How Vegetation Spatially Alters the Response of Precipitation and Air Temperature? Evidence from Pakistan

Afed Ullah Khan Waqar Ahmad,Muhammad Far Fayaz Ahmad Khan,Baig Ammar Ahmad,Shah Liaqat Ali,Khan Jehanzeb 한국대기환경학회 2020 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.14 No.2

Precipitation, air temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data of 32 sites for a period of 1983 to till date in Pakistan were collected with the objective of studying the effects of vegetation on precipitation and air temperature in Pakistan. Spatial trends were assessed for NDVI, precipitation and air temperature (maximum and minimum). Increasing trends were observed at 18, 20, 24 and 26 number of monitoring stations for NDVI, precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature respectively. The trends of NDVI were compared with the trends of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature in hilly and urban areas. NDVI and precipitation showed parallel trends in hilly areas at 64% of the monitoring stations. Whereas, only 53% of the stations displayed parallel trends in urban areas. 71% of the stations showed opposite NDVI and maximum temperature trends and 79% of the stations showed opposite NDVI and minimum temperature trends in hilly areas. However, in urban areas only 47% and 41% of the stations showed opposite trends of NDVI and maximum temperature and NDVI and minimum temperature respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the effects of vegetation on precipitation and air temperature (maximum and minimum) in hilly and urban areas. The results showed that there exists positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation and negative relationship between NDVI and temperature (maximum and minimum) in most of the hilly areas. However, in urban areas, the positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation exists only in 47% of the stations and negative relationships between NDVI and maximum temperature and between NDVI and minimum temperature exist only in 47% and 41% of the stations respectively. Results of the current study suggest afforestation practices at country level to reduce climate change effects.

Inherent irreversibility in unsteady magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow past a slippery permeable vertical plate with fractional-order derivative

Khan Zafar H,Makinde Oluwole D,Usman Muhammad,Ahmad Rashid,Khan Waqar A,Huang Zaitang 한국CDE학회 2023 Journal of computational design and engineering Vol.10 No.5

This study focuses on fractional-order derivatives for the unsteady flow of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) methanol-iron oxide (CH3OH-Fe3O4) nanofluid over a permeable vertical plate. The utilization of fractional-order derivatives provides a mathematical representation of the flow model. The concluding model, consisting of a system of fractional-order transient partial differential equations, has been solved using the finite difference method, and graphical illustrations demonstrate the effects of key parameters on the flow field. Velocity and temperature profiles provide insights into nanofluid behavior. Additionally, essential quantities such as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, Bejan number, and entropy generation rate have been depicted graphically. Comparison with previous studies authenticates the accuracy of the anticipated model, contributing to new intuitions into MHD nanofluid flow over a permeable vertical plate. It is worth noting that the current model, incorporating fractional-order derivatives, contributes to understanding the physical characteristics of MHD CH3OH-Fe3O4 nanofluid flow over a permeable vertical plate, research that has not been extensively explored before.

Mixed convection of power-law fluids along a vertical wedge with convective boundary condition in a porous medium

Waqar A. Khan,Rama Subba Reddy Gorla 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.9

The mixed convection of power-law fluids along a wedge in a porous medium is investigated numerically using an implicit finite difference method. Robin boundary condition is applied at the wedge surface. To explore the effects of mixed convection, both forced and free convection dominated regimes are considered separately. Non-similarity solutions are obtained for the variable heat transfer coefficient. Local dimensionless skin friction and Nusselt number are presented in tabular and graphical forms for the selected values of wedge and convective parameters. The wedge angle geometry parameter m, power index of pseudoplastic fluids n and mixed convection parameter ξ range from 0 to 1 in both regimes, whereas different values of convective parameter hc are considered for investigating the behavior of skin friction and heat transfer rates.

Effects of cold annealing for the seed-layer on the hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanorods

Waqar KHAN,Sam-Dong KIM 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

Fault-Aware Dual-Layer Adaptive Error Control Technique for NoC

Waqar Amin,Naveed Khan Baloch,Jawad Ali Khan,Muhammad Iram Baig 한국산학기술학회 2015 SmartCR Vol.5 No.6

The network-on-a-chip (NoC) appeared as a promising solution to handle the communications requirements of the multiprocessor system-on-a-chip (MPSoC). As the complexity of designs rises and the technology scales down into the deep-submicron domain, the probability of errors in the NoC components increases. Fault tolerance is a vital aspect in designing NoC architectures for future MPSoCs. This paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant technique that is a hybrid end-to-end and hop-to-hop, offering benefits of both error control schemes, and introduces a fault-aware adaptive selective hop-to-hop error correction scheme. The proposed technique ensures improvement in reliability by reducing the latency of the network in low transient–noise conditions.

Synthesis of Novel Quinoxalinone Derivatives by Conventional and Microwave Methods and Assessing their Biological Activity

Waqar Nasir,Munawar Ali Munawar,Ejaz Ahmed,Ahsan Sharif,Saeed Ahmed,Amjad Ayub,Misbahul Ain Khan,Faizul Hassan Nasim 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.10

In this study, twenty-one arylaminoquinoxalinone derivatives were synthesized and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococci aureus, Pseudomonas aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella pneumoniae were evaluated relative to known antibiotics; augmentin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. The insecticidal activities of the prepared compounds were also investigated against Tribolium castaneum using permethrin as a standard insecticide. The derivatives were synthesized using both conventional and microwave techniques. Their structures were confirmed using spectral techniques and elemental analysis.

Proliposome powder or tablets for generating inhalable liposomes using a medical nebulizer

Khan Iftikhar,Yousaf Sakib,Najlah Mohammad,Ahmed Waqar,Elhissi Abdelbary 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.1

Purpose The aim of this study was to develop and compare proliposome powder and proliposome tablet formulations for drug delivery from a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer. Methods Proliposome powders were prepared by the slurry method and sorbitol or mannitol carbohydrate carrier were used in a 1:10 and 1:15 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio. Beclometasone dipropionate (BDP; 2 mol%) was incorporated in the lipid phase. Proliposome powders were compressed into tablets, and liposomes were generated from proliposome powders or tablets within the nebulizer reservoir for subsequent aerosolization. Results Comparatively, shorter sputtering times were reported for the tablet formulations (≈ < 2.7±0.45 min), indicating uniform aerosolization. Post-nebulization, liposomes size was larger in the nebulizer reservoir in the range of 7.79±0.48 μm–9.73±1.53 μm for both powder and tablet formulations as compared to freshly prepared liposomes (5.38±0.73 μm–5.85±0.86 μm), suggesting liposome aggregation/fusion in the nebulizer’s reservoir. All formulations exhibited more than 80% mass output regardless of formulation type, but greater BDP proportions (circa 50%) were delivered to the Two-stage Impinger when tablet formulations were used. Moreover, the nebulized droplet median size and size distribution were lower for all tablet formulations in comparison to the powder formulations. Proliposome tablet and powdered formulations demonstrated the ability to generate vesicles that sustained the release of BDP. Conclusion Overall, this study showed that proliposome tablets could be disintegrated within a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer to generate inhalable aerosol, with high drug output and hence can be manufactured on large scale to overcome the storage problems associated with powder formulations.

Genetic dissection of grain yield traits in a large collection of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm

Khan Sultan Habibullah,Sajjad Muhammad,Gulnaz Saima,Waqar Sundas,Shahzad Munawar,Arain Saima Mir 한국작물학회 2022 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.25 No.2

Understanding genetic architecture of a crop germplasm is necessary for designing a successful breeding program. Herein, we evaluated a large collection of 500 spring wheat accessions for 2 crop seasons to dissect the genetics of 11 yield components and their direct and indirect contributions to grain yield (GY). The genetic estimates of broad sense heritability (h2 ), genetic advance (GA), phenotypic correlation (rp), genotypic correlation (rg), and path coefcient analysis were performed. Signifcant genetic variation was observed for all yield traits suggesting that GY can be improved by exploiting the studied yield traits. Phenotypic coefcient of variation (Vp) was greater than genotypic coefcient of variation (Vg) for all studied traits. Higher broad sense h2 and GA were observed for grains per plant (GpP), spikes per plant (SpP), spikelets per spike (Spt/S) and grain yield (GY). The GY exhibited signifcant and positive correlation with all studied traits except with spikelet density (SptD). The GpP and TGW exhibited positive direct efect on increasing grain yield. Taking together, SpP, GpS, TGW and SDW are the major contributors to improving genetic yield potential of bread wheat with spring growth habit. The negative correlation between GY and SptD was dissected in path coefcient analysis as negative indirect efect of SptD on GY through reduced GpS and TGW. Our study provides new insights on the association of GpP, TGW and SDW in bread wheat. The GpP, TGW and SDW are infuenced by SpP, Gpt/S, G/Spt, SptD, AL and PH with indirect efects on GY. To improve yield potential in wheat, the traits with direct efects (GpP, TGW and SDW) and indirect efects (e.g., SptD) can be used as selection criteria.

Innovative Microscale Array Inspired by Ormia ochracea for Advanced Directional Sound Sensing and Localization

Arbaz Waqar,Amjad Khan,Byungki Kim 대한기계학회 2023 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2023 No.11

(∈, ∈ ∨q_k)-FUZZY IDEALS IN LEFT REGULAR ORDERED $\mathcal{LA}$-SEMIGROUPS

Yousafzai, Faisal,Khan, Asghar,Khan, Waqar,Aziz, Tariq The Honam Mathematical Society 2013 호남수학학술지 Vol.35 No.4

We generalize the idea of (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy ordered semi-group and give the concept of (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup. We show that (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy left (right, two-sided) ideals, (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy (generalized) bi-ideals, (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy interior ideals and (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy (1, 2)-ideals need not to be coincide in an ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup but on the other hand, we prove that all these (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy ideals coincide in a left regular class of an ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup. Further we investigate some useful conditions for an ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup to become a left regular ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup and characterize a left regular ordered $\mathcal{LA}$-semigroup in terms of (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy one-sided ideals. Finally we connect an ideal theory with an (${\in}$, ${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy ideal theory by using the notions of duo and (${\in}{\vee}q_k$)-fuzzy duo.