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Wide Area Distribution of Nitrogen Concentrations in Mountain Streams of Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
K. Muramatsu,Y. Komai,S. Umemoto,T. Inoue 대한환경공학회 2010 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.15 No.2
To study the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams, and anthropologic and natural factors, the water chemistry of the mountain streams in the entire Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, were investigated. A thousand mountain streams were investigated between 1998 and 2001. The concentrations of nitrate nitrogen ranged from 2.92 to 0.1 mg/L, with an arithmetic mean value of 0.45 mg/L. A number of streams showing more than 1.0 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen accounted for 8% of the mountain streams investigated. These results indicated that the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in the mountain streams were low in the entire Hyogo Prefecture. In general, the mountain stream water in Hyogo Prefecture appears to not have been affected by wet and dry deposition originating from anthropologic sources in mountain streams and Japan. On the other hand, sites with more than 0.8 mg/L nitrate nitrogen were distributed over the entire Hyogo Prefecture, which were classified into five groups. Each group showed unique geographical, geological and anthropological characteristics. No common characteristic among five groups were discover. These results suggest that the cause of high concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams is not from a uniform set of conditions.
Optogenetics Applications for Treating Spinal Cord Injury
Aftab Ahmad,Sadia Ashraf,Shoji Komai 대한척추외과학회 2015 Asian Spine Journal Vol.9 No.2
Cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasing all over the world; and in USA alone, there are 273,000 patients, which not only leads to morbidity and mortality but also results in a great economic burden. Many approaches are being used at the pre-clinical and clinical level to treat SCI including therapeutic agents, surgical decompression, stem cell therapy etc. Recently, a new approach called optogenetics has emerged in which light sensitive proteins are used to switch neurons on and off, and this approach has great potential to be used as therapy due to its specificity and rapid response in milliseconds. Few animal studies have been performed so far in which the respiratory and bladder function of rats was restored through the use of optogenetics. On the basis of promising results obtained, in the future, this approach can prove to be a valuable tool to treat patients with SCI.
Hydrogen Molecules Trapped in Interstitial Host Channels of α-Hydroquinone
Yoon, Ji-Ho,Lee, Yun-Je,Park, Jeasung,Kawamura, Taro,Yamamoto, Yoshitaka,Komai, Takeshi,Takeya, Satoshi,Han, Sang Sup,Lee, Jong-Won,Lee, Yongjae WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 CHEMPHYSCHEM -WEINHEIM- Vol.10 No.2
<P>Easy come, easy go: Hydroquinone forms a channel structure of cages with hydrogen-bonded hexagons. These may provide an ideal route for the fast inclusion and facile release of hydrogen molecules (see figure), which can lead to reversible hydrogen storage under mild conditions. <img src='wiley_img/14394235-2009-10-2-CPHC200800678-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14394235-2009-10-2-CPHC200800678-content'> </P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Easy come, easy go: Hydroquinone forms a channel structure of cages with hydrogen-bonded hexagons. These may provide an ideal route for the fast inclusion and facile release of hydrogen molecules (see figure), which can lead to reversible hydrogen storage under mild conditions. <img src='wiley_img/14394235-2009-10-2-CPHC200800678-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14394235-2009-10-2-CPHC200800678-content'> </P>
Seo, Youngrok,An, Sulki,Park, Jeong-Woo,Kim, Byeong-Soo,Komai, Takeshi,Yoon, Ji-Ho American Chemical Society 2014 INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH - Vol.53 No.14
<P>For practical applications of gas hydration (formation of gas hydrates) in environmental and technological processes, considerable knowledge regarding the thermodynamic stability and structural features of these hydrates, as well as the occupation behavior of specific components of gas mixtures within them, is essential. Herein, the hydrate phase equilibria of a system comprising CH<SUB>4</SUB>/CO<SUB>2</SUB>/N<SUB>2</SUB> (55/40/5) + aqueous acetone solutions (1, 3, and 5.56 mol %) were determined in the temperature range 273–285 K and under pressures up to 4.5 MPa. Gas compositions in the hydrate phase were also obtained by evaluating the following variables: (1) hydrate-formation temperature and pressure, (2) concentration of acetone, and (3) type of hydrate structure: (a) structure I or (b) structure II. The crystal structures of the gas hydrates formed from the acetone and CH<SUB>4</SUB> + CO<SUB>2</SUB> + N<SUB>2</SUB> mixture gas were also evaluated by both X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, structural identification of the CH<SUB>4</SUB> + CO<SUB>2</SUB> + N<SUB>2</SUB> + acetone hydrates formed by varying the concentration of acetone (0, 1, 3, and 5.56 mol %) was performed. Further evaluation of the temperature-dependent occupation behavior of CH<SUB>4</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> in structure II hydrate cages in the temperature range 150–290 K indicates that CH<SUB>4</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> gradually escaped from the hydrate frameworks with increasing temperature, up to 255 K, at which point the CH<SUB>4</SUB> + CO<SUB>2</SUB> + N<SUB>2</SUB> + acetone hydrate completely decomposed.</P>
Perceptions of Research Excellence in Thailand and Japan
Kasama Kongsmak,Punchalee Pungpit,Mitsunobu R. Kano,Shoji Komai,Wibool Piyawattanametha,Orakanoke Phanraksa 과학기술정책연구원 2013 STI Policy Review Vol.4 No.2
This paper explores how research excellence is perceived among researchers in Thailand and Japan with an aim to explore whether there are any new indicators that could later be proposed and adopted as criteria of excellence. Based on a questionnaire survey, the findings reflect ideas and viewpoints that could be found among researchers in both countries. Creative researchers are crucial to a strong national research and innovation system. Institutions should provide an environment or incentives based on research performance for their researchers to flourish and be productive. For decades, bibliometrics have been used to evaluate individual research performance for its easy approach and faster speed than a qualitative assessment would warrant. Nonetheless, there have been a number of studies on research performance evaluating systems that point out how a purely bibliometric approach is inadequate in summarizing the quality of the scientific performance. The pressures on researchers today influence their thinking and oppose their creativity. To investigate the perception of research excellence, three key research questions were set in this study: what counts as excellence, how to measure excellence, and how to support excellence. The findings confirm that traditional granting criteria that frames an idea of excellence remain valid, but they also suggest novel criteria be considered and prioritized. This paper argues that the existing evaluating system is insufficient for unleashing the curiosity and creativity of researchers and fostering excellence. In the final section, the paper discusses factors that contribute to scientific creativity that we should not overlook.