-κB pathways in vitro and in vivo

Lee, J.H.,Ko, H.J.,Woo, E.R.,Lee, S.K.,Moon, B.S.,Lee, C.W.,Mandava, S.,Samala, M.,Lee, J.,Kim, H.P. North-Holland ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 european journal of pharmacology Vol.783 No.-

<P>The therapeutic effectiveness of moracins as 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives against airway inflammation was examined. Moracin M, O, and R were isolated from the root barks of Morus alba, and they inhibited interleukin (IL)-6 production from IL-1 beta-treated lung epithelial cells (A549) at 101-00 mu M. Among them, moracin M showed the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50=8.1 mu M). Downregulation of IL-6 expression by moracin M was mediated by interrupting the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun pathway. Moracin derivatives inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-catalyzed NO production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated alveolar macrophages (MH-S) at 50-100 mu M. In particular, moracin M inhibited NO production by downregulating iNOS. When orally administered, moracin M (20-60mg/kg) showed comparable inhibitory action with dexamethasone (30mg/kg) against LPS-induced lung inflammation, acute lung injury, in mice with that of dexamethasone (30mg/kg). The action mechanism included interfering with the activation of nuclear transcription factor-kB in inflamed lungs. Therefore, it is concluded that moracin M inhibited airway inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and it has therapeutic potential for treating lung inflammatory disorders. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Fabrication of ex situ processed MgB₂ wires using nano carbon doped powder

Lee, C.M.,Park, J.H.,Hwang, S.M.,Lim, J.H.,Joo, J.,Kang, W.N.,Kim, C.J. North-Holland 2009 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.469 No.15

We fabricated ex situ MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires using C-doped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> powder as a precursor in order to improve the core density of the wires and their C doping content. The C-doped powder was prepared with Mg, B, and nano carbon (NC) powders by the in situ technique and then MgB<SUB>2-x</SUB>C<SUB>x</SUB> (x=0, 0.01, and 0.03) wires were fabricated by the ex situ technique using the powder-in-tube method. The phase formation, lattice change, and microstructure were characterized and correlated with the T<SUB>c</SUB> and J<SUB>c</SUB> variations. We observed that the ex situ wire had a higher core density than the in situ wire, however its morphology consisted of agglomerated particles, indicating that sintering and grain growth did not occur completely, even though the sintering was conducted at high temperature (1000<SUP>o</SUP>C). As the C content increased, T<SUB>c</SUB> decreased, while the decrease of J<SUB>c</SUB> with increasing magnetic field became smaller. The J<SUB>c</SUB> of MgB<SUB>1.97</SUB>C<SUB>0.03</SUB> wire made by the ex situ technique was 3.34kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 6.6T and 5K which is comparable to that of the in situ wire (4.81kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 6.6T and 5K).

Multiple heterologous M2 extracellular domains presented on virus-like particles confer broader and stronger M2 immunity than live influenza A virus infection

Kim, M.C.,Lee, J.S.,Kwon, Y.M.,O, E.,Lee, Y.J.,Choi, J.G.,Wang, B.Z.,Compans, R.W.,Kang, S.M. Elsevier/North-Holland 2013 Antiviral research Vol.99 No.3

The influenza M2 ectodomain (M2e) is poorly immunogenic and has some amino acid changes among isolates from different host species. We expressed a tandem repeat construct of heterologous M2e sequences (M2e5x) derived from human, swine, and avian origin influenza A viruses on virus-like particles (M2e5x VLPs) in a membrane-anchored form. Immunization of mice with M2e5x VLPs induced protective antibodies cross-reactive to antigenically different influenza A viruses and conferred cross protection. Anti-M2e antibodies induced by heterologous M2e5x VLPs showed a wider range of cross reactivity to influenza A viruses at higher levels than those by live virus infection, homologous M2e VLPs, or M2e monoclonal antibody 14C2. Fc receptors were found to be important for mediating protection by immune sera from M2e5x VLP vaccination. The present study provides evidence that heterologous recombinant M2e5x VLPs can be more effective in inducing protective M2e immunity than natural virus infection and further supports an approach for developing an effective universal influenza vaccine.

Ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of citrus fruit peels over mesoporous MFI and Al-MCM-41

Kim, Y.M.,Jae, J.,Lee, H.W.,Han, T.U.,Lee, H.,Park, S.H.,Kim, S.,Watanabe, C.,Park, Y.K. Pergamon ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Energy conversion and management Vol.125 No.-

The thermal and ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of different citrus peels, Citrus paradisi peel, Citrus sinensis peel, Citrus unshiu peel, and Citrus limon peel, were studied by thermogravimetric, evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry and tandem micro-reactor-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analyses. Kinetic analysis revealed more complicated reaction steps and a wider range of activation energies of citrus peels than those of wood powder due to the presence of pectin in the citrus peels. Large amounts of methanol formation from each citrus peel were also recorded by evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry and fast pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analyses at the main decomposition temperature of pectin, between 150 and 250<SUP>o</SUP>C. Mesoporous MFI was found to be a more effective catalyst for the production of mono aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; 3.06-4.17C%) and light olefins (ethene, propene, butene, and butadiene; 8.13-9.13C%) than Al-MCM-41 (mono aromatic compounds 0.67-0.93C% and light olefins 3.61-4.58C%) because of its higher catalytic activity in deoxygenation and aromatization due to the stronger acidity of mesoporous MFI. The yield of mono aromatic compounds over mesoporous MFI was highest from C. paradisi peel (4.17C%), followed in order by C. sinensis peel (3.83C%), C. unshiu peel (3.61C%), and C. limon peel (3.06C%), due mainly to the different contents and properties of pectin in each citrus peel. The higher activities of mesoporous MFI than Al-MCM-41 were also maintained during the 7 times sequential catalytic pyrolysis of C. paradisi peel, demonstrating the stability of mesoporous MFI catalyst.

Supplemented vaccination with tandem repeat M2e virus-like particles enhances protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses in chickens

Song, B.M.,Kang, H.M.,Lee, E.K.,Jung, S.C.,Kim, M.C.,Lee, Y.N.,Kang, S.M.,Lee, Y.J. Butterworths ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Vaccine Vol.34 No.5

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses derived from A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 have been continuously circulating globally, severely affecting the public health and poultry industries. The matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) is considered a promising candidate for a universal cross-protective influenza vaccine that provides more effective control over HPAI H5 viruses harboring variant hemagglutinin (HA)-antigens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a tandem repeat construct of heterologous M2e presented on virus-like particles (M2e5x VLPs) either alone or as a supplement against HPAI H5 viruses in a chicken model. Chickens immunized with M2e5x VLPs alone induced M2e-specific antibodies but were not protected against HPAI H5. The homo- and cross-protective efficacy of M2e5x VLP-supplemented vaccination of chickens was also examined. Importantly, supplementation with M2e5x VLPs induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for M2e and different viruses as well as provided improved protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses. Considering the limited efficacy of inactivated vaccines, supplement vaccination with M2e5x VLPs may be an effective measure for preventing outbreaks of HPAI viruses that have the ability to constantly change their antigenic properties in poultry.

Development of additive [¹¹C]CO₂ target system in the KOTRON-13 cyclotron and its application for [¹¹C]radiopharmaceutical production

Moon, B.S.,Lee, H.J.,Lee, W.K.,Hur, M.G.,Yang, S.D.,Lee, B.C.,Kim, S.E. North-Holland Physics Pub 2015 Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Vol.356 No.-

The KOTRON-13 cyclotron, which was developed in South Korea for the production of medical radioisotopes, has the structural limitation of only one beam-output port, restricting the production of the carbon-11 isotope. In the present study, we investigate the design of a switchable target system and develop an effective carbon-11 target in the KOTRON-13 cyclotron, for combination with the fluorine-18 target. The target system was designed by introducing a sliding-type element between the fluorine-18 and carbon-11 targets, a tailor-made C-11 target and its cooling system. For the efficient production of [<SUP>11</SUP>C]CO<SUB>2</SUB>, the desirable target shape and internal volume were determined by a Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) simulation program, and the target grid was modified to resist the cavity pressure during beam irradiation. We evaluated the [<SUP>11</SUP>C]CO<SUB>2</SUB> production while varying the material and thickness of the target foil, oxygen content of the nitrogen gas, and target loading pressure. Using sliding-type equipment including an additional gate valve and a high vacuum in a beam line, the bi-directional conversion between the fluorine-18 and carbon-11 targets was efficient regarding the accurate beam irradiation on both targets. The optimal [<SUP>11</SUP>C]CO<SUB>2</SUB> production for 30min irradiation at 60μA (86.6+/-1.7GBq in the target at EOB) was observed at a thickness of 19μm with HAVAR® material as a target foil and a target loading pressure of 24bar with nitrogen plus 300ppb of oxygen gas. Additionally, the coolant cavity system in the target grid and target chamber is useful to remove the heat transferred to the target body by the internal convection of water and thereby ensure the stability of the [<SUP>11</SUP>C]CO<SUB>2</SUB> production under a high beam current. In the application of C-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals such as [<SUP>11</SUP>C]PIB, [<SUP>11</SUP>C]DASB, [<SUP>11</SUP>C]PBR28, [<SUP>11</SUP>C]Methionine and [<SUP>11</SUP>C]Clozapine, the radiochemical yields were shown to be 25-38% (decay corrected) with over 166GBq/μmol of specific activity. Consequently, the additive carbon-11 target system was successfully developed in only one output port of the KOTRON-13 cyclotron and exhibited the stable production of C-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

주성분 분석을 이용한 거세한우의 체형분류에 관한 연구

하동우,김현철,김병우,이문연,이종헌,신철교,도창희,이정규 한국동물자원과학회 2002 한국축산학회지 Vol.44 No.6

1997년부터 2001년까지 (사)한국종축개량협회의 전국한우능력평가대회에 출품된 642두의 거세한우의 도축 전까지 4회에 걸쳐 주요 10개 부위의 체형 측정치를 조사하여 주성분 분석을 이용하여 체형을 분류하였으며, 각 체형 측정치의 주성분 지수와 도체 형질과의 상관관계를 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1차, 2차, 3차 및 4차 체형 측정치의 principal component(이하 P.C) 1의 분산은 각각 7.610, 8.297, 7.269 및 5.736로서 전체분산 중 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% 및 57.4%를 나타낼 수 있었고, P.C 1, P.C 2, P.C 3의 합은 전체분산 중 각각 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% 및 77.26%를 나타났다. 2. 각 차수별 체형 측정치의 P.C 1의 모든 계수가 양(+)이어서 일반적으로 좋은 체구의 크기를 나타내었으며, 체구의 크기에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 형질은 흉심(0.328∼0.339)과 요각폭(0.325∼0.341)이였다. 또한 P.C 2, P.C 3 및 P.C 4는 각 차수별로 다양하게 나타났다. 3. 1차, 2차, 3차 및 4차 체형 측정치의 주성분 지수들과 도체형질간의 상관계수 추정에서 대부분의 분산을 차지하는 P.C 1은 도체중(0.539∼0.755), 일당증체량(0.256∼0.564), 등지방두께(0.227∼0.280) 및 배최장근단면적(0.187∼0.344)간에 정(+)의 상관을 보였으며, 육량지수(-0.246∼-0.110)와는 부(-)의 상관을 보였고, 근내지방도(0.066∼0.099)와는 대부분 유의적인 상관을 보이지 않거나 낮은 상관을 보였고, P.C 2, P.C 3 및 P.C 4는 주성분 지수들의 값에 따라 도체형질과 다양한 상관관계를 보였다. 단일 체형형질과 도체형질간의 상관 그리고 P.C 1의 주성분 지수와 도체형질과의 상관간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. Data were consisted of the ten body measurements (withers height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, rump length, thurls width, hipbone width and chest girth) of 642 steers (Korean cattle), which was entered in the National Beef Quality Contest hosted by the Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1997 to 2001. A principal components analysis was used to classify the body types of the steers, and estimate the correlations between carcass traits and principal components for the body measurements of the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively. The first principal component of body measurements at the first, second, third and fourth period accounted for 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% and 57.4% of the total variance, respectively. The sum of first, second and third principal component at each period accounted for 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% and 77.26% of the total variance, respectively. At each period, all the first principal component of the body measurements were positive and it generally showed large framed body shape. The size of body was influenced mostly by chest depth(0.328∼0.339) and rump length(0.325∼0.341). The second, third and fourth principal component at the each period were various. There were positive correlations between principal components index of each period and carcass traits such as carcass weight(0.539∼0.755), average daily gain(0.256∼0.564), backfat thickness(0.227∼0.280), and eye muscle area(0.187∼0.344). The correlation with yield grade index(-0.246∼-0.110), however, was negative. The correlation with marbling score(0.066∼0.099) was low or statistically insignificant. According to principal component indexes of the second, third, and fourth components, the correlations with the carcass traits were various. There were no large differences between the correlations of the single body measurement trait with the carcass traits and the correlations of the first principal component indexes with the carcass traits.